This ontology combines RO together with GO-specific relations in the GOREL namespace, used for annotation extensions. See; Huntley, R. P., Harris, M. a, Alam-Faruque, Y., et al (2014). A method for increasing expressivity of Gene Ontology annotations using a compositional approach. BMC Bioinformatics, 15(1), 155. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-155 Notes on release edition (gorel.owl): This ontology is created by merging the relevant subset of RO together with GO-specific annotations of RO relations, and GOREL relations Notes on editors version (gorel-edit.owl): The editors version imports ro.owl, and allows addition of new relations (GOREL ID space) and annotation of existing RO relations. Note for editors: if an RO relation is to be made visible in the final gorel product, then make the relation a SubProperty of 'go annotation extension relation'. Anything with a logical axiom is included in the final module. Consult Makefile for details
Includes Ontology(OntologyID(Anonymous-3)) [Axioms: 2177 Logical Axioms: 520]
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
Protein, protein complex, gene or transcript identifier
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
This relation has two uses in annotation extension. It may be used to relate a cellular component to some cellular component, cell or anatomical structure that it is part of. It may also be used to relate a molecular function or biological process to a biological process or developmental stage of which it is a part. It may not be used to relate cellular components to functions, processes or stages, or to relate processes or functions to cellular components, cells or anatomical structures.
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Identifies the cell, tissue, cellular component or anatomical entity within which all parts of the molecular function or biological process occurs
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
Previous definition "p occurs_in c if and only if all of the participants of p are part_of c." [BFO:cjm]
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
Identifies a process or life stage during which a molecular function or biological process occurs or a cellular component is present
OBSOLETE. c localizes_to d if c executes some function when it is part_of d.
TODO : check this one. Note Pombe is using different variant.
OBSOLETE. Identifies a requirement under which the ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product.
Identifies a requirement under which the ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product.
PomBase uses the more specific child relations, and avoids using dependent_on directly.
OBSOLETE. Was not defined before obsoletion.
this relation has been obsoleted it was unclear whether the associated cell type id should correspond to the final mature or precursor cell. If the outcome of a process is a modified cell, then the relationships has_output or has_input along with a CL identifier respectively defining the precursor or mature cell type can be considered instead.
this relation has been obsoleted it was unclear whether the associated anatomical entity id should correspond to the final form or precursor anatomical entity. If the outcome of a process is a modified anatomical entity, then relationships has_output or has_input along with a anatomy identifier respectively defining the precursor or mature anatomical entity id can be considered instead.
OBSOLETE. Identifies a requirement under which the gene product is located at the specified cellular component.
Identifies a requirement under which the gene product is located at the specified cellular component.
Previous definition "Located at CC only if (BP occurs) OR (feature is present in annotated gene product) OR (CC is present) OR (gene product is present)" [GOC:mah]
OBSOLETE. A sequence feature, such as a protein domain or motif, of the annotated gene product required for its participation in Molecular Function or Biological Process.
A sequence feature, such as a protein domain or motif, of the annotated gene product required for its participation in Molecular Function or Biological Process.
strictly speaking, these fall outside the scope of GO, even with extended annotations
OBSOLETE. Annotated gene product requires regulation by the gene product or complex for its participation in the Molecular Function or Biological Process.
annotated gene product requires regulation by the gene product or complex for its participation in the Molecular Function or Biological Process
OBSOLETE. The annotated gene product participates in a Biological Process or executes a Molecular Function only in the presence of a substance
The annotated gene product participates in a Biological Process or executes a Molecular Function only in the presence of a substance
Identifies an entity that was shown not to be required for the ontology term to apply to the annotated gene product.
DEPRECATION WARNING: The GO editors have agreed that this relation should be deprecated. There are two main reasons for this 1. The relation does not extend the meaning of the GO term, as annotation relations are meant to, but instead specifies conditions under which the annotation is true. This can not be expressed in OWL. Annotation extensions using this relation will never fold. 2. The relation includes a hidden negation. This is problematic for a number of reasons, the most important of which is that burying negations in otherwise positive relationships can cause serious problems for inference.
OBSOLETE. Identifies a specific target of regulation of a MF
This relation was made obsolete because it is undesirably specific and redundant with any GO term that would be used in col5. Annotations that used this might use a different, to-be-added, child of has_regulation_target that captures something about directness; this one would probably be direct.
