Rhea list of ChEBI terms representing the major species at pH 7.3.
Term not to be used for direct annotation
GO ribbon for eukaroytic cellular processes
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin
A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity
DNA binding transcription factor activity
gene-specific transcription factor activity
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific binding
transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding
Usage guidance: Most DNA-binding transcription factors do not have enzymatic activity. The presence of specific DNA-binding domains known to be present in DNA-binding transcription factors (HOX, GATA etc) should be used to help decide whether a protein is a DNA binding transcription factor or a coregulator. If a protein has an enzymatic activity (for example, ubiquitin ligase, histone acetyl transferase) and no known DNA binding domain, consider annotating to GO:0003712 transcription coregulator activity. Special care should be taken with proteins containing zinc fingers, Myb/SANT and ARID domains, since only a subset of proteins containing these domains directly and selectively bind to regulatory DNA motifs in cis-regulatory regions.
DNA-binding transcription factor activity
A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.
RNA polymerase II transcriptional cofactor activity
Usage guidance: Most transcription coregulators do not bind DNA. Those that do usually bind DNA either in a non-specific or non-direct manner. If a protein binds DNA specifically, consider annotating to GO:0003700 DNA binding transcription factor activity.
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
Exportin-5 recognizes 3' overhang of pre-miRNA
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.
Note that this term may be used to annotate ribosomal RNAs as well as ribosomal proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, acting on GTP, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase activity
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, elongation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, initiation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, termination
signal-recognition-particle GTPase activity
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, alpha-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, beta-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, gamma-subunit
G alpha (s) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Adenylaye cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of Gi alpha
Endocytosis (internalization) of clathrin-coated vesicle
Translocation of TGN-lysosome vesicle to lysosome
Internalization of MHC II:Ii clathrin coated vesicle
GNAT1-GTP hydrolyses its bound GTP to GDP
G alpha (z) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (i) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (12/13) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (q) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
P2Y purinoceptor 1 activates MAP kinase p38 alpha
trans-Golgi Network Lysosomal Vesicle Scission
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec-tRNA(Sec):EEFSEC:GTP is hydrolysed to 80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec and EEFSEC:GDP by EEFSEC
39S subunit binds 28S subunit:mRNA:fMet-tRNA
TUFM hydrolyzes GTP and TUFM:GDP dissociates from 55S ribosome
Hydrolysis of GTP and dissociation of 28S and 39S subunits
Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from A-site to P-site (and translocation of 55S ribosome by 3 bases along mRNA)
ASAP1 stimulates GTPase activity of ARF4
SRGAP2 stimulates RAC1 GTP-ase activity and ends FMNL1-mediated elongation of actin filaments
Rheb in the MTORC1 complex hydrolyses GTP
TBC1D20 stimulates GTPase activity of RAB1, resulting in hydrolysis of GTP
CYTH proteins stimulate ARF1 GTPase activity
ARHGAP35 stimulates RHOA GTPase activity
TBC RabGAPs accelerate GTP hydrolysis by RAB35
TBC1D2A accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
TBC1D15 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
TBC1D16 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB4A
TBC1D25 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB33B
Dynamin-mediated GTP hydrolysis promotes vesicle scission
G alpha (i)i1/i2/i3 in G (i):RGS complex is inactivated
G alpha (z) in G alpha (z):RGS complex is inactivated
G alpha (q) in G (q):RGS complex is inactivated
RAS intrinsic GTPase activity hydrolyzes GTP to GDP
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Note that 'tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity ; GO:0009022', also known as 'ribonuclease PH', and 'DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906' do not have parentage in the 'nuclease activity' branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis.
Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.
