Rhea list of ChEBI terms representing the major species at pH 7.3.
Term not to be used for direct annotation
GO ribbon for eukaroytic cellular processes
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
ribosomal subunit export from cell nucleus
ribosomal subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. When annotating eukaryotic species, mitotic or meiotic cytokinesis should always be specified for manual annotation and for prokaryotic species use 'FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0043093' or Cdv-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0061639. Also, note that cytokinesis does not necessarily result in physical separation and detachment of the two daughter cells from each other.
A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Note that this term should not be used to describe the invasion of host tissues by pathogenic organisms, which is described by the biological process term 'entry into host ; GO:0044409', nor should it be used to describe growth of diseased cells of an organism into the surrounding normal tissue, which is outside of the scope of GO.
invasive growth in response to glucose limitation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
Note that this term applies to translation performed by cytoplasmic ribosomes, which is distinct from translation performed by organellar ribosomes. For mitochondrial translation, consider GO:0032543 'mitochondrial translation' or its child terms.
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin
A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity
DNA binding transcription factor activity
gene-specific transcription factor activity
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific binding
transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding
Usage guidance: Most DNA-binding transcription factors do not have enzymatic activity. The presence of specific DNA-binding domains known to be present in DNA-binding transcription factors (HOX, GATA etc) should be used to help decide whether a protein is a DNA binding transcription factor or a coregulator. If a protein has an enzymatic activity (for example, ubiquitin ligase, histone acetyl transferase) and no known DNA binding domain, consider annotating to GO:0003712 transcription coregulator activity. Special care should be taken with proteins containing zinc fingers, Myb/SANT and ARID domains, since only a subset of proteins containing these domains directly and selectively bind to regulatory DNA motifs in cis-regulatory regions.
DNA-binding transcription factor activity
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
Exportin-5 recognizes 3' overhang of pre-miRNA
Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.
Note that this term may be used to annotate ribosomal RNAs as well as ribosomal proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, acting on GTP, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase activity
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, elongation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, initiation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, termination
signal-recognition-particle GTPase activity
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, alpha-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, beta-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, gamma-subunit
G alpha (s) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Adenylaye cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of Gi alpha
Endocytosis (internalization) of clathrin-coated vesicle
Translocation of TGN-lysosome vesicle to lysosome
Internalization of MHC II:Ii clathrin coated vesicle
GNAT1-GTP hydrolyses its bound GTP to GDP
G alpha (z) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (i) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (12/13) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (q) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
P2Y purinoceptor 1 activates MAP kinase p38 alpha
trans-Golgi Network Lysosomal Vesicle Scission
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec-tRNA(Sec):EEFSEC:GTP is hydrolysed to 80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec and EEFSEC:GDP by EEFSEC
39S subunit binds 28S subunit:mRNA:fMet-tRNA
TUFM hydrolyzes GTP and TUFM:GDP dissociates from 55S ribosome
Hydrolysis of GTP and dissociation of 28S and 39S subunits
Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from A-site to P-site (and translocation of 55S ribosome by 3 bases along mRNA)
ASAP1 stimulates GTPase activity of ARF4
SRGAP2 stimulates RAC1 GTP-ase activity and ends FMNL1-mediated elongation of actin filaments
Rheb in the MTORC1 complex hydrolyses GTP
TBC1D20 stimulates GTPase activity of RAB1, resulting in hydrolysis of GTP
CYTH proteins stimulate ARF1 GTPase activity
ARHGAP35 stimulates RHOA GTPase activity
TBC RabGAPs accelerate GTP hydrolysis by RAB35
TBC1D2A accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
TBC1D15 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
TBC1D16 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB4A
TBC1D25 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB33B
Dynamin-mediated GTP hydrolysis promotes vesicle scission
G alpha (i)i1/i2/i3 in G (i):RGS complex is inactivated
G alpha (z) in G alpha (z):RGS complex is inactivated
G alpha (q) in G (q):RGS complex is inactivated
RAS intrinsic GTPase activity hydrolyzes GTP to GDP
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
Note that most helicases catalyze processive duplex unwinding.
BLM mediates dissolution of double Holliday junction
ERCC2 and ERCC3 DNA helicases form an open bubble structure in damaged DNA
Catalysis of the cleavage of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Most nucleases are classed as hydrolases, though a minority are classed as lyases.
Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.
guanyl-nucleotide release factor activity
ARF guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rab guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ral guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rap guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Sar guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
cAMP-dependent guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
GRB2:SOS:p-Y427-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GRB2:SOS1:p-Y-IRS1,p-Y-IRS2 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
p-RasGRP1,3:DAG cause RAS to exchange GDP for GTP
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-Y349,350-SHC1:p-ERBB4
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-SHC1:Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and phosphorylated EGFR:ERBB2 heterodimers
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 bound to GRB2 in complex with phosphorylated ERBB4:ERBB2 heterodimers
Regeneration of eEF1A:GTP by eEF1B activity
C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
(Frs2)C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:GRB2:SOS1)
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:SHC1:GRB2:SOS1)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS (PDGF receptor:GRB2:SOS)
RhoA is activated by nucleotide exchange and inhibits axonal growth
An unknown GEF exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42:GDP
Activation of RAC1 by CRKII:DOCK180:ELMO
p75NTR indirectly activates RAC and Cdc42 via a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor
Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras (Tie2 receptor:Grb2:Sos)
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (HB-EFG-initiated)
SOS mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (SHC)
Liganded Gs-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gs
Liganded Gq/11-activating GPCRs act as GEFs for Gq/11
Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
NCAM1:pFAK:Grb2:Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras
p190RhoGEF exchanges GTP for GDP on RHOA, activating it
KALRN exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
VAV exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
ITSN1 exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42, activating it
bPIX exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC, activating it
TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
WNT:FZD complex promotes G-protein nucleotide exchange
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 activates Gq
Alpha-2A,alpha-2C Adrenergic Receptors activate Gi.Go heterotrimeric G proteins
p-TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Activation of Rho by LARG and PDZ-RhoGEF
VAV1 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family GTPases
VAV2 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
VAV3 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
VEGF induces CDC42 activation by unknown mechanism
DOCK180:ELMO exchanges GTP for GDP, activating RAC1
RAB3IP stimulates nucleotide exchange on RAB8A
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF4
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with p-EGFRvIII)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and p-EGFRvIII)
Activated FGFR1:p-FRS:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR1:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR1 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
RAS GEFs promote RAS nucleotide exchange
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-Y-SHC mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-3Y-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF
ARFGAPs stimulate ARF GTPase activity at the Golgi membrane
RIC1:RGP1 stimulates nucleotide RAB6 nucleotide exchange
Liganded Gz-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gz
Liganded G12/13-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for G12/13
Activation of RAC1 by the PXN:CRK complex
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 promotes nucleotide exchange on RAB18
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by MET-bound GRB2:SOS1
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 associated with RANBP9 and MET
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 bound to GRB2, SCH1-2 and MET
RAB13 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB13
RAB21 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB21
RAB31 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB31
TRAPPC complexes exchange GTP for GDP on RAB1
HPS1:HPS4 exchange GTP for GDP on RAB32 and RAB38
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB18
CDC42 in GNB/GNG:PAK1:ARHGEF6:CDC42 is activated
G-alpha(t):G-beta-gamma:Opsins complex dissociates to active G-alpha(t)
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through SHC1
EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:phospho-CRKL:RAPGEF1:GRB2-1:SOS1,phospho-VAV1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through FRS2
NTRK2 and CDK5 promote activation of RAC1 by TIAM1
ESTG stimulates GTP exchange on GPER:heterotrimeric G-protein s
Activation of Rap1 by membrane-associated GEFs
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3
RCC1 stimulates GDP to GTP exchange on RAN
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and ERBB2 homodimer:p-SHC1
ADORA2B (in Ade-Rib:ADORA2B:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gs) exchanges GDP for GTP on Gs
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by the p-6Y- ERBB2 ECD mutants:EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR through GRB2
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants and EGFR
DOCK180 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
p-VAV1,2,3 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
p-KIT mutants:GRB2:SOS catalyzes nucleotide exchange on RAS
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS downstream of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of mutant PDGFR receptors
CSF1R-associated SOS1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
FLT3 mutants:GRB2:SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3 fusion mutants
p-VAV1,2,3 exchange 6TGTP for GDP on RAC1
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific term: for bacteria, annotate to GO:0009274; peptidoglycan-based cell wall, for plants: annotate to GO:0009505 ; plant-type cell wall, for fungi: GO:0009277 ; fungal-type cell wall, and for archae, use GO:0030115 S-layer (see PMID:31214995).
