Addition of a third mannose to the N-glycan precursor by ALG2
lactose + H2O => D-glucose + D-galactose
ALG11 transfers the fourth and fifth Man to the N-glycan precursor
ALG9 transfers Man to N-glycan precursor (GlcNAc)2 (Man)6 (PP-Dol)1
ALG9 transfers Man to N-glycan precursor (GlcNAc)2 (Man)8 (PP-Dol)1
Defective ALG11 does not transfer Man to the N-glycan precursor
Defective ALG9 does not add the seventh mannose to the N-glycan precursor
Defective ALG9 does not add the last mannose to the N-glycan precursor
mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI -> mannose (a1) mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + dolichol phosphate D-mannose -> mannose(al1-4)glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + dolichol phosphate
ALG12 transfers Man to N-glycan precursor (GlcNAc)2 (Man)7 (PP-Dol)1
Defective ALG12 does not add mannose to the N-glycan precursor
ALG3 transfers Man to N-glycan precursor (GlcNAc)2 (Man)5 (PP-Dol)1
Addition of a second mannose to the N-glycan precursor by ALG2
Defective ALG2 does not transfer a second Man to N-glycan precursor
Defective ALG3 does not add mannose to the N-glycan precursor
Peptide transfer from P-site tRNA to the A-site tRNA
ornithine (cytosolic) + citrulline (mitochondrial) => ornithine (mitochondrial) + citrulline (cytosolic)
SLC25A15 variants don't translocate ornithine and citrulline
SLC25A26 exchanges cytosolic AdoMet for mitochondrial AdoHcy
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine
Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity
Negative regulation of activity of TFAP2 (AP-2) family transcription factors
SLC2A4 (GLUT4) vesicle translocates and docks at the plasma membrane
Translocation of Aquaporin-2 from intracellular vesicles to the apical plasma membrane
Insulin secretory granule translocates across the cortical actin network
Glutamate synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Acetylcholine synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Release of noradrenaline at the synapse
Noradrenalin synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Vamp7 associated Lysosome to Plasma membrane transport
Vamp8 associated secretory vesicle to plasma membrane transport
Vamp2 associated secretory vesicle to plasma membrane transport
Dopamine synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Release of docked dopamine loaded synaptic vesicle
Release of docked serotonin loaded synaptic vesicle
Serotonin loaded synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Insulin secretory granule docks at the plasma membrane
GABA loaded synaptic vesicle Docking and Priming
rRNA modification in the nucleus and cytosol
Exosome Complex hydrolyzes mRNA by 3' to 5' exoribonuclease digestion
21S pre-rRNA is nucleolytically processed at site E (site2a) to yield 18SE pre-rRNA
nsp14 acts as a 3'-to-5' exonuclease to remove misincorporated nucleotides from nascent RNA
SUPV3L1:PNPT1 hydrolyzes mitochondrial RNA to yield 4-5 nucleotide oligoribonucleotides
REXO2 hydrolyzes 4-5 nucleotide RNAs to ribonucleotides
RNA exosome in PAXT:PAPOLG:TENT4A,B:ZC3H3:CBCA:polyadenylated m7GpppN-RNA:PABPN1 hydrolyzes RNA
The RNA exosome in RNA exosome:NEXT:ZC3H18:CBCA:m7GpppN-RNA hydrolyzes RNA
TRAMP:RNA exosome hydrolyzes oligoadenylated pre-rRNA 5' external transcribed spacer (5'ETS)
DIMT1 dimethylates adenosine-1850,1851 of 18S rRNA yielding 6-dimethyladenosine-1850,1851
TFB1M dimethylates adenosine-936 and adenosine-937 of 12S rRNA yielding 6-dimethyladenosine-936 and 6-dimethyladenosine-937
SIRT1 negatively regulates rRNA expression
NoRC negatively regulates rRNA expression
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
Deglycosylation complex hydrolyses N-glycans from unfolded glycoproteins
N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + H2O -> glucosaminyl-PI + acetate
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL
Squalene 2,3-epoxide cyclizes, forming lanosterol
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone)
NSDHL decarboxylates 4a-carboxy-5a-cholest-8-ene-3b-ol to 5a-cholest-8-en-3-one
NSDHL decarboxylates 4a-carboxy-4b-methyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol to 4a-methyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol)
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol
HSD17B7 reduces 4a-methyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3-one to 4a-methyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol
HSD17B7 reduces 5a-cholest-8-en-3-one to ZYMSTNL
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol
MSMO1 oxidizes 4,4-diMe-5-cholest-8-en-3-ol to 4a-carboxy-4b-me-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol
MSMO1 oxidizes 4a-me-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol to 4a-carboxy-5a-cholest-8-ene-3b-ol
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIKFYVE at the early endosome membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIKFYVE at the late endosome membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIKFYVE at the Golgi membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIP5K1A/B at the plasma membrane
PMP34-mediated exchange of cytosolic ATP for peroxisomal AMP
NMNAT2 transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to NMN to yield NAD+
3-hydroxyanthranilate + O2 => 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde
Formation of the Spliceosomal C complex containing intron lariat
Formation of the Spliceosomal P complex and exon ligation
Cleavage of thymine glycol by NTHL1 glycosylase
Cleavage of cytosine glycol by NTHL1 glycosylase
Cleavage of dihydrouracil by NTHL1 glycosylase
HSP110s exchange ATP for ADP on HSP70s:ADP
I(1,4,5,6)P4 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by IPMK in the nucleus
I(1,3,4,5)P4 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by IPMK in the nucleus
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is phosphorylated to 5-PP-IP4 by IP6K1/2 in the nucleus
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is phosphorylated to 5-PP-IP4 by IP6K1/3 in the cytosol
IP6 is phosphorylated to 5-PP-IP5 by IP6K1/2 in the nucleus
IP6 is phosphorylated to 1-PP-IP5 by PPIP5K1/2 in the cytosol
IP6 is phosphorylated to 5-PP-IP5 by IP6K1/3 in the cytosol
1-PP-IP5 is phosphorylated to 1,5-(PP)2-IP4 by IP6K1/2 in the nucleus
5-PP-IP5 is phosphorylated to 1,5-(PP)2-IP4 by PPIP5K1/2 in the cytosol
1-PP-IP5 is phosphorylated to 1,5-(PP)2-IP4 by IP6K1/3 in the cytosol
ACO1, IREB2 bind IREs in TFRC, ALAD, FTL, FTH1 mRNAs
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells
NQO2:FAD dimer reduces quinones to hydroquinones
CHST2,3,5,6 transfer sulfate to GlcNAc on keratan chain
Defective CHST6 does not transfer SO4(2-) to GlcNAc residues on keratan-PG
CHST4 transfers SO4(2-) from PAPS to Core 2 mucins
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision)
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision)
CHST14 transfers SO4(2-) to GalNAc in dermatan or DS
Defective CHST14 does not transfer SO4(2-) to GalNAc in dermatan or DS
CHST8 transfers SO4(2-) from PAPS to glyco-Lutropin
ST6GALNAC1-6 transfer Neu5Ac to terminal GalNAc (alpha-2,6 link)
ST6GALNAC6 transfers Neu5Ac to Type 1 MSGG to form Type 1 DSGG
HSP40s activate intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP70s in the nucleoplasm
HSP40s activate intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP70s in the cytosol
GAL3ST1 transfers sulfate to GalCer,LacCer
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) during gastrulation
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se
Metabolism of ingested H2SeO4 and H2SeO3 into H2Se
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH
EXTL3 dimer transfers GlcNAc to the GAG linker
Phagocyte cell death caused by cytosolic Mtb
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in interleukin signaling
Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins
GRSF1 unwinds quadruplex G regions in RNA
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation
Cross-presentation of particulate exogenous antigens (phagosomes)
Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes)
Alpha-protein kinase 1 signaling pathway
MyD88:MAL(TIRAP) cascade initiated on plasma membrane
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane
TICAM1, RIP1-mediated IKK complex recruitment
ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production
CD163 mediating an anti-inflammatory response
SAMD8 transfers phosphatidyl from PE onto C16DH CER
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins
Differentiation of keratinocytes in interfollicular epidermis in mammalian skin
D-loop dissociation and strand annealing
Loading of PCNA - Sliding Clamp Formation on the C-strand of the telomere
Recruitment of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex to DNA
NR1H4:DCA,CDCA,LCHA binds RXRA and NCOA1,2
Elongation Of The Telomeric Chromosome End
Elongation of Extended Telomeric Chromosome End
Exportin-5 recognizes 3' overhang of pre-miRNA
Cap-bound mRNA is activated by helicases
Formation of the Spliceosomal B* complex
Formation of the Spliceosomal C* complex
Formation of the Spliceosomal Bact complex
Deamination at C6 position of adenosine in Editosome (ADAR1)
Deamination at C6 position of adenosine in Editosome (ADAR2)
DsbA catalyzes disulfide crosslink formation on STa
Extension of pseudopodia by myosin-X in a PI3K dependent manner
Insulin secretory granule translocates to cell cortex
KIF17 transports GluN1:GluN2B (GRIN1:GRIN2B) NMDA receptors to the plasma membrane
LYZ hydrolyzes peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall
fibrin multimer -> fibrin multimer, crosslinked + NH4+
Envoplakin, periplakin, involucrin, SPR binding mediated by TGM1 crosslinking
Addition of GlcNAc to the glycan on the A arm
ST8SIA2,3,6 transfer Neu5Ac to terminal Gal of N-glycans
ST8SIA1-6 transfer Neu5Ac to terminal Neu5Ac residues
ST8SIA5 transfers Neu5Ac to gangliosides
GCNTs transfer GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to Core 1 mucins
Addition of a bifurcating GlcNAc to the N-glycan by MGAT3
B4GALTs transfer Gal to the N-glycan precursor
B4GALTs transfer Gal to the keratan chain
B4GALTs transfer Gal to a branch of keratan
Defective B4GALT1 does not transfer Gal to the keratan chain
Defective B4GALT1 does not add Gal to N-glycan
Defective B4GALT1 does not transfer Gal to the N-glycan precursor
Defective B4GALT1 does not transfer Gal to a branch of keratan
Addition of galactose by beta 4-galactosyltransferases
ST6GAL1,2 transfer Neu5Ac to terminal Gal (alpha-2,6 link)
ST6GAL1 transfers Neu5Ac to terminal Gal of N-glycans
ST6GAL1 transfers sialic acid to Tn antigens to form sTn antigens
ST3GAL4 transfers Neu5Ac to terminal Gal of N-glycans
ST3GAL1-4,6 optionally cap keratan chain
Defective ST3GAL3 does not transfer SA to keratan
ST3GAL1-6 transfer Neu5Ac to terminal Gal (alpha-2,3 link)
ST3GAL3 transfers Neu5Ac to Type 1 chain to form Type 1 MSGG
ST3GAL3,4,6 transfer Neu5Ac to Type 2 chain to form Type 2 MSGG
ST3GAL2,3 transfer Neu5Ac to gangliosides
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2
1-acyl LPA is acylated to PA by AGPAT5 (OM)
1-acyl LPG is acylated to PG by CRLS1 (IM)
CL and 1-acyl LPE are converted to MLCL and PE by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
1-acyl LPA is acylated to PA by AGPAT (LPAAT)
LPAAT3 acylates lysophosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidylcholine
ALDH4A1 converts 1PYR-3OH-5COOH to 4-OH-L-glutamate
GBE1 catalyzes branch formation in polyGlc-GYG1 complexed with GYS1-a
GBE1 catalyzes branch formation in polyGlc-GYG2 complexed with GYS2-a
GBE1 catalyzes branch formation in polyGlc-GYG1 complexed with GYS1-b
Defective GBE1 does not catalyze branch formation in growing glycogen chains (liver)
AWAT2 transfers acyl group from acyl-CoA to MAG, forming DAG
MOGAT1,2,3 transfer acyl group from acyl-CoA to 2-acylglycerol to form DAG
PAFAH2 hydrolyses PAF to lyso-PAF and acetate
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA
3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA + NAD+ => 3-ketoxypristanoyl-CoA + NADH + H+
HSD17B4 dehydrogenates 3-hydroxyhexacosanoyl-CoA
alpha-methylacetoacetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ <=> alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA + NAD+
EHHADH dehydrogenates 3-hydroxyhexacosanoyl-CoA
alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA + NAD+ <=> alpha-methylacetoacetyl-CoA + NADH + H+
acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+
beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA + H2O => beta-hydroxyisobutyrate + CoA
HIBCH mutants don't synthesize beta-hydroxyisobutyrate
ALAS condenses SUCC-CoA and Gly to form dALA
DHNTP is dephosphorylated by PTPS to PTHP
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS]
glycine + O2 => glyoxylate + H2O2 + NH4+
Insertion of correct bases opposite the lesion by POLH
POLD,POLE-mediated DNA strand displacement synthesis
POLB incorporates the first 3' dNMP and displaces 5'ddRP at SSB site
Synthesis of full-length duplex viral DNA with a discontinuous plus strand
3' PPT-primed initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis
The polymerase component of DNA polymerase alpha:primase synthesizes a 20-nucleotide primer on the G strand of the telomere
DNA polymerase delta polymerizes DNA across single stranded gap
POLB incorporates a single nucleotide in place of excised AP residue in NEIL1,NEIL2-mediated AP site resolution
POLB-mediated DNA strand displacement synthesis
POLD,POLE complete replication of damaged DNA after TLS
POLK incorporates dNMP opposite to damaged DNA base
POLK and POLZ cooperate in elongation of mispaired primer termini
POLI incorporates dNMP opposite to damaged DNA base
POLL or POLM extends aligned DNA DSB ends to fill gaps
POLQ extends annealed 3'-ssDNA overhangs in MMEJ
Repair DNA synthesis of ~27-30 bases long patch by POLD, POLE or POLK in GG-NER
Repair DNA synthesis of ~27-30 bases long patch by POLD, POLE or POLK in TC-NER
Translesion synthesis across unhooked ICL by POLN
The polymerase component of DNA polymerase alpha:primase synthesizes a 20-nucleotide primer at the origin
Decitabine triphosphate incorporates into DNA
POLG in the replisome polymerizes the H strand
POLG in the replisome polymerizes the L strand
Addition of nucleotides between position +11 and +30
Addition of the fourth nucleotide on the nascent HIV-1 transcript: Second Transition
Addition of nucleotides between position +11 and +30 on HIV-1 transcript
Addition of nucleotides 10 and 11 on the growing HIV-1 transcript: Third Transition
Addition of the third nucleotide on the nascent HIV-1 transcript
Addition of nucleotides 5 through 9 on the growing HIV-1 transcript
The primase component of DNA polymerase:primase synthesizes a 6-10 nucleotide RNA primer on the G strand of the telomere
RNA polymerase III transcribes microbial dsDNA to dsRNA
Pol II mediated transcription of microRNA genes
Transcription of intergenic spacer of the rRNA gene
RNA polymerase II polymerizes primary piRNA transcript
Active RNA Pol II complex transcribes lesion-containing DNA template
Pre-snRNA transcript initiation, Integrator binding, LEC binding
Pre-snRNA is elongated and capped with 7-methylguanosine
The primase component of DNA polymerase:primase synthesizes a 6-10 nucleotide RNA primer at the origin
Addition of the third nucleotide on the nascent transcript
Addition of the fourth nucleotide on the Nascent Transcript: Second Transition
Addition of Nucleotides 5 through 9 on the growing Transcript
Addition of nucleotides 10 and 11 on the growing transcript: Third Transition
Defective RpoB in Mtb RNAP transcribes RNA polyanion
POLRMT polymerizes RNA primer for mitochondrial L strand replication
Excision of the abasic sugar phosphate (5'dRP) residue at the single strand break
NEIL1,NEIL2 incises DNA strand 5' to the AP site
POLB excises the NEIL1,NEIL2-bound AP site (5'dRP)
Joining of adjacent Okazaki fragments of the C-strand
2-LTR formation due to circularization of viral DNA
DNA ligase I ligates single stranded nick in double stranded DNA
LIG3 ligates NEIL1,NEIL2-generated single strand break
LIG1 bound to APEX1 and PCNA ligates SSB
Ligation of newly synthesized repair patch to incised DNA in GG-NER
XRCC4:LIG4 ligates DNA DSB ends during NHEJ
Ligation of newly synthesized repair patch to incised DNA in TC-NER
LIG3-mediated DNA ligation via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
LIG3 (Ligase III) ligates nascent mitochondrial DNA strands
TOP3A (Topoisomerase 3a) decatenates mitochondrial DNA
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2)
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate
uPAR precursor + acyl-GPI -> uPAR-acyl-GPI + uPAR propeptide
G alpha (s) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Adenylaye cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of Gi alpha
Endocytosis (internalization) of clathrin-coated vesicle
Translocation of TGN-lysosome vesicle to lysosome
Internalization of MHC II:Ii clathrin coated vesicle
GNAT1-GTP hydrolyses its bound GTP to GDP
G alpha (z) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (i) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (12/13) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
G alpha (q) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
P2Y purinoceptor 1 activates MAP kinase p38 alpha
trans-Golgi Network Lysosomal Vesicle Scission
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec-tRNA(Sec):EEFSEC:GTP is hydrolysed to 80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec and EEFSEC:GDP by EEFSEC
39S subunit binds 28S subunit:mRNA:fMet-tRNA
TUFM hydrolyzes GTP and TUFM:GDP dissociates from 55S ribosome
Hydrolysis of GTP and dissociation of 28S and 39S subunits
Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from A-site to P-site (and translocation of 55S ribosome by 3 bases along mRNA)
ASAP1 stimulates GTPase activity of ARF4
SRGAP2 stimulates RAC1 GTP-ase activity and ends FMNL1-mediated elongation of actin filaments
Rheb in the MTORC1 complex hydrolyses GTP
TBC1D20 stimulates GTPase activity of RAB1, resulting in hydrolysis of GTP
CYTH proteins stimulate ARF1 GTPase activity
ARHGAP35 stimulates RHOA GTPase activity
TBC RabGAPs accelerate GTP hydrolysis by RAB35
TBC1D2A accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
TBC1D15 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
TBC1D16 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB4A
TBC1D25 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB33B
Dynamin-mediated GTP hydrolysis promotes vesicle scission
G alpha (i)i1/i2/i3 in G (i):RGS complex is inactivated
G alpha (z) in G alpha (z):RGS complex is inactivated
G alpha (q) in G (q):RGS complex is inactivated
RAS intrinsic GTPase activity hydrolyzes GTP to GDP
GBP1 hydrolyzes GTP forming GBP1 oligomers
ABCE1:ATP binds PELO:HBS1L-1:GTP:80S ribosome:non-stop mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA with nascent peptide and HBS1L-1:GDP is released
Gq alpha:G beta:G gamma dissociates to Gq alpha:GTP and G beta:G gamma
GCH1 reduces GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP
IDUA hydrolyses the unsulfated alpha-L-iduronosidic link in DS
IDUA hydrolyses Heparan sulfate chain(6)
Defective IDUA does not hydrolyse Heparan sulfate chain(6)
Defective IDUA does not hydrolyse Heparan sulfate chain(1)
Defective IDUA does not hydrolyse the unsulfated alpha-L-iduronosidic link in DS
SDS dimers:PXLP convert L-Ser to PYR and NH4+
Defective ARSB does not hydrolyse C4S/C6S chains
B4GALNT1 dimer transfers GalNAc to gangliosides
PARP1,PARP2 dimers bound to FEN1 and POLB autoPARylate
PARP1,PARP2 dimers bound to MMEJ sites autoPARylate
PARPs transfer ADP-D-ribose to proteins (poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation)
NADK:Zn2+ tetramer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+
NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+
NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 5(S)-Hp-18(S)-HpEPE to 18(S)-RvE2
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 5(S)-Hp-18(R)-HEPE to 18(R)-RvE2
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones
Synthesis of minus strand strong stop DNA (-sssDNA)
Elongation, Polyadenylation and Termination
nsp12 synthesizes minus strand SARS-CoV-1 genomic RNA complement
RTC synthesizes SARS-CoV-1 plus strand genomic RNA
RTC completes synthesis of the minus strand genomic RNA complement
nsp12 misincorporates a nucleotide in nascent RNA minus strand
Synthesis of SARS-CoV-1 minus strand subgenomic mRNAs by template switching
Synthesis of SARS-CoV-1 plus strand subgenomic mRNAs
Synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 minus strand subgenomic mRNAs by template switching
Synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 plus strand subgenomic mRNAs
RTC synthesizes SARS-CoV-2 plus strand genomic RNA
nsp12 synthesizes minus strand SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA complement
Transcription of respiratory syncytial virus subgenomic positive sense mRNAs
Synthesis of negative sense genomic RNA of respiratory syncytial virus
Synthesis of antigenomic RNA of human respiratory syncytial virus
HAO1 tetramer oxidizes glycolate to glyoxylate
Addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to Dolichyl phosphate
Defective DPAGT1 does not transfer GlcNAc to DOLP
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine
Defective GALE does not epimerise UDP-Gal to UDP-Glc
GALE:NAD+ dimer reversibly epimerises UDP-Gal to UDP-Glc
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate
UGGT1,2 transfers glucose from DbGP to (un)folded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)8b
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate => pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose
alpha-methylacetoacetyl-CoA + CoA => propionyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA
ACAT2 condenses 2 Ac-CoA to form ACA-CoA
ACAT1 mutants don't synthesize propionyl-CoA or acetyl-CoA
Conversion of DHA-CoA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
acetyl-CoA + H2O => acetate + CoASH + H+
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [mitochondrial]
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic]
3-ketohexacosanoyl-CoA + CoASH => tetracosanoyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA
ACAA2 tetramer transfers acyl group from Ac-CoA to acyl-CoA forming 3OA-CoA and CoA-SH
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA
AcCho is hydrolyzed to Cho and acetate by ACHE
dehydrogenation of 4-cis-decenoyl-CoA to form 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA
alpha-methylbutyryl-CoA + FAD => tiglyl-CoA + FADH2
isobutyryl-CoA + FAD => methacrylyl-CoA + FADH2
25(S) THCA-CoA is dehydrogenated to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA)
25(S) DHCA-CoA is dehydrogenated to 25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA
Oxidation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to delta2-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA
APRT catalyzes the conversion of adenine to AMP
Defective APRT does not convert adenine to AMP
(2'-deoxy)adenosine + ATP => (d)AMP + ADP (ADK)
Defective AHCY does not hydrolyse AdoHcy
S-Adenosyl methionine <=> Decarboxylated-Adenosyl methionine + CO2
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP
Activated Adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cyclic AMP
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and pyrophosphate
Anthrax cya catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS]
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS
Defective PAPSS2 does not transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS
PXLP-K341-GPT2 transaminates PYR to form L-Ala
PXLP-K341-GPT2 transaminates L-Ala to form PYR
PXLP-K314-GPT transaminates L-Ala to form PYR
PXLP-K314-GPT transaminates PYR to form L-Ala
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+
cholesterol + PAPS => cholesterol sulfate + PAP
5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid
ALDH3A2-2 oxidizes pristanal to pristanate
ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH
ALDH1L2 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial]
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol
Defective GALM doesn't convert beta-D-GAL to alpha-D-GAL
ALPI dimer hydrolyses phosphate monoesters
glutamate + acetyl CoA => N-acetyl glutamate + CoA
NAGS variants don't synthesize N-acetylglutamate
alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate
MTRFR:MTRES1:39S ribosomal subunit:mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA:MALSU1:MIEF1:NDUFAB1 dissociates
ICT1 hydrolyzes the peptidyl-tRNA bond of the nascent polypeptide
ACY1:Zn2+ dimer hydrolyses mercapturic acids
Defective ACY1 does not hydrolyse mercapturic acids
ACY3:Zn2+ dimer hydrolyses mercapturic acids
ACY1:Zn2+ dimer deacetylates NAC to L-Cys
AMT transfers NH2CH2 from GCSH:SAMDLL to THF
Arachidonate is converted to 12-oxoETE by ALOX12
Arachidonate is oxidised to 12R-HpETE by ALOX12B
Arachidonate is oxidised to 12S-HpETE by ALOX12/15
ALOX12:Fe2+ dehydrogenates 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA
ALOX12:Fe2+ oxidises DPAn-6 to 14(S)-HDPAn-6
ALOX12:Fe2+ oxidises DPAn-3 to 14(S)-Hp-DPAn-3
ALOX12:Fe2+ dehydrogenates 14(S)-Hp-DPAn-3 to 13,14-epoxy-DPAn-3
arginine + H2O => ornithine + urea [ARG2]
arginine + H2O => ornithine + urea [ARG1]
ARG1 variants don't synthesize urea and ornithine
ASS1 tetramer:NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH transforms L-Asp and L-Cit to ARSUA
ASS1 variants don't synthesize arginosuccinate
argininosuccinate <=> fumarate + arginine
ASL variants don't synthesize fumarate and arginine
Decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan forms serotonin
SULT1A1 dimer sulfonates PARA to PARA-SO4
3,3'-diiodothyronine + PAPS => 3,3'-diiodothyronine 4-sulfate + PAP
3,5,3'-triiodothyronine + PAPS => 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine 4-sulfate + PAP
p-nitrophenol + PAPS => p-nitrophenol sulfate + PAP
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS]
oxaloacetate + glutamate <=> aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate [GOT1]
PXLP-K259-GOT1 transaminates 2-OG and L-Asp
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp
Defective HLCS does not biotinylate ACACA:Mn2+
Defective HLCS does not biotinylate 6xMCCC1:6xMCCC2
Defective HLCS does not biotinylate PC:Mn2+
Defective HLCS does not biotinylate 6x(PCCA:PCCB)
a-ketoisocaproate, a-keto-b-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate + glutamate <=> leu, ile, or val + alpha-ketoglutarate [BCAT2]
a-ketoisocaproate, a-keto-b-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate + glutamate <=> leu, ile, or val + alpha-ketoglutarate [BCAT1]
leu, ile, or val + alpha-ketoglutarate <=> a-ketoisocaproate, a-keto-b-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate + glutamate [BCAT1]
leu, ile, or val + alpha-ketoglutarate <=> a-ketoisocaproate, a-keto-b-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate + glutamate [BCAT2]
2 ATP + NH4+ + HCO3- => 2 ADP + orthophosphate + carbamoyl phosphate [mitochondrial]
CPS1 variants don't synthesize carbamoyl phosphate
Carbonic Anhydrase VI hydrates carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton
Carbonic anhydrase VI dehydrates bicarbonate to water and carbon dioxide
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (plasma membrane)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol)
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (plasma membrane)
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (mitochondria)
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (mitochondria)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2
propionyl-CoA + carnitine => propionylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine => acetylcarnitine + CoASH
Tyrosinase oxidises tyrosine to dopaquinone
DHI and DHICA polymerize forming eumelanin
ARSA removes sulfate from PSAP(195-273):Sulfatide
Cho is phosphorylated to PCho by CHK dimer
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer
creatine + ATP => phosphocreatine + ADP [CKB,CKM]
creatine + ATP => phosphocreatine + ADP [CK octamer]
PDE4D5 in p-S26-ANXA2:PP2A:PDE4D5:ITGA5:ITGB1:fibronectin hydrolyzes cAMP to yield AMP
PXLP-CBS tetramers condenses HCYS and L-Ser to form L-Cystathionine
(deoxy)cytidine + H2O => (deoxy)uridine + NH4+ (CDA)
AICDA deaminates cytidine in chromatin containing histone H3.3 and 5-methylcytidine
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme
Electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to molecular oxygen
limit dextrin-glycogenin => ((1,6)-alpha-glucosyl)poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin
((1,6)-alpha-glucosyl)poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl)glycogenin => poly{(1,4)-alpha-glucosyl} glycogenin + alpha-D-glucose
CDP-Cho and DAG are converted to PC by CEPT1 at the ER membrane
CDP-Cho and DAG are converted to PC by CHPT1 at the Golgi membrane
DAG kinase produces phosphatidic acid from DAG
1,2-diacyl-glycerol + acyl-CoA => triacylglycerol + CoASH [DGAT2]
1,2-diacyl-glycerol + acyl-CoA => triacylglycerol + CoASH [DGAT1]
DGAT2L6,L7P transfer acyl group from acyl-CoA to DAG, forming TAG
DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate
Loss-of-function DLD mutants don't dehydrogenate dihydrolipoyl DBT
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate
Isomerization of cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA to form trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA
ECI2 isomerizes 3Z-enoyl-CoA to 2E-enoyl-CoA
Dopachrome is transformed to DHICA by DCT
Defective DOLK does not phosphorylate DCHOL
Defective POMT2 does not transfer Man from Dol-P-Man to DAG1
Defective POMT1 does not transfer Man from Dol-P-Man to DAG1
POMT1:POMT2 transfers Man from Dol-P-Man to DAG1(30-653)
ETFDH oxidises ETF (reduced) to ETF, reduces CoQ to CoQH2
Proteasomal cleavage of substrate (26S proteasome catalyst)
Proteasomal clevage of exogenous antigen (26S proteasome catalyst)
Cleavage of ERBB4m80 by gamma-scretase complex
Ubiquitinated DVL is degraded by the proteasome
Degradation of multiubiquitinated cell cycle proteins
Degradation of multiubiquitinated Securin
Proteosome-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G
Degradation of ubiquitinated p27/p21 by the 26S proteasome
gamma-secretase cleaves the p75NTR transmembrane domain
Ubiquitinated and phosphorylated IKBA binds to and is degraded by the proteasome complex
Proteasome mediated degradation of PAK-2p34
Degradation of ubiquitinated beta catenin by the proteasome
26S proteosome degrades ODC holoenzyme complex
Ub-RibC-AXIN is degraded by the proteasome
Ubiquitinated AXIN is degraded by the proteasome
Ubiquitinated DVL1 is degraded by the proteasome
Autoproteolytic cleavage of Hh precursors
HPE SHH variants don't undergo autoproteolytic cleavage
Hh C-terminal fragments are degraded by the proteasome
processing defective Hh variants are degraded by the proteasome
26S proteasome processes K48PolyUb-K21,22-p-S32,36-IkBA:NF-kB complex to form NF-kB complex
26S proteasome processes p-7S-p100:RELB to form p52:RELB
GLI3 is partially degraded by the proteasome to yield the GLI3 repressor
GLI1 is degraded by the proteasome after ubiquitination by beta-TrCP
GLI1 is degraded by the proteasome after ubiquitination by ITCH
Protesomal degradation of K48polyUb-TRAF3
FURIN cleaves 7K-BACE1 to 7K-BACE1(46-501)
PCSK6,FURIN mediate dissociation of 2 x LPL from GPIHBP1:HSPG:LPL dimer
PCSK5 mediates dissociation of 2 x LPL from GPIHBP1:HSPG:LPL dimer
Ubiquitinated geminin is degraded by the proteasome
Ubiquitinated Orc1 is degraded by the proteasome
Ubiquitinated Cdc6 is degraded by the proteasome
Proteolytic degradation of ubiquitinated-Cdc25A
Proteasome mediated degradation of Cyclin D1
Membrane proteases cleave Profilaggrin producing Filaggrin
Proteasome degrades polyubiquitinated PTEN
GTSE1 facilitates proteasome-mediated degradation of TP53
Proteasome degrades AURKA ubiquitinated by SCF-FBXL7
Proteasome-mediated degradation of PolyUb-FBXL7
misfolded CFTR is degraded by the 26S proteasome
CFTR F508del is degraded by the 26S proteasome
Cytoplasmic proteases cleave Profilaggrin producing Filaggrin
Polyubiquitinated RUNX3 is degraded by the proteasome
26S proteasome degrades TP73 polyubiquitinated by ITCH
Proteasome degrades polyubiquitinated RUNX2
Gamma-secretase cleaves APP(672-770) to APP(672-711) and APP(672-713)
Proteasome degrades ubiquitinated ROBO3.1
ub UBXN7 is degraded by the 26S proteasome
Proteasome-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated CDH1
Unknown peptidase cleaves UQCRFS1 subunit
Maturation of the canonical 20S core particle
Maturation of the 20S immunoproteasome core particle
Maturation of the 20S thymoproteasome core particle
Maturation of the preholospermatoproteasome
Proteasomal cleavage of intracellular substrate (PA28-alpha-beta-20S proteasome catalyst)
Proteasomal cleavage of intracellular substrate (immunoproteasome catalyst)
Proteasomal clevage of exogenous antigen (immunoproteasome catalyst)
Proteasomal cleavage of partially digested antigen (immunoproteasome catalyst)
Ubiquitinated CD274 is degraded by the 26S proteasome
SPOP-mediated degradation of CD274 by 26S Proteosome
Proteasomal degradation of polyUb-p-S195-CD274
Proteolysis of K48polyUb-K107,p-S-CRY1,K48polyUb-K126,p-S-CRY2
The proteasome degrades the alanine-tailed K48-polyUb nascent peptide bound to LTN1:NEMF:TCF25:VCP hexamer
The proteasome degrades the K48-polyubiquitinated alanine-tailed nascent peptide
pPR-AP:pAP cleaves the MCP:pPR-AP:pAP Complex
LONP1 degrades mitochondrial inner membrane proteins
LONP1 degrades mitochondrial matrix proteins
CLPXP degrades mitochondrial matrix proteins
AFG3L2 degrades mitochondrial matrix proteins
AFG3L2 degrades mitochondrial inner membrane proteins
YME1L1 degrades mitochondrial inner membrane proteins
YME1L1 degrades mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins
Trimming of peptides by IRAP in endocytic vesicles
Trimming of N-ter extended precursor fragments by cytosolic aminopeptidases
CNDP2:2Mn2+ dimer hydrolyses APAP-CysGly
ACE2(18-805):Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-33) (Angiotensin-(1-9))
ACE2(18-805):Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8)) to AGT(25-31) (Angiotensin-(1-7))
Mast Cell Carboxypeptidase hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-33) (Angiotensin-(1-9))
SVBP:VASH1,VASH2 hydrolyzes the terminal L-Tyr residue from alphaY-beta tubulin dimer
Carboxypeptidase E hydrolyzes Insulin(57-89) to yield C-peptide (Insulin(57-87))
Carboxypeptidase E cleaves Insulin(25-56) to yield Insulin(25-54)
ACE2:Zn2+ cleaves 1-Ala-AGT(25-32) to yield Alamandine (1-Ala-AGT(25-31)
prekallikrein:kininogen:C1q binding protein tetramer -> kallikrein:kininogen:C1q binding protein tetramer
Renin:Prorenin Receptor hydrolyzes Angiotensinogen to AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10))
Renin hydrolyzes Angiotensinogen to AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10))
Prorenin:Prorenin Receptor hydrolyzes Angiotensinogen to AGT(25-35) (Angiotensin-(1-10))
NEXT1 PEST domain mutants are cleaved to produce NICD1 PEST domain mutants
CASP4 autocatalysis on the bacterial surface
Cleavage of Procaspase-3 by the apoptosome
Cleavage of Procaspase-7 by the apoptosome
Antigen processing by cathepsin S in endosoytic vesicle
Caspase-mediated cleavage of plakophilin-1
Caspase-mediated cleavage of alpha adducin
Caspase-mediated cleavage of vimentin at DSVD (85)
Caspase-mediated cleavage of Desmoglein 3
Caspase-mediated cleavage of Desmoplakin
Caspase-mediated cleavage of farnesyltransferase/geranyl- geranyltransferase subunit alpha
Cleavage of p-STK4 (p-MST1) by caspase 3
Cleavage of p-STK3 (p-MST2) by caspase 3
Caspase-mediated cleavage of Desmoglein 1
Caspase mediated cleavage of alpha-II-Fodrin
Caspase mediated cleavage of beta-catenin
Caspase 3-mediated cleavage of DFF45 (117)
Caspase 3-mediated cleavage of PKC delta
Initial proteolyis of Ii by aspartic proteases to lip22
Caspase-8 processing within TLR4 complex
Caspase-8 and FLIP(L) processing at DISC
LGMN hydrolyzes GC, releasing CUBN and 25(OH)D
Caspase-mediated cleavage of vimentin at TNLD (429)
Caspase mediated cleavage of vimentin at IDVD (259)
Caspase-mediated cleavage of Desmoglein 2
Interleukin-1 family precursors are cleaved by caspase-1
Caspase-8 processing within TLR3 complex
CAPN:4xCa2+:CAPNS cleave cytoskeletal proteins
Calpain2 (m-Calpain) cleaves TLN1 (Talin-1)
Calpain2 (m-Calpain, CAPN2:CAPNS:Ca2+) cleaves VCL (Vinculin)
Cleavage of P-ERBB4jmA isoforms by ADAM17
MPP cleaves targeting peptide (presequence) of inner membrane precursors
MPP cleaves targeting peptide (presequence) of matrix precursors
Gelatin degradation by MMP1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13
Collagen type I degradation by MMP1,2,8,13, PRSS2
Collagen type III degradation by MMP1,8,9,13
Collagen type VI degradation by MMP2,9,11
Collagen type XIV degradation by MMP9,13
Collagen type VII degradation by MMP1,2,3
Collagen type IV degradation by MMP2,3,4,9,10,12
Collagen type V degradation by MMP2,9,10
Collagen type XI degradation by MMP1,2,3,9
Removal of fibrillar collagen N-propeptides
Removal of fibrillar collagen C-propeptides
Active MMP3 can cleave pro-HBEGF to form active HBEGF
Fibrillin 1, 2,(3) degradation by MMP2, 9, 12 and 13
HSPG2 (perlecan) degradation by MMP14, MMP15
DCN (decorin) degradation by MMP2, MMP3, MMP7
Brevican degradation by ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5
Brevican degradation by MMP1, 2, 3, 7,8,10,13,19
Aggrecan degradation by MMP1,2,3,7,9,12,13
Matrix metalloproteinase proteolyzes IGF:IGFBP3:ALS
OPN (osteopontin) degradation by MMP3, MMP7
E-cadherin degradation by ADAM10, ADAM15
Hh-Np is cleaved by ADAM17 to promote ligand shedding
MBTPS1,2 cleaves CREB3L3 to CREB3L3(1-?) and CREB3L3(?-461)
THOP1 cleaves oligopeptide fragment (8-16aa)
PMPCA:PMPCB cleaves the transit peptide of proSMDT1 (proEMRE)
AFG3L2 (m-AAA protease) degrades SMDT1 that is not assembled in MCU
ADAMTS13 variant does not cleave VWF multimer
Activated thrombin (factor IIa) cleaves PAR3,4, activating them
factor XIII -> factor XIII cleaved tetramer + 2 factor XIII A activation peptides
prothrombin -> activated thrombin (factor IIa) + thrombin activation peptide (prothrombinase catalyst)
factor V -> factor Va + factor V activation peptide (thrombin catalyst)
prothrombin -> activated thrombin (factor IIa) + thrombin activation peptide (Xa catalyst)
factor X -> factor Xa + factor X activation peptide (TF:F7a catalyst)
factor X -> factor Xa + factor X activation peptide (TF:F7 catalyst)
factor IX -> factor IXa + factor IX activation peptide (TF:F7a catalyst)
fibrinogen -> fibrin monomer + 2 fibrinopeptide A + 2 fibrinopeptide B
thrombin:antithrombin III:heparin -> thrombin:cleaved antithrombin III:heparin
Activated protein C cleaves factor Va to factor Vi intermediate form
Activated thrombin:thrombomodulin cleaves PROCR:Protein C to PROCR:Activated protein C
E-cadherin degradation by MMP3, MMP7 and plasmin
Collagen type II degradation by MMP1,3,8,13,PRSS2
Elastin degradation by elastin-degrading extracellular proteinases
Laminin-332 degradation by laminin-322 degrading extracellular proteinases
Fibronectin degradation by MMP1, 3, 7, 12, 13, 19, CTSS
factor VIII:von Willibrand factor multimer -> factor VIIIa + factor VIIIa B A3 acidic polypeptide + von Willibrand factor multimer
factor X -> factor Xa + factor X activation peptide (VIIIa:IXa catalyst)
factor XI:platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib:IX:V complex -> factor XIa:platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib:IX:V complex (XIIa catalyst)
kallikrein:kininogen:C1q binding protein tetramer -> kallikrein + activated kininogen:C1q binding protein tetramer + bradykinin
factor IX -> factor IXa + factor IX activation peptide (factor XIa catalyst)
factor XI:platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib:IX:V complex -> factor XIa:platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib:IX:V complex (thrombin catalyst)
crosslinked fibrin multimer:tissue plasminogen activator (two-chain):plasminogen -> crosslinked fibrin multimer:tissue plasminogen activator (two-chain) + plasmin
crosslinked fibrin multimer:tissue plasminogen activator (one-chain) -> crosslinked fibrin multimer:tissue plasminogen activator (two-chain)
crosslinked fibrin multimer:tissue plasminogen activator (one-chain):plasminogen -> crosslinked fibrin multimer:tissue plasminogen activator (one-chain) + plasmin
fibrin multimer, crosslinked -> fibrin digestion products (plasmin)
plasminogen:histidine-rich glycoprotein -> plasmin + histidine-rich glycoprotein (uPA [two-chain] catalyst)
urokinase plasminogen activator (one-chain):uPAR -> urokinase plasminogen activator (two-chain):uPAR
plasminogen:histidine-rich glycoprotein -> plasmin + histidine-rich glycoprotein (uPA [one-chain] catalyst)
HSPG2 (perlecan) degradation by MMP3, plasmin, (MMP12)
Furin cleaves pro-prothrombin to prothrombin
Furin cleaves pro-protein C to protein C
Furin cleaves pro-protein S to protein S
Furin cleaves pro-factor IX to factor IX
Furin cleaves pro-factor VII to factor VII
Initial activation of proMMP13 by plasmin and trypsin
Initial activation of proMMP2 by MMP1, 7
Autocatalytic activation of bound proMMP2
Activation of MMP9 intermediate form by MMPs
Initial activation of proMMP7 by trypsin
Initial activation of proMMP13 by MMP14 (MT1-MMP)
Furin cleaves pro-protein Z to protein Z
Cleavage of the viral Env gp160 precursor polyprotein
Formation of alternative pathway C5 convertase
Signal peptidase hydrolyzes signal peptide from ribosome-associated nascent protein
C3(H2O):Factor Bb cleaves C3 to C3b and C3a
Part of pro-beta-NGF is processed to mature beta-NGF
NOTCH precursor cleaved to form mature NOTCH
Fringe-modified Pre-NOTCH is cleaved by FURIN
Cathepsin G hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8))
Cleavage of collagen VII NC2 region by BMP1
Fibrillin-1 degradation by MMP3, CTSK, CTSL2
HSPG2 (perlecan) degradation by MMP13, CTSS
E-cadherin degradation by PS1:NCSTN (Gamma-secretase)
E-cadherin degradation by caspase-3 and calpain-1
Prostate-specific Antigen proteolyzes IGF:IGFBP3:ALS
HSPG2 (perlecan) is cleaved by BMP1, TLL1, TLL2, Cathepsin L1
PCSK1 hydrolyzes Proglucagon to Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Signal peptidase hydrolyzes preproGLP-1 to proGLP-1
Signal peptidase hydrolyzes preproGIP to proGIP
PCSK1 hydrolyzes acyl Proghrelin to acyl Ghrelin
Cleavage of the signal peptide of Preproghrelin
Furin cleaves ANTXR2-bound pagA to yield pagA(197-794)
Furin cleaves ANTXR1-bound pagA to yield pagA(197-794)
CORIN(802-1042) hydrolyses NPPA to form NPPA(124-151)
Activated protein C cleaves Factor Va intermediate form for Factor Va
Activated protein C cleaves factor VIIIa
HPN heterodimer cleaves pro-MST1 to form MST1 dimer
HPN heterodimer cleaves pro-HGF to form HGF dimer
PRTN3 cleaves CAMP(31-170) to generate CAMP(134-170)
PCSK2 cleaves Insulin(57-110) to yield Insulin(90-110) and C-peptide (Insulin(57-89))
PCSK1 cleaves proinsulin to yield Insulin(25-56) and Insulin(57-110)
DPP4(39-766) hydrolyzes Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
DPP4(1-766) hydrolyzes Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
DPP4(39-766) hydrolyzes Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
DPP4(1-766) hydrolyzes Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Cleavage of factor XII variant by activated thrombin
Hyperactivation of factor X by FVIIIa:FIXa R384L
FVIIIa variant:FIXa does not convert FX to the active FXa
FIXa variant:FVIIIa does not convert FX to the active FXa
FIX(29-461) variant is not activated (factor XIa catalyst)
TMPRSS2 Mediated SARS-CoV-1 Spike Protein Cleavage and Endocytosis
TMPRSS2 Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Cleavage and Endocytosis
Direct Host Cell Membrane Membrane Fusion and Release of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid
FURIN Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Cleavage and Endocytosis
Activated thrombin (factor IIa) cleaves F2R (PAR1), activating it
Factor I inactivates plasma Factor H-bound C3b
FURIN Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Cleavage
S2 Cleavage by TMPRSS2 Exposes S2' Initiating Cell-Cell Fusion
Factor I inactivates MCP/CR1-bound C4b/C3b
CDH1 is proteolytically cleaved in Golgi
Nascent F signal peptide is cleaved at ER membrane
F0 is cleaved, releasing F1, F2, F(110-136)
Nascent sG localizes to ER lumen, gets glycosylated
Nascent G signal peptide is cleaved at ER membrane
Autoproteolysis of DAG1 to alpha and beta chains
NS2B3 cleaves prepro-C at the C-prM junction
tiglyl-CoA + H2O <=> alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
ECHS1 mutants don't synthesize beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
5,6-EET is hydrolysed to 5,6-DHET by EPHX2
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 5S,6S-epoxy-18(S)-HEPE to 18(S)-RvE1
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 5S,6S-epoxy-18(R)-HEPE to 18(R)-RvE1
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 7S(8)-epoxy-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD1 or AT-RvD2
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 4S(5)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA to RvD3 or RvD4
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 17R(16)-epoxy-DHA to AT-(N)PD1
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA to RvD1 or RvD2
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 4S(5)-epoxy-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD3 or AT-RvD4
LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 16S,17S-epoxy-DHA to (N)PD1
Epoxide hydrolase hydrolyses 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA to MaR1
EPHX2 dimer hydrolyses 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA to MaR2
Epoxide hydrolase hydrolyses 13,14-epoxy-DPAn-3 to MaR1n-3 DPA or MaR2n-3 DPA
Epoxide hydrolase hydrolyses 16(S),17(S)-epoxy-DPAn-3 to PD1n-3DPA or PD2n-3DPA
Epoxide hydrolase hydrolyses 7,8-epoxy-HDPAn-3 to RvD1n-3DPA or RvD2n-3DPA
8,9-EET is hydrolysed to 8.9-DHET by EPHX2
11,12-EET is hydrolysed to 11,12-DHET by EPHX2
14,15-EET is hydrolysed to 14,15-DHET by EPHX2
HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (EST17b) to estrone (E1)
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (EST17b) to estrone (E1)
estrone + PAPS => estrone 3-sulfate + PAP
ETA is phosphorylated to PETA by CHK/ETNK
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2
CDP-ETA and DAG are converted to PE by CEPT1/EPT1
NEU2 cleaves GM3 to form LacCer (cytosol)
NEU3 cleaves GM3 to form LacCer (plasma membrane)
Neuraminidase enzymatic release from sialic acid
NEU3 hydrolyzes Neu5Ac from glycoconjugates
NEU1 hydrolyses Neu5Ac from glycoconjugates
NEU2 hydrolyzes Neu5Ac from glycoconjugates
Defective NEU1 does not hydrolyse Neu5Ac from glycoconjugates
NEU4 hydrolyses Neu5Ac from glycoconjugates
Formation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) dimer
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate
MCAT transfers Mal from Mal-CoA to NDUFAB1
2xHSD17B8:2xCBR4 reduces 3OA-ACP to 3HA-ACP
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH)
Defective CP does not oxidise Fe2+ to Fe3+
FTMT 24mer oxidises 4Fe2+ to 4Fe(3+)O(OH)
SLC40A1:HEPH:6Cu2+ oxidises 4Fe2+ to 4Fe3+
FDXR transfers electrons to FDX1,2 (FDX1L)
FPGS-2 transforms 5-methyl-THF to 5-methyl-THFPG
Mitochondrial FPGS-1 transforms THF to THFPG
MTHFD1 dimer ligates HCOOH to THFPG to form 10-formyl-THFPG
MTHFD1L dimer ligates HCOOH to THF to form 10-formyl-THF
MTHFD1L transforms 10-formyl-THF to HCOOH and THF
TIGAR converts D-fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to D-fructose 6-phosphate
PFKFKB dimer dephosphorylates fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase tetramers convert GA3P and DHAP to F1,6PP
FH tetramer hydrates fumarate to L-malate
Defective GALK1 does not phosphorylate Gal
Defective HK1 does not phosphorylate Glc to form G6P
Defective GCK does not phosphorylate Glc to form G6P
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P
GNPDA1,2 hexamers deaminate GlcN6P to Fru(6)P
Acetylation of glucosamine 6-phosphate to GlcNAc6P
G6PC3 hydrolyzes G6P to form Glc and Pi (ubiquitous)
G6PC2 hydrolyzes G6P to form Glc and Pi (islet)
Defective G6PC does not hydrolyze glucose 6-phosphate
Defective G6PC3 does not hydrolyze glucose 6-phosphate
G6PC hydrolyzes G6P to Glc and Pi (liver)
GBA2 hydrolyzes GlcCer (plasma membrane)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA
alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ (GLUD1,2)
glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ (GLUD1,2)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL]
Defective GCLC does not ligate L-Glu to L-Cys
glutamine + H2O => glutamate + NH4+ (GLS)
Defective GFPT1 does not transfer an amino group from L-Gln to F6P to form GlcN6P
GFPT1,2 transfer an amino group from L-Gln to F6P to form GlcN6P
glutaryl-CoA + FAD => crotonyl-CoA + FADH2 + CO2
GSR catalyzes glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+
GST dimers conjugate GSH with cytosolic substrates
GST trimers transfer GS from GSH to luminal substrates
GSTK1 dimer transfers GS from GSH to CDNB
MGST trimers transfer GS from GSH to AFXBO and AFNBO
GSTM4 dimer transfers GSH to 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA to form MCTR1
LTC4S trimer transfers GSH to 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA to form MCTR1
GGT transfers GSH to 16S,17S-epoxy-DHA to form PCTR1
LTC4S trimer transfers GSH to 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA to form RCTR1
GSTs transfer GSH to NAPQI to form APAP-SG
G3P is acylated to 1-acyl LPA by GPAM/GPAT2 (OM)
glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA => 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate + CoASH [mitochondrial membrane-associated]
Gly-3-P+FAD->DHAP+FADH2 (catalyzed by mitochondrial Gly-Phos dehydrogenase)
Conversion of Glycerol to Glycerol-3-phosphate
PXLP-K280-SHMT2 tetramer transfers CH2OH group to Gly to form L-Ser
GYS1 catalyzes the polyglucosylation of oligoGlc-GYG1
GYS2 catalyzes the polyglucosylation of oligoGlc-GYG2
Phosphorylated GYS1 catalyzes the polyglucosylation of oligoGlc-GYG1
Defective GYS1 does not transfer glucose to growing glycogen chains
Defective GYS2 does not transfer glucose to growing glycogen chains
mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + dolichol phosphate D-mannose -> mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + dolichol phosphate
(ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + dolichol phosphate D-mannose -> mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + dolichol phosphate
N-myristoylation of GAG polyprotein by NMT2
ABO-A:Mn2+ transfers GalNAc to H antigen-RBC to form A antigen-RBC
sABO-A:Mn2+ transfers GalNAc to H antigen-sec to form A antigen-sec
ABO-B:Mn2+ transfers Gal to H antigen-RBC to form B antigen-RBC
sABO-B:Mn2+ transfers Gal to H antigen-sec to form B antigen
Soluble guanylate cyclase converts GTP to cGMP
BLM mediates dissolution of double Holliday junction
ERCC2 and ERCC3 DNA helicases form an open bubble structure in damaged DNA
HS2ST1 trimer sulfates IdoA at C2 in heparan sulfate
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine
Elongator complex acetylates replicative histone H3, H4
KAT7-containing ING4/5 complexes acetylate Me3K-histone H3
KAT6A, KAT6B-containing ING5 complexes acetylate replicative histone H3
NuA4 complex acetylates histone H2A, HIST1H4
KAT5 HAT complex acetylates TCF4 gene at histone H4
Type B histone acetlytransferase complex acetylates histone H4
EP300 acetylates histone H2A, H2B, H3, H4
CLOCK acetylates lysine-10 of histone H3, H4
CLOCK acetylates lysine-15 of histone H3, H4
B-WICH:histone acetyltransferase acetylates histone H3 at lysine-9
HDAC1:2-containing complex deacetylate histones
HDAC3 containing complexes deacetylate histone
NoRC:HDAC:DNMT deacetylates histone H4 and methylates histone H3
HYAL2 hydrolyses HA into 20kDa fragments
Defective HYAL1 does not hydrolyse Chondroitin chains
Defective HYAL1 does not hydrolyse (HA)50
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT
HMGCLL1:Mg2+ cleaves bHMG-CoA to Ac-CoA and ACA
HMG CoA => acetoacetic acid + acetyl CoA
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA
acetoacetyl-CoA+acetyl-CoA => HMG-CoA + CoASH
IDS hydrolyses dermatan sulfate (Chebi:63517 chain)
Defective IDS does not hydrolyse dermatan sulfate (Chebi:63517 chain)
Defective IDS does not hydrolyse Heparan sulfate chain(5)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [mitochondrial]
PPA1 hydrolyzes pyrophosphate to orthophosphate
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4K2A/B at the plasma membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4KA/2B at the ER membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4KB at the Golgi membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4K2A/B at the early endosome membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4KA/2A/2B at the Golgi membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is hydrolysed to I(1,4,5)P3 and DAG by cytosolic PLC[2] at the plasma membrane
PL(C)D4:3xCa2+ hydrolse PI(4,5)P2 to I(1,4,5)P3 and DAG at the ER membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is hydrolysed to I(1,4,5)P3 and DAG by tethered PLC[1] at the plasma membrane
EPOR-associated PLCG hydrolyzes 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
GNB1,3:GNG13:PLCB2:Ca2+ hydrolyzes PI(4,5)P2 to I(1,4,5)P3 and DAG
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM proteins at the late endosome membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by SYNJ/MTMs at the plasma membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the Golgi membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM proteins at the early endosome membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTMR9-bound MTMR8 or MTMR6 at the plasma membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM1:MTMR12
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTMR2:SBF1
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by the MTMR2:SBF2 tetramer at the plasma membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by OCRL/INPP5E at the Golgi membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by SYNJ/INPP5[1] at the plasma membrane
I(1,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to I4P by INPP1 in the cytosol
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate rearranges to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Defective KHK does not phosphorylate beta-D-fructose
B4GALT1:LALBA transfers Gal from UDP-Gal to Glc to form Lac
GLO1 dimer:2xZn2+ transforms MGXL and GSH to (R)-S-LGSH
chylomicron => TG-depleted chylomicron + 50 long-chain fatty acids + 50 diacylglycerols
LIPG dimer hydrolyzes HDL-associated TAG to DAG and LCFA
Cytosolic cholate and chenodeoxycholate are conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA
Activation of alpha-linolenic acid to alpha-linolenoyl-CoA
Activation of linoleic acid to linoleoyl-CoA
SLC27A2 ligates CoA to bempedoic acid to form ETC-1002-CoA
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose
Defective MPI does not isomerize Fru6P to Man6P
MTHFD1 dimer transforms 10-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG
5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + H2O <=> 10-formylTHF polyglutamate
MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met
Defective MAT1A does not transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met
MAT2B:MAT2A:K+:2Mg2+ transfers Ado from ATP to L-Met
Methylation of GMP-cap by RNA Methyltransferase
nsp14 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-1 mRNAs
nsp14 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-1 gRNA (plus strand)
nsp14 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-1 gRNA complement (minus strand)
nsp14 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs
nsp14 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-2 gRNA complement (minus strand)
nsp14 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-2 gRNA (plus strand)
L protein acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to modify RSV mRNAs
NS5 acts as a cap N7 methyltransferase to methylate 5 G pppA of DENV genomic +ssRNA
nsp16 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-1 gRNA complement (minus strand)
nsp16 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-1 gRNA (plus strand)
nsp16 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-1 mRNAs
nsp16 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs
nsp16 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-2 gRNA complement (minus strand)
nsp16 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify SARS-CoV-2 gRNA (plus strand)
L protein acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to modify RSV mRNAs
NS5 acts as a cap 2'-O-methyltransferase to methylate 5 m7GpppA of DENV genomic +ssRNA
Formation of the CE:GMP intermediate complex
Transfer of GMP from the capping enzyme GT site to 5'-end of mRNA
nsp12 transfers guanylyl onto SARS-CoV-2 plus strand subgenomic RNAs
NS5 transfers guanylyl onto DENV genomic 5'-ppRNA
beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + orthophosphate <=> beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA + ATP + HCO3- (MCCA)
beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA + ATP + HCO3- <=> beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + orthophosphate + H2O (MCCA)
MCCC mutants don't synthesize beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA
MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methenyl-THF to 10-formyl-THF
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG
beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA + H2O <=> beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA
AUH mutants don't synthesize 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA
methylmalonate semialdehyde + NAD+ + CoA + H2O => propionyl-CoA + HCO3- + NADH + H+
D-methylmalonyl-CoA <=> L-methylmalonyl-CoA
Defective MUT does not isomerise L-MM-CoA to SUCC-CoA
Mevalonate is phosphorylated to mevalonate-5-phosphate
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO
CYP3A7 can 6beta-hydroxylate testosterone
CYP2C8 inactivates paclitaxel by 6alpha-hydroxylation
CYP2C9 inactivates tolbutamide by 4methyl-hydroxylation
Cyclophosphamide is 4-hydroxylated by CYP2B6
CYP2C18 initiates bioactivation of phenytoin by 4-hydroxylation
Arachidonate is hydroxylated to 16-HETE by CYP(1)
Arachidonate is hydroxylated to 19-HETE by CYP(2)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5)
Arachidonate is hydroxylated to 20-HETE by CYP(3)
Defective CYP2U1 does not omega-hydroxylate ARA
Defective CYP4F22 does not 20-hydroxylate TrXA3
Defective CYP1B1 does not 4-hydroxylate EST17b
Vinyl chloride is oxidized to 2-Chloroethylene oxide
Acetaminophen oxidised to N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine (NAPQI)
Dehalogenation of carbon tetrachloride to form a free radical
Ethylene is oxidized to Ethylene oxide by CYP1A1
Dehalogenation of the poly-halogenated hydrocarbon Halothane to form the acylhalide Trifluoroacetlychloride and hydrogen bromide
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1
CYP2,3 cytochromes hydroxylate ST to 2,3-DHBA
CYP2,3 cytochromes hydroxylate ST to 2,5-DHBA
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5)
Arachidonate is hydroxylated to 17-HETE by CYP(1)
Arachidonate is hydroxylated to 18-HETE by CYP(1)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5)
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D
Defective CYP27B1 does not hydroxylate CDL
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O
Defective PAH does not hydroxylate L-Phe to L-Tyr
PAH:Fe2+ tetramer hydroxylates L-Phe to L-Tyr
Defective CYP11B1 does not oxidise 11DCORT
Defective CYP11B2 does not oxidise 11DCORST
Defective CYP17A1 does not 17-hydroxylate PREG
Defective CYP17A1 does not 17-hydroxylate P4
Defective CYP17A1 does not cleave 17aHPROG
Defective CYP21A2 does not 21-hydroxylate PROG
Glc6P is isomerised to I3P by ISYNA1 in the cytosol
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN
NMNAT2 transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to NAMN to yield NAAD
NMNAT3 transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to NAMN to yield NAAD
NMNAT1 transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to NAMN to yield NAAD
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN
Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) produces Nitric Oxide (NO)
MLH1:PMS2 makes single strand incision near insertion/deletion loop of 2 bases or more
MLH1:PMS2 makes single strand incision near 1-2 base mismatch
5'- incision of DNA by ERCC1:ERCC4 in GG-NER
DCLRE1C (ARTEMIS) processes DNA DSB ends
CPSF3 cleaves pre-mRNA at distal 3'UTR PAS
U1 snRNP suppresses CPSF3-mediated pre-mRNA cleavage at intronic PAS
CPSF3 cleaves pre-mRNA at proximal 3'UTR PAS
APEX1 mediates endonucleolytic cleavage at the 5' side of the AP site
ERCC1:XPF cleaves flaps generated by SSA
3'-incision of DNA by ERCC5 (XPG) in GG-NER
Cleavage of Holliday junctions by GEN1 or SLX1A:SLX4:MUS81:EME1,(MUS81:EME2)
Initial resection of double-strand break ends
5' incision of damaged DNA strand by ERCC1:ERCC4 in TC-NER
MRN:CtIP endonucleolytically cleaves single-strand DNA 3' to SPO11
IRE1alpha hydrolyzes Xbp1 mRNA and Xbp1 mRNA is spliced
Endonucleolytic RISC hydrolyzes target RNAs
PLD6 dimer cleaves primary piRNA transcript to pre-piRNA
Complexed PIWIL2:2'-O-methyl-piRNA cleaves transposon RNA
18SE pre-rRNA in pre-40S particles is nucleolytically processed during translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol
Integrator complex processes the 3' end of snRNA
C3PO hydrolyzes cleaved passenger strand
AGO2 cleaves passenger strand of duplex siRNA
SMG6 hydrolyzes mRNA with premature termination codon
ELAC2 cleaves pre-tRNA to yield 3' trailer (type II tRF or tRF-1)
ANKZF1 cleaves the peptidyl-tRNA in VCP hexamer:LTN1:NEMF:60S ribosome subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with K48polyUb-nascent peptide
RNase H-mediated cleavage of the RNA strand of the -sssDNA:RNA duplex
RNase H-mediated cleavage of the template strand
RNase H-mediated digestion of tRNA, 3'PPT and cPPT RNA primers
RNase H-mediated degradation of the template strand
RNase H-mediated degradation of the RNA strand of the -sssDNA:RNA duplex
RNASEH1 cleaves R-loop RNA to yield RNA primer for H strand polymerization
RNASEH1 cleaves RNA primer from nascent H strand, leaving RNA dinucleotides
RNASEH1 cleaves RNA primer from nascent L strand, leaving RNA dinucleotides
Dicer cleaves pre-miRNA to yield duplex miRNA
Microprocessor complex cleaves pri-miRNA to pre-miRNA
Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA to yield double-stranded siRNA
DICER1 cleaves tRNA Lys TTT 3 in tRNA:HIV RNA hybrid
DICER1 hydrolyzes maternal mRNA:lncRNA to yield endosiRNA
DCPS scavenges the 7-methylguanosine cap of mRNA
5' to 3' exoribonuclease hydrolyzes decapped mRNA
47S pre-rRNA is nucleolytically processed at A' (01,A1), site A0, and site 02 (site 6) to yield 45S pre-rRNA
EXOG cleaves RNA dinucleotide from nascent mitochondrial DNA
XRN2 5'-3' exonucleolytically hydrolyzes uncapped RNA
XRN1 incompletely hydrolyzes DENV decapped mRNA
XRN2 degrades downstream RNA fragment, promoting transcription termination
PAN2-PAN3 complex partially deadenylates mRNA
Viral 2',5'-PDE cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates
CCR4-NOT deadenylates mRNA in CCR4-NOT:BTG4:PABPN1L:mRNP
CCR4-NOT(CNOT6L) deadenylates mRNA in CCR4-NOT(CNOT6L):ZFP36L2:mRNA
Long-range resection of DNA DSBs by EXO1 or DNA2
DNA nucleases unhook the interstrand crosslink (ICL)
TSEN complex cleaves the intron from pre-tRNA
Mitochondrial RNase P (mtRNase P) cleaves the 5' ends of pre-tRNAs and ELAC2 (RNase Z) cleaves the 3' ends of pre-tRNAs in the H strand transcript
Mitochondrial RNase P (mtRNase P) cleaves the 5' ends of pre-tRNAs and ELAC2 (RNase Z) cleaves the 3' ends of pre-tRNAs in the L strand transcript
carbovir diphosphate + ATP => carbovir triphosphate + ADP
(d)NDP + ATP <=> (d)NTP + ADP (NME1,2,3)
(d)NTP + ADP <=> (d)NDP + ATP (NME1,2,3)
NME1:NME3 heterohexamer, NME2P1 phosphorylate NDPs to NTPs
NME1:2 hexamer phosphorylates 6TdGDP to 6TdGTP
NME1:2 hexamer phosphorylates 6TGDP to 6TGTP
Digestion of linear starch (amylose) by extracellular amylase
Digestion of branched starch (amylopectin) by extracellular amylase
Digestion of 1-6 linkages of limit dextrins to yield maltose, maltotriose, longer maltosides, and glucose
maltose + H2O => 2 D-glucose (maltase-glucoamylase)
maltotriose + H2O => maltose + D-glucose (sucrase-isomaltase)
maltose + H2O => 2 D-glucose (sucrase-isomaltase)
maltotriose + H2O => maltose + D-glucose (maltase-glucoamylase)
isomaltose + H2O => 2 D-glucose (sucrase-isomaltase)
Defective SI does not hydrolyze maltotriose
MAN2C1 hydrolyses GlcNAc (Man)9 to GlcNAc (Man)5
MAN2B1 hydrolyses GlcNAc (Man)5 to GlcNAc (Man)3
Spike trimer glycoside chains are extended
NAGLU hydrolyses Heparan sulfate chain(4)
Defective NAGLU does not hydrolyse Heparan sulfate chain(4)
Defective NAGLU does not hydrolyse heparan chain(2)
bHEXA,bHEXB hydrolyze PSAP(195-273):Gb4Cer:PE
HEXA cleaves the terminal GlcNAc from keratan sulfate
HEXA cleaves the terminal GalNAc from DS
HEXA cleaves the terminal GlcNAc from small HA fragments
Defective HEXA does not cleave the terminall GalNAc from small HA fragments
Defective HEXB does not cleave the terminal GalNAc from HA fragments
HEXB cleaves the terminal GalNAc from DS
HEXB cleaves the terminal GlcNAc from small HA fragments
HEXB cleaves the terminal GlcNAc from keratan sulfate
bHEXA,bHEXB hydrolyze GM2A:GA2 to GM2A:LacCer
Beta-galactosidases hydrolyse mobilized GM1 to mobilized GM2
Unknown endo--galactosidase cleaves keratan chain
Defective GLB1 does not hydrolyse a glycosaminoglycan
Defective GLB1 does not hydrolyse linker chain(2)
Beta-galactosidases hydrolyze GM2A:GA1 to GM2A:GA2
GUSB tetramer hydrolyses CS/HS precursor
GUSB tetramer hydrolyzes GlcA-1,3-GlcNAc
Defective GUSB does not hydrolyse GlcA-1,3-GlcNAc
Defective GUSB does not hydrolyse CS/HS precursor
Defective MAN1B1 does not hydrolyse 1,2-linked mannose (a branch)
EDEM1,3 hydrolyse (GlcNAc)2 (Man)8b to (GlcNAc)2 (Man)5
MAN1B1 hydrolyses 1,2-linked mannose (a branch)
MAN1B1 hydrolyses a second 1,2-linked mannose (a branch)
MAN1B1 hydrolyses 1,2-linked mannose (c branch)
MAN1B1,EDEM2 hydrolyse 1,2-linked mannose (b branch)
Defective MAN1B1 does not hydrolyse a second 1,2-linked mannose (a branch)
Defective MAN1B1 does not hydrolyse 1,2-linked mannose (b branch)
Defective MAN1B1 does not hydrolyse 1,2-linked mannose (c branch)
Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man9GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man8GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man7GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
Trimming of mannoses on the alpha1,6 arm by MAN2A1
Defective MOGS does not cleave glucose from an N-glycosylated protein
Trimming of the first glucose by by mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase
MOGS removes terminal glucose from Glu3Man9GlcNAc2-CDH1
ALG13:ALG14 transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to GlcNAcDOLP
Defective ALG14 does not transfer GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to GlcNAcDOLP
Addition of the first mannose to the N-glycan precursor by ALG1
Defective ALG1 does not transfer the first Man to the N-glycan precursor
CDH1 is N-glycosylated on asparagine residues in endoplasmic reticulum
dolichyl phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose -> dolichyl phosphate D-mannose
Defective DPM1 does not transfer mannose to DOLP to form DOLPman
Defective DPM3 does not transfer mannose to DOLP to form DOLPman
Defective DPM2 does not transfer mannose to DOLP to form DOLPman
Addition of a second glucose to the N-glycan precursor by ALG8
Addition of a third glucose to the N-glycan precursor by an ALG10 homologue
Addition of the first glucose to the N-glycan precursor by ALG6
Defective ALG6 does not add glucose to the N-glycan precursor
Defective ALG8 does not add glucose to the N-glycan precursor
carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine => citrulline + orthophosphate
OTC variants don't synthesize L-citrulline
ornithine + alpha-ketoglutarate <=> glutamate + L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde [OAT]
glutamate + L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde <=> ornithine + alpha-ketoglutarate [OAT]
UMPS dimer transfers phosphoribosyl group to ORO to form OMP
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT
Collagen type IV sulfilimine cross-linking by peroxidasin
GPX7,8 catalyze peroxidation of P4HB (PDI)
Membrane-bound myeloperoxidase (MPO) produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyzes oxidation of nitrite to nitrogen dioxide
15S-HpETE is reduced to 15S-HETE by GPX1/2/4
5S-HpETE is reduced to 5S-HETE by GPX1/2/4
12R-HpETE is reduced to 12R-HETE by GPX1/2/4
12S-HpETE is reduced to 12S-HETE by GPX1/2/4
GPX1 catalyzes 2 glutathione, reduced + H2O2 => glutathione, oxidized + 2 H2O
GPX2 catalyzes 2 glutathione, reduced + H2O2 => glutathione, oxidized + 2 H2O
GPX3 catalyzes 2 glutathione, reduced + H2O2 => glutathione, oxidized + 2 H2O
PRDX6:GSTP1 catalyzes 2 glutathione, reduced + H2O2 => glutathione, oxidized + 2 H2O
GPX1 catalyzes reaction of reduced glutathione and H2O2 to form oxidized glutathione and H2O
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline
cholesterol + phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) => cholesterol ester + 2-lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin)
Defective PGM1 does not isomerise G6P to G1P
Defective PMM2 does not isomerise Man6P to Man1P
PGD decarboxylates 6-phospho-D-gluconate
PGK complexes (PGK1,2) phosphorylate 3PG to form 1,3BPG
GPLD1 hydrolyses GPI-anchors from proteins
2-acyl LPE is hydrolyzed to GPETA by PLA2G4C
1-acyl LPE is hydrolyzed to GPETA by PLA2G4C
2-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2[8]
2-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2G4C
1-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2[8]
1-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2G4C
PA is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2[1] (OM)
PA is hydrolysed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2[1]
PA is hydrolysed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2G2A
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2G4B (IM)
MLCL is hydrolyzed to DLCL by PLA2G4A (IM)
PS is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPS by PLA2[9]
PS is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPS by PLA2G2A
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[6]
PI is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPI by PLA2[11]
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[5]
PI is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPI by PLA2[12]
PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[2]
PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[3]
PS is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPS by PLA2[10]
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2[1]
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2G2A
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2[16]
PS is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPS by PLA2[15]
PI is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPI by PLA2[15]
PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[16]
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[16]
PA is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2[15]
PLA2s hydrolyze phospholipids at the Golgi membrane
BLNK (SLP-65) Signalosome hydrolyzes phosphatidyinositol bisphosphate forming diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate
Activated Phospholipase C beta-1 hydrolyzes 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
NOTUM releases Hh-Np:GPC5 from the plasma membrane
PC is transphosphatidylated to PG by PLD1-4/6
PC is hydrolyzed to PA and choline by PLD1/2
Mevalonate-5-phosphate is further phosphorylated
Enolase dimers (ENO1,2,3) convert PEP to 2PG
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi
PXLP-K200-PSAT1 dimer transfers amino group from L-Glu to 3POPA
Hydrolysis of the 5'-end of the nascent transcript by the capping enzyme
NS3 cleaves triphosphate moiety of genomic +ssRNA
Defective GALNT12 does not transfer GalNAc to mucins
Defective GALNT3 does not transfer GalNAc to mucins
GALNTs transfer GalNAc to Mucins to form Tn antigens
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase converts collagen prolines to 4-hydroxyprolines
PRODH2:FAD dimer dehydrogenates HPRO to 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate
propionyl-CoA + CO2 + ATP <=> D-methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + orthophosphate
UBIA1D prenylates menadione to form MK4 (vitamin K hydroquinone)
Arachidonate is oxidised to PGG2 by PTGS1
Arachidonate is oxidised to PGG2 by PTGS2
PADIs:Ca2+ deiminate L-Arg to L-Cit in proteins
ICMT:Zn2+ transfers CH3 from AdoMet to isoprenylated proteins
INF-gamma induced phosphorylation of L13a
GTP-bound RAC1 contributes to MAPK8 activation
JAK1-activated RAF1 phosphorylates MAPKs
IRAK1 phosphorylates Pellino upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation
p-PKR dimer phosphorylates TP53 tetramer
MAPK3,(MAPK1) phosphorylates GRB2-1:SOS1:p-Y427-SHC1
MAPK3,(MAPK1) phosphorylates GRB2-1:SOS1:p-Y-IRS1,p-Y-IRS2
Hyperphosphorylation (Ser2) of RNA Pol II CTD by P-TEFb complex
TAK1 associated with the CBM complex phosphorylates IKKbeta
ACVR2A,B (ActRIIA,B) phosphorylates ACVR1B (ActRIB, ALK4) in response to Activin
Type II Activin Receptor (ActRII/ACVR2) phosphorylates Type I Activin Receptor (ActRIB/ACVR1B) in response to NODAL
Phosphorylation of R-SMAD2/3 by NODAL receptor
Type II Activin Receptor (ActRIIB/ACVR2B) phosphorylates Type I Activin Receptor (ActRIC/ACVR1C) in response to NODAL
Phosphorylation of LIN52 component of MuvB by DYRK1A
p-AKT1,p-AKT2 phosphorylates AS160 (TBC1D4)
Phosphorylation of SMAD2,3 by Activin:