This term was deprecated in favor or 'has input' or 'has primary input'.
This relation was made obsolete because it is undesirably specific and redundant with any GO term that would be used in col5. Annotations that used this might use a different, to-be-added, child of has_regulation_target that captures something about directness; this one would be direct.
OBSOLETE. Identifies specific gene product stabilized in a protein stabilization process (or regulation thereof)
Identifies specific gene product stabilized in a protein stabilization process (or regulation thereof)
Obsoleted, see https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18540.
obsolete has_upstream_or_downstream_target
OBSOLETE. Identifies gene whose transcription is regulated
This relation was made obsolete because it is undesirably specific and redundant with any GO term that would be used in col5. Annotations that used this might use a different, to-be-added, child of has_regulation_target that captures something about directness; this one would be indirect.
OBSOLETE. A BP during which an annotation does not apply, e.g. a localization not observed at the specified cell cycle phase (but observed in other phases).
A BP during which an annotation does not apply, e.g. a localization not observed at the specified cell cycle phase (but observed in other phases).
This relation was obsoleted because GO-CAM specifications does not allow negative relations.
domain can be any process or object or even quality
OBSOLETE. A Molecular Function or Biological Process during which an annotation to a Molecular Function or Biological Process does not apply, e.g. involvement in a process not observed during the specified cell cycle phase (but observed in other phases).
A Molecular Function or Biological Process during which an annotation to a Molecular Function or Biological Process does not apply, e.g. involvement in a process not observed during the specified cell cycle phase (but observed in other phases).
OBSOLETE. A Molecular Function or Biological Process during which an annotation to a Cellular Component does not apply, e.g. a localization not observed at the specified cell cycle phase (but observed in other phases).
A Molecular Function or Biological Process during which an annotation to a Cellular Component does not apply, e.g. a localization not observed at the specified cell cycle phase (but observed in other phases).
OBSOLETE. Identifies a chemical, gene product or complex in the presence of which an ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product.
Identifies a chemical, gene product or complex in the presence of which an ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product.
This relation was obsoleted because it does not follow GO-CAM specifications.
OBSOLETE. The annotated gene product participates in a Biological Process only if the gene product is located at a Cellular Component
The annotated gene product participates in a Biological Process only if the gene product is located at a Cellular Component
OBSOLETE. Was not defined before obsoletion. Annotated gene product participates in Biological Process or executes Molecular Function activity only if regulated by action of gene product; regulation is indirect (or unknown whether direct or indirect)
annotated gene product participates in Biological Process or executes Molecular Function activity only if regulated by action of gene product; regulation is indirect (or unknown whether direct or indirect)
OBSOLETE. Identifies the gene product that catalyzes a modification on the annotated gene product
Identifies the gene product that catalyzes a modification on the annotated gene product
OBSOLETE. Identifies a condition under which the ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product
Identifies a condition under which the ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product
Identifies a process or life stage during which a cellular component is present
Previous definition "c exists_during p if and only if the temporal extent bounded by the start and end of c is part_of the temporal extent of p." [BFO:cjm]
Annotated gene product requires direct regulation by the gene product or complex identified in the extension. Includes cases where the annotated gene product is a catalytic subunit of a complex and requires a regulatory subunit for activity as well as cases where the regulator acts directly but interacts transiently.
the gene product in the extension should be annotated to a "regulator" MF (implying that it acts directly to regulate the annotated gp activity)
regulates_o_transports_or_maintains_localization_of
Identifies the Cellular Component or sequence feature adjacent to or in the vicinity of which the Molecular Function or Biological Process is executed
Previous definition "P occurs_at C : the execution of P is located at C." [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah] This relation is not constrained with respect to whether C completely surrounds, or is adjacent to, the location where P is executed. Example: chromatin silencing at centromere unfolds_around centromere : Repression of transcription of centromeric DNA by the formation of heterochromatin.
OBSOLETE. Annotated gene product must be modified as described by extension to participate in the Molecular Function or Biological Process.
Annotated gene product must be modified as described by extension to participate in the Molecular Function or Biological Process.
Note this relation is not intended for use in GO annotation. Discussion about using PR ID in column 17 instead; if we agree on that, this relation will be made obsolete
OBSOLETE. An entity (e.g. Cellular Component, cell type or anatomical entity) in which a Biological Process or Molecular Function does not occur. Opposite of occurs_in.
An entity (e.g. Cellular Component, cell type or anatomical entity) in which a Biological Process or Molecular Function does not occur. Opposite of occurs_in.
Identifies a chemical substance that increases the activity of the gene product.
This relation should not be used to annotate one gene product regulating another's activity; a regulator MF or regulation BP should be used in such cases.
Identifies a chemical substance that decreases the activity of the gene product.
OBSOLETE. An entity (e.g. Cellular Component, cell type or anatomical entity) at which a Biological Process or Molecular Function does not occur. Opposite of occurs_at.
An entity (e.g. Cellular Component, sequence feature) at which a Biological Process or Molecular Function does not occur. Opposite of occurs_at.
Identifies an entity indirectly affected (bound, transported, modified, consumed or destroyed) by the gene product's participation in MF or BP.
If the entity is directly bound/acted upon by the gene product that is the subject of the annotation, then the relation: has_direct_input should be alternatively considered. [GOC:ecd]
Identifies an entity directly affected (transported, modified, consumed or destroyed) by the gene product's participation in a molecular function or biological process. It is expected that the gene product and entity will physically interact, this can be determined either by a direct binding assay or inferred from the activity of the gene product, for example, a gene product with catalytic activity is inferred to bind its substrate.
If the entity is indirectly bound/acted upon by the gene product that is the subject of an annotation, then the relation: has_indirect_input should be considered [GOC:ecd]
This relation is part of the ShEx speficications.
OBSOLETE. Identifies a specific sequence feature required in the interacting gene product to enable the cellular component location or occurance of the function or process
Identifies a specific sequence feature required in the interacting gene product to enable the cellular component location or occurance of the function or process
obsolete requires_target_sequence_feature
OBSOLETE. Identifies a chemical, gene product or complex in the absence of which an ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product.
Identifies a chemical, gene product or complex in the absence of which an ontology term is observed to apply to the annotated gene product.
This is the combination of the has_output relation with the axis_of relation
Example of use: anterior/posterior pattern specification has_output_o_axis_of lateral plate mesoderm. Note that the output of this process is an *axis*, not the LPM itself. This relation chain allows us to use an anatomical structure as the slot value
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the has_output relation
'negative regulation of chromosome segregation' that regulates_o_occurs_in some spermatocyte.
A relation that holds between a regulatory process and the entity which the regulated biological process or molecular function occurs in.
Use this relation to link a regulatory process or function to the structure that the regulated process or function occurs in.
A relation that holds between a process that regulates locomotion and the cell or organism whose locomotion is being regulated.
Use this relation to relate a process that regulates locomotion to the cell or organism whose locomotion is being regulated.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_movement_of relation. Example of use: an annotation of gene X to 'regulation of cell migration with 'regulates_o_results_in_movement_of(CL:0000653) in column 16 would mean that gene X is involved in the regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell migration.
regulates process that results in movement of
OBSOLETE. The relationship that links an entity with a process in which the process has more than one participant that is of the same entity type.
Use this relation to relate a process to a population of cells that it acts on. The main usage of this relations is to relate GO: cell proliferation to the proliferating cells type. (Individual cells divide, populations of cells proliferate.)
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell proliferation with acts_on_population_of CL:0000057 means that gene X is involved in the proliferation of fibroblasts. Note that many annotation extensions use regulates_o_acts_on_population_of - should this be considered regulation of number of cells / cell homeostasis?
obsolete mediated by
'positive regulation of cell proliferation' and 'regulates process that acts on population of' some 'stem cell'
A relation that applies between a regulatory process and a population of entities that a process it regulates acts on.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the acts_on_population_of relation.
obsolete regulates process that acts on population of
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_acquisition_of_features_of relation.
Use this relation to relate a process that regulates the differentiation of a cell type or anatomical structure to the specific cell type or anatomical structure in question.
A relationship between the regulation of a process and the agent that executes that process.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_maturation_of relation.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the has_participant relation.
Use this relationship to link a regulatory process or function to an entity that participates in the regulated process.
The relationship linking a entity and its participation in a process that results in the division of the entity into two entities of the same type.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell division with results_in_division_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that at the end of the process a single fibroblast has divided into two fibroblasts.
A relation that applies between a process that regulates cell fate commitment and the cell type that the regulated process results in commitment to.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_commitment_to relation.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_development_of relation.
Use this relation to relate 'regulation of developmental process' or one of its subclasses to the structure that the regulated developmental process results in the development of.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_division_of relation.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_formation_of relation.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the results_in_morphogenesis_of relation.
A relation that applies between a process that regulates the specification of some cell type or structure and the specified cell type or structure.
Use this relation to link a process that regulates the specification of some cell type of anatomical structure, and the structure or cell type specified.
This is the combination of the has_output relation with the gene_product_of relation.
This is the combination of the has_output relation with the results_in_specification_of relation.
This is the combination of the regulates relation with the has_input relation
obsolete has_intermediate
This relation was only used for one class, 'endosomal transport' (GO:0016197), which groups together disparate roles the participants can play - it was defined as 'The directed movement of substances into, out of *or mediated by* an endosome...' The term has been redefined and the logical definition changed accordingly.
obsolete results_in_transport_to_from_or_mediated_by
OBSOLETE. A relation that holds between the regulation of a molecular function and the agent that executes that function.
Use this relation to link either a molecular function, or a biological process that regulates a molecular function, to the gene product or complex that executes the regulated function.
This relation has been obsoleted as it is not part of the GO ShEx specifications.
OBSOLETE. A relationship that holds between a process and a gene whose transcription is regulated by that process.
Relates a regulatory process or function to the gene whose transcription it regulates.
Usage of this relation has been deprecated in favor of 'has direct input'.
OBSOLETE. A relationship that holds between a process and a gene whose expression is regulated by that process.
Relates a regulatory process or function to the gene whose expression it regulates. Expression encompasses transcription, regulation and processing involved in maturation.
OBSOLETE. A relationship that holds between a process and a protein coding gene whose translation is regulated by that process.
Relates a regulatory process or function to the gene whose translation it regulates.
Regulation of translation includes processes that regulate the levels of mature mRNA available for translation, as well as direct regulation of the rate of translation.
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
Identifies an entity affected by the gene product's participation in a molecular function or biological process
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other.
Note from NCEAS meeting: consider changing primary label
Use this relation to link a region of chromosome or chromatin to the sequence region that it contains. The sequence region may be a specific gene or some generic region referred to by a SO term.
Example: if we define region of chromosome as any subdivision of a chromosome along its long axis, then we can define a region of chromosome that contains only gene x as 'chromosome region' that coincident_with some 'gene x', where the term gene X corresponds to a genomic sequence.
A relationship that holds between a process that regulates a transport process and the entity transported by that process.
Use this relation to link a process that regulates transport to the the entity being transported.
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'.
has positive regulatory component activity
A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B.
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
Holds between p and c when p is a transport process or transporter activity and the outcome of this p is to move c from one location to another.
Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations.
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which ends
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002124 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
encompasses
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which starts
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
starts during
Identifies a process or life stage during which a molecular function or biological process occurs. This is weaker than parthood. So, for example, various processes occur during gastrulation without being part of it.
Previous definition "p happens_during q if and only if the temporal extent of p is part_of the temporal extent of q." Note that part_of between processes implies happens_during (we must use OWL to express this), but happens_during does not imply part_of. Note also that this relation holds between two processes. To link a physical entity to a process by duration, use exists_during. [BFO:cjm] Note that in order to express that part_of between processes implies during, we must use OWL.
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
happens during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
ends during
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
definition "x has gene product of y if and only if y is a gene (SO:0000704) that participates in some gene expression process (GO:0010467) where the output of that process is either y or something that is ribosomally translated from x"
We would like to be able to express the rule: if t transcribed from g, and t is a noncoding RNA and has an evolved function, then t has gene product g.
x has gene product of y if and only if y is a gene (SO:0000704) that participates in some gene expression process (GO:0010467) where the output of that process is either y or something that is ribosomally translated from x.
gene product of
every HOTAIR lncRNA is the gene product of some HOXC gene
every sonic hedgehog protein (PR:000014841) is the gene product of some sonic hedgehog gene
x has gene product y if and only if x is a gene (SO:0000704) that participates in some gene expression process (GO:0010467) where the output of that process is either y or something that is ribosomally translated from y
has gene product
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
OBSOLETE x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y
Use this relation to link a process to an entity that carries out that process. The entity may be a cellular component, a cell type or an anatomical structure. Examples include recording a vesicle type that mediates a transport process, a cell type that is the agent of a secretion process or a cell adhesion process. Do not use this to extend a molecular function: The agents of molecular functions are gene products and complexes. Use of this relation with a molecular function therefore consistutes reverse annotation.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cytokine production with has_agent of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that the fibroblast is producing the cytokine.
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y
Use this relation to relate a biological process to its start location. Examples include recording the cell-type in which a cell-cell signaling process starts and recording a cellular compartment (such as post-synapse, presynapse or cilium) in which a signal transduction process starts. Note, if the entire process occurs in a particular location, use 'occurs in' instead.
has start location
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
Use this relation to relate a biological process to the location (cell component, cell type, anatomical location) in which the process ends. Examples include recording the cell-type or cellular compartment in which a cell-cell signalling process ends. To record a location in which the entire process occurs, please use 'occurs in'.
has end location
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
Use this relation to relate a biological process or molecular function to an entity that participates in the process/function, is present at the start of the process/function and whose state is affected by that process/function. Change of state includes being transported, modified, consumed or destroyed. An input may be any continuant: chemical; gene product; cell component; cells type; organism. For inputs to MFs that are bound by the gene product that executes the MF, the more specific relation 'has_direct_input' may be used.
Previous definition "p has_input c if and only c participates_in p at the start of p and c is in some way bound, transported, modified, consumed or destroyed by p." If it is known whether the entity is directly or indirectly bound/acted upon by the gene product that is the subject of the annotation, then the relations has_direct_input or has_indirect_input should be alternatively considered.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
Identifies an entity that is changed or created after participation in a molecular function or biological process
Previous definition "p has_output c if c participates_in p at the end of p and c is in some way changed by p or created by p." []
has output
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint.
results in developmental progression of
every flower development (GO:0009908) results in development of some flower (PO:0009046)
p 'results in development of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and p results in the state of c changing from its initial state as a primordium or anlage through its mature state and to its final state.
The relationship linking an entity and its participation in a process that changes it through time from the formation of the entity to the resultant mature state.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell development with results_in_development_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that gene x is involved in a process where a cell that has an identity of a neuron has gone through a progression from its formation to the resulting mature neuron.
results in development of
an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists.
every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062)
The relationship linking a entity and its participation in a process whereby at the beginning of the process the entity does not exist and at the end of the process the entity exists.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists.
results in formation of anatomical entity
an annotation of gene X to cell morphogenesis with results_in_morphogenesis_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an input neuron has attained its shape.
tongue morphogenesis (GO:0043587) results in morphogenesis of tongue (UBERON:0001723)
The relationship that links an entity with the process that results in the formation and shaping of that entity over time from an immature to a mature state.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell morphogenesis with results_in_morphogenesis_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an input neuron has attained its shape.
results in morphogenesis of
an annotation of gene X to cell maturation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that the fibroblast is mature at the end of the process
bone maturation (GO:0070977) results_in_maturation_of bone (UBERON:0001474)
The relationship that links an entity with a process that results in the progression of the entity over time that is independent of changes in it's shape and results in an end point state of that entity.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell maturation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that the fibroblast is mature at the end of the process.
results in maturation of
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
Holds between p and c when p is a localization process (localization covers maintenance of localization as well as its establishment) and the outcome of this process is to regulate the localization of c.
Use to relate a process or molecular function to a substance that is transported, localized or whose localization is maintained by that process or function. The substance may be a chemical, gene product or cellular component. For the movement via locomotion of cells and anatomical structure please use results_in_movement_of.
transports or maintains localization of
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
an annotation of gene X to cell differentiation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that at the end of the process the input cell that did not have features of a fibroblast, now has the features of a fibroblast.
The relationship that links a specified entity with the process that results in an unspecified entity acquiring the features and characteristics of the specified entity
Use this relation to link a cell differentiation process to the cell type that the process results in the differentiation of.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell differentiation with results_in_acquisition_of_features_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that at the end of the process the input cell that did not have features of a fibroblast, now has the features of a fibroblast.
results in acquisition of features of
A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297)
Awaiting class for domain/range constraint, see: https://github.com/OBOFoundry/Experimental-OBO-Core/issues/6
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions
ecologically related to
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
Clp1p relocalizes from the nucleolus to the spindle and site of cell division; i.e. it is associated transiently with the spindle pole body and the contractile ring (evidence from GFP fusion). Clp1p colocalizes_with spindle pole body (GO:0005816) and contractile ring (GO:0005826)
a colocalizes_with b if and only if a is transiently or peripherally associated with b[GO].
In the context of the Gene Ontology, colocalizes_with may be used for annotating to cellular component terms[GO]
colocalizes with
ATP citrate lyase (ACL) in Arabidopsis: it is a heterooctamer, composed of two types of subunits, ACLA and ACLB in a A(4)B(4) stoichiometry. Neither of the subunits expressed alone give ACL activity, but co-expression results in ACL activity. Both subunits contribute_to the ATP citrate lyase activity.
Subunits of nuclear RNA polymerases: none of the individual subunits have RNA polymerase activity, yet all of these subunits contribute_to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.
eIF2: has three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); one binds GTP; one binds RNA; the whole complex binds the ribosome (all three subunits are required for ribosome binding). So one subunit is annotated to GTP binding and one to RNA binding without qualifiers, and all three stand in the contributes_to relationship to "ribosome binding". And all three are part_of an eIF2 complex
We would like to say if and only if exists c', p' c part_of c' and c' capable_of p and c capable_of p' and p' part_of p then c contributes_to p However, this is not possible in OWL. We instead make this relation a sub-relation of the two chains, which gives us the inference in the one direction.
In the context of the Gene Ontology, contributes_to may be used only with classes from the molecular function ontology.
contributes to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p.
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
enables
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
holds between two entities when some genome-level process such as gene expression is involved. This includes transcriptional, spliceosomal events. These relations can be used between either macromolecule entities (such as regions of nucleic acid) or between their abstract informational counterparts.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the genome of an organism
genomically related to
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
every cellular sphingolipid homeostasis process regulates_level_of some sphingolipid
p regulates levels of c if p regulates some amount (PATO:0000070) of c
regulates levels of
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
A relationship that holds via some process of localization
Do not use this relation directly. It is a grouping relation.
related via localization to
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from some initial location l to some destination.
Use to relate a transport or localization process to the starting location of the cargo.
has target start location
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination l.
Use to relate a transport or localization process to the end location of the transported or localized cargo.
has target end location
Holds between p and c when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c to a destination that is part of some s, where the start location of c is part of the region that surrounds s.
imports
'mitochondrial transport' results_in_transport_to_from_or_in some mitochondrion (GO:0005739)
results in transport to from or in
Holds between p and c when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c to a destination that is part of some s, where the end location of c is part of the region that surrounds s.
exports
an annotation of gene X to cell commitment with results_in_commitment_to CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an unspecified cell has been specified and determined to develop into a neuron.
p 'results in commitment to' c if and only if p is a developmental process and c is a cell and p results in the state of c changing such that is can only develop into a single cell type.
The relationship linking a cell and its participation in a process that results in the transition of a cell such that is can only develop into a single cell type.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell commitment with results_in_commitment_to CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an unspecified cell has been specified and determined to develop into a neuron.
results in commitment to
p 'results in determination of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and c is a cell and p results in the state of c changing to be determined. Once a cell becomes determined, it becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
The relationship linking a cell and its participation in a process that results in the transition of a cell such that it can only develop into a single cell type independent of its environment.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell determination with results_in_determination_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an unspecified cell will develop into a neuron with no additional input.
results in determination of
input of
output of
formed as result of
The relationship linking a cell and its participation in a process that results in the fate of the cell being specified. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
The relationship linking a cell and its participation in a process that results in the transition of a cell such that is can only develop into a single cell type when left in its environment.
Example of use: an annotation of gene X to cell determination with results_in_determination_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an unspecified cell will develop into a neuron if left in its environment. If the cell is moved, it may develop into a cell type other than a neuron.
results in specification of
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q.
indirectly positively regulates
p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q.
indirectly negatively regulates
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
Process A is causally_upstream of process B if process A occurs first, and process A causes process B to happen. Processes A and B do not overlap.
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p provides input for q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and there exists some c such that p has_output c and q has_input c.
directly provides input for (process to process)
provides input for
transitive form of directly_provides_input_for
This is a grouping relation that should probably not be used in annotation. Consider instead the child relation 'provides input for'.
transitively provides input for (process to process)
transitively provides input for
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A protein that enables activity in a cytosol.
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relationship in which at least one of the partners is an organism and the other is either an organism or an abiotic entity with which the organism interacts.
whales symbiotically interact with the barnacles that attach to them
A biotic interaction in which the two organisms live together in more or less intimate association.
We follow GO and PAMGO in using 'symbiosis' as the broad term encompassing mutualism through parasitism
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms (GO).
This relation groups a pair of inverse relations, parasite of and parasitized by
interacts with via parasite-host interaction
Pediculus humanus capitis parasite of human
A parasite-host relationship where an organism benefits at the expense of another.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly negatively regulates activity of
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly positively regulates activity of
The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis (GO)
X 'has host' y if and only if: x is an organism, y is an organism, and x can live on the surface of or within the body of y
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, typically connecting an anatomical entity to a biological process or developmental stage.
relation between physical entity and a process or stage
x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y).
x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y))
The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription.
x exists during y if and only if: 1) the time point at which x begins to exist is after or equal to the time point at which y begins and 2) the time point at which x ceases to exist is before or equal to the point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y)
x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y).
x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y).
x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
x is a hyperparasite of y iff x is a parasite of a parasite of the target organism y
Note that parasite-of is a diret relationship, so hyperparasite-of is not considered a sub-relation, even though hyperparasitism can be considered a form of parasitism
A host interaction where the smaller of the two members of a symbiosis causes a disease in the larger member
Holds between p and c when p is locomotion process and the outcome of this process is the change of location of c
Use this relation to link a locomotion process to the type of cell or anatomical structure or organism that the process results in locomotion of.
For movement of chemicals or cell parts, please use transports_or_maintains_localization_of
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
participates in a biotic-biotic interaction with
p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
Use this relation to link a cell component that is the product of a cell, to the cell-type that produced it. Examples include recording the cell type that produces an exosome, an LDL, or a secreted ECM component.
produced by
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B.
p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q.
indirectly causally upstream of
p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
indirectly regulates
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input.
See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497
device utilizes material
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C.
This property only applies to anatomical entities.
p has anatomical participant c iff p has participant c, and c is an anatomical entity
results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
independent continuant
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
process
disposition
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
quality
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
specifically dependent continuant
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
role
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
generically dependent continuant
function
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
CL and GO definitions of cell differ based on inclusive or exclusive of cell wall, etc.
We struggled with this definition. We are worried about circularity. We also considered requiring the capability of metabolism.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
A material entity that is a maximal functionally integrated unit that develops from a program encoded in a genome
'Maximal functionally integrated unit' is intended to express unity, which Barry considers synonymous with BFO 'object'.
Includes virus - we will later have a class for cellular organisms.
organism
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
PERSON:Bill Bug
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
Western Australian Mulga Shrublands Ecoregion
Australasia Ecoregion
Southern central Australia Ecoregion
Simpson Desert Region
Pilbara Shrublands Ecoregion
Carnarvon Xeric Shrublands Ecoregion
Central Ranges Xeric Shrub Ecoregion
Gibson Desert Ecoregion
The Great Sandy-Tanami Desert Ecoregion
Great Victoria Desert Ecoregion
Nullarbor Plains Xeric Shrubland Ecoregion
Afrotropical Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Southern Namibia into South Africa
Succulent Karoo Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Yemen and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman Ecoregion
Somali montane xeric woodlands ecoregion
Somali Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen Ecoregion
Socotran Archipelago Ecoregion
Red Sea Coastal Desert Ecoregion
Namibian Savanna Woodland Ecoregion
Namib Desert Ecoregion
Nama Karoo Ecoregion
Masai Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Madagascar Succulent Woodlands Ecoregion
Madagascar Spiny Thickets Ecoregion
Africa: Coastal Namibia and Angola Ecoregion
Kaokoveld Desert Ecoregion
Kalahari Xeric Savanna Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Islands about half-way between southern Madagascar and southern Mozambique Ecoregion
Ile Europa and Bassas da India Ecoregion
Hobyo Grassland and Shrubland Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Ethiopian Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Eritrean Coastal Desert Ecoregion
North central Africa: Eastern Chad and small area of western Sudan
East Saharan Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Western Asia: Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Aldabra Island Xeric Scrub Ecoregion
Indo-Malay Ecoregion
Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan
Thar Desert
Southern Asia: Eastern India and western Pakistan
Northwestern Thorn Scrub Forests
Solar radiation
example to be eventually removed
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
The term was created to ease viewing/sorting terms for development purposes, but will not be included in a release.
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
Alan Ruttenberg
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity'
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction'
If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this.
inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X
if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X
'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).
'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).