guanyl-nucleotide release factor activity
ARF guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rab guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ral guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rap guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Sar guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
cAMP-dependent guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Activation of RAC1 by CRKII:DOCK180:ELMO
p75NTR indirectly activates RAC and Cdc42 via a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor
Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras (Tie2 receptor:Grb2:Sos)
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (HB-EFG-initiated)
SOS mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (SHC)
Liganded Gs-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gs
Liganded Gq/11-activating GPCRs act as GEFs for Gq/11
Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
NCAM1:pFAK:Grb2:Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras
p190RhoGEF exchanges GTP for GDP on RHOA, activating it
KALRN exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
VAV exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
ITSN1 exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42, activating it
bPIX exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC, activating it
TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
WNT:FZD complex promotes G-protein nucleotide exchange
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 activates Gq
p-TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Activation of Rho by LARG and PDZ-RhoGEF
VAV1 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family GTPases
VAV2 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
VAV3 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
VEGF induces CDC42 activation by unknown mechanism
DOCK180:ELMO exchanges GTP for GDP, activating RAC1
RAB3IP stimulates nucleotide exchange on RAB8A
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF4
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with p-EGFRvIII)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and p-EGFRvIII)
Activated FGFR1:p-FRS:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR1:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR1 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
RAS GEFs promote RAS nucleotide exchange
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-Y-SHC mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-3Y-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF
ARFGAPs stimulate ARF GTPase activity at the Golgi membrane
RIC1:RGP1 stimulates nucleotide RAB6 nucleotide exchange
Liganded Gz-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gz
Liganded G12/13-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for G12/13
Activation of RAC1 by the PXN:CRK complex
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 promotes nucleotide exchange on RAB18
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by MET-bound GRB2:SOS1
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 associated with RANBP9 and MET
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 bound to GRB2, SCH1-2 and MET
RAB13 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB13
RAB21 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB21
RAB31 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB31
TRAPPC complexes exchange GTP for GDP on RAB1
HPS1:HPS4 exchange GTP for GDP on RAB32 and RAB38
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB18
CDC42 in GNB/GNG:PAK1:ARHGEF6:CDC42 is activated
G-alpha(t):G-beta-gamma:Opsins complex dissociates to active G-alpha(t)
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through SHC1
EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:phospho-CRKL:RAPGEF1:GRB2-1:SOS1,phospho-VAV1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through FRS2
NTRK2 and CDK5 promote activation of RAC1 by TIAM1
ESTG stimulates GTP exchange on GPER:heterotrimeric G-protein s
Activation of Rap1 by membrane-associated GEFs
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3
RCC1 stimulates GDP to GTP exchange on RAN
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and ERBB2 homodimer:p-SHC1
ADORA2B (in Ade-Rib:ADORA2B:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gs) exchanges GDP for GTP on Gs
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by the p-6Y- ERBB2 ECD mutants:EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR through GRB2
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants and EGFR
DOCK180 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
p-VAV1,2,3 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
p-KIT mutants:GRB2:SOS catalyzes nucleotide exchange on RAS
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS downstream of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of mutant PDGFR receptors
CSF1R-associated SOS1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
FLT3 mutants:GRB2:SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3 fusion mutants
p-VAV1,2,3 exchange 6TGTP for GDP on RAC1
GRB2:SOS:p-Y427-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GRB2:SOS1:p-Y-IRS1,p-Y-IRS2 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
p-RasGRP1,3:DAG cause RAS to exchange GDP for GTP
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-Y349,350-SHC1:p-ERBB4
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-SHC1:Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and phosphorylated EGFR:ERBB2 heterodimers.
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 bound to GRB2 in complex with phosphorylated ERBB4:ERBB2 heterodimers
Regeneration of eEF1A:GTP by eEF1B activity
C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
(Frs2)C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:GRB2:SOS1)
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:SHC1:GRB2:SOS1)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS (PDGF receptor:GRB2:SOS)
RhoA is activated by nucleotide exchange and inhibits axonal growth
An unknown GEF exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42:GDP
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.
Extracellular matrix glycoproteins may be annotated to this term. PMID:24443019
extracellular matrix structural constituent
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'.
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template.
transcription from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
regulation of gene-specific transcription
regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.
A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of RNA localization
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
glycoprotein-specific chaperone activity
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase activity
protein complex assembly, multichaperone pathway
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.
For non-covalent interactions with a lipid, consider instead the term 'lipid binding ; GO:0008289' and its children.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative metabolism
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane, and is not traversed.
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest cellular materials, such as organelles and other macromolecular constituents, or non-self materials such as intracellular pathogens. Autophagy serves to provide essential nutrients under conditions of cellular stress; or can remodel intracellular structures during cell differentiation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor located on the cell surface. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway
cell surface receptor linked signalling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway via GPCR dimer
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
locomotory behavioral response to stimulus
locomotory behavioural response to stimulus
Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization
establishment and maintenance of protein localization
Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. Please consider one of the more specific descendants, GO:0140297 ; DNA-binding transcription factor binding, GO:0140296 ; general transcription initiation factor binding or GO:0001221 ; transcription coregulator binding.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.