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'.
Activation of ATR in response to replication stress
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
DNA replication-independent chromatin assembly
DNA replication-independent chromatin organization
DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation
DNA replication-independent nuclesome assembly
transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly
The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex assembly at promoter
initiation of DNA-dependent transcription
initiation of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription initiation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
transcription initiation factor activity
Note that promoter clearance is represented as a separate step, not part_of either initiation or elongation.
The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.
DNA-dependent transcription, termination
DNA-templated transcription, termination
termination of DNA-dependent transcription
termination of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription termination from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
transcription termination factor activity
transcription termination, DNA-dependent
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
transcriptional elongation, DNA-dependent
RNA elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
transcription elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
RNA polymerase I transcription factor activity
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
general transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter
transcription from a RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter
RNA polymerase III transcription factor activity
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.
tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
glycoprotein-specific chaperone activity
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase activity
protein complex assembly, multichaperone pathway
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.
For non-covalent interactions with a lipid, consider instead the term 'lipid binding ; GO:0008289' and its children.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for example of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.
The process in which cells grow as a chain of physically attached, elongated cells in response to an environmental stimulus or stimuli.
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. Please consider one of the more specific descendants, GO:0140297 ; DNA-binding transcription factor binding, GO:0140296 ; general transcription initiation factor binding or GO:0001221 ; transcription coregulator binding.
Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding
translation factor activity, RNA binding
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.
DNMT1,3A,3B:PRC2 methylates cytosine and histone H3
N6AMT1:TRMT112 transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to MMAIII
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine
The GSDME gene promoter is hypermethylated
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
peptidase activity, acting on D-amino acid peptides
peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides
gamma-secretase cleaves p75NTR, releasing NRIF and TRAF6
Unknown lysosomal protease degrades CBLIF:RCbl to release Cbl
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
multicellular organismal oligosaccharide metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The term 'RNA editing' (GO:0016547) was merged into 'RNA modification' (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
nucleobase-containing compound transport
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.
Endosomal Sorting Complex Required For Transport (ESCRT)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates
SUMF1 mediates the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine, producing active arylsulfatases
Monoiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
Arachidonate is oxidised to 5S-HpETE by ALOX5
Dopachrome is transformed to DHICA by DCT
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD6
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD5
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD6
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD5
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S),14(S)-diHp-DHA to 7-epi-MaR1
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to RvD5n-3DPA
Lipoxygenase dehydrogenates 7(S),17(S)-diHp-DHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA
Hydroperoxy reducatase reduces 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 14(S)-HDHA
Unknown sepiapterin synthase transforms PTHP to sepiapterin
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
B3GALTL transfers glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Defective B3GALTL does not transfer glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
THG1L transfers GMP to 5' end of tRNA(His)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphoric monoester, releasing a phosphate.
Unknown pPPP phosphatase dephosphorylates pPPP to pPNOL
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
PXLP-K278-PHYKPL tetramer hydrolyses 5PHL
TYW1:FMN:4Fe-4S transforms 1-methylguanosine yielding yW-187 (4-demethylwyosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
TSTA3 dimer epimerises GDP-DHDMan to GDP-KDGal
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity.
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
A molecular function regulator that modulates a catalytic activity.
This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme, but does not result in a covalent modification.
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.
The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete term 'transfer RNA ; GO:0005563'.
triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Note that this term describes the activity of a nucleic acid, usually RNA, gene product that interacts with other RNA molecules via base pairing; it should not be used to annotate proteins.
An adaptor activity that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.
protein-containing complex scaffold activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
regulation of protein modification process
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
organization of chromosome, telomeric region
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomal large subunit biogenesis and assembly
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomal small subunit biogenesis and assembly
Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).
Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.
The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through cell cycle
arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport
Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Miscellaneous transport and binding events
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.
protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell wall.
cell wall organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular cell wall organisation or biogenesis
cellular cell wall organization or biogenesis
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use 'ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887'.