DNMT1,3A,3B:PRC2 methylates cytosine and histone H3
N6AMT1:TRMT112 transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to MMAIII
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine
The GSDME gene promoter is hypermethylated
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
peptidase activity, acting on D-amino acid peptides
peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides
gamma-secretase cleaves p75NTR, releasing NRIF and TRAF6
Unknown lysosomal protease degrades CBLIF:RCbl to release Cbl
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
diacylglycerol + H2O -> 2-acylglycerol + fatty acid
cholesterol ester + H2O -> cholesterol + fatty acid
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates
SUMF1 mediates the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine, producing active arylsulfatases
Monoiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
Dopachrome is transformed to DHICA by DCT
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD6
Hydroperoxy reducatse reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD5
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD6
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD5
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S),14(S)-diHp-DHA to 7-epi-MaR1
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to RvD5n-3DPA
Lipoxygenase dehydrogenates 7(S),17(S)-diHp-DHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA
Hydroperoxy reducatase reduces 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 14(S)-HDHA
Unknown sepiapterin synthase transforms PTHP to sepiapterin
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
Cytosolic chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA or choloyl-CoA are conjugated with glycine or taurine
Choloyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycocholate or taurocholate
Chenodeoxycholoyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycochenodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate
LIPT1 transfers lipoyl group from lipoyl-GCSH to DHs
HRASLS transfer acyl group from PC to PE to form NAPE
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
B3GALTL transfers glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Defective B3GALTL does not transfer glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups
transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups
DHDDS:NUS1 elongates E,E-FPP with (n)IPPP to form pPPP
Defective DHDDS does not elongate E,E-FPP
TRMT12 transforms yW-187 yielding yW-86 at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor
abacavir + AMP => abacavir monophosphate + adenosine
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.
THG1L transfers GMP to 5' end of tRNA(His)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphoric monoester, releasing a phosphate.
Unknown pPPP phosphatase dephosphorylates pPPP to pPNOL
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in other compounds
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds
NAAA hydrolyses NAEs to FAs and ethanolamine
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
PXLP-K278-PHYKPL tetramer hydrolyses 5PHL
TYW1:FMN:4Fe-4S transforms 1-methylguanosine yielding yW-187 (4-demethylwyosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
TSTA3 dimer epimerises GDP-DHDMan to GDP-KDGal
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.
small conjugating protein transferase activity
small conjugating protein ligase activity
small protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity
ATG16L1 complex transfers LC3 from ATG3 to PE
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.
Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.
The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
multicellular organismal protein catabolic process
This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme.
Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
A process in which an regulatory non-coding RNA molecule reduces expression of target genes. This can occur pre-transcriptionally by assembly of heterochromatin and prevention of transcription or co- or post-transcriptionally by targeting RNAs for degradation or by interfering with splicing or translation. This process starts once the inhibitory RNA molecule has been transcribed, and includes processing of the RNA such as cleavage, modifications, transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, loading onto the RISC complex, and the effect on transcription or translation.
regulatory ncRNA-mediated gene silencing
A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation.
Use this term to annotate conjugated tags, not for conjugating enzymes. At the time of writing, all known gene products with this activity are ubiquitin-like, either based on overall sequence similarity or the presence of common motifs and structures.
A process leading to the generation of a functional piRNA. piRNAs (Piwi-associated RNAs) are a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNAs derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.
Piwi-associated RNA biosynthetic process
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
intracellular signal transduction pathway
signal transmission via intracellular cascade
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span membranes (for instance the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit the cargo molecules to nascent vesicles.
receptor activity involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis
Notes: (1) For receptors binding a molecule but coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children. (2) Cargo receptors transport substances by vesicular transport, not by transmembrane transport. For transmembrane transporters, consider instead the term 'transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0022857'.
CD320-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
CUBN:AMN-mediated CBLIF:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
LRP2-mediated uptake of extracellular CUBN:GC:25(OH)D
LRP2-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cuticle.
The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.
Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process.
protein binding involved in protein folding
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellum organization
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may also be expressed at the plasma membrane of an adjacent cell (e.g. Notch ligands) or be secreted and diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell (e.g. interleukins).
The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
reproductive process in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive process
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
hydrolase activity acting on ester bonds
CES3 hydrolyses CHEST to CHOL and LCFA(-)
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport
Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
protein-containing complex scaffold activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
cellular protein-containing complex assembly
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.
protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.
Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.
A molecular function required for core promoter activity that mediates the assembly of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme at promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC). General transcription factors (GTFs) bind to and open promoter DNA, initiate RNA synthesis and stimulate the escape of the polymerase from the promoter. Not all subunits of the general transcription factor are necessarily present at all promoters to initiate transcription. GTFs act at each promoter, although the exact subunit composition at individual promoters may vary.
Usage guidance: The distinction between general transcription factors and DNA-binding transcription factors is that the latter modulate the selection of which genes are expressed under specific conditions, while general transcription factors are the constitutive machinery required for transcription initiation.
general transcription initiation factor activity
Binding to a small molecule and eliciting a change in the protein's activity in response to the intracellular level of that small molecule.
Binding to a specific molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
TCN1 binds correnoids in the circulation
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use 'ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887'.
This relation is currently used to connect two regulation processes p1 and p2, such that if r1 regulates p1 and r2 regulates p2, and r1 results_in r2 then the regulation of p1 is required for the regulation of p2. For an example of use, see GO:0035958 'regulation of glyoxylate cycle by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter'. Note that a precise definition of this relation is under discussion. After it has been formalized it will be added to RO, where it will have a RO ID. Note that the existing identifier and label are subject to change.
has negative regulatory component activity
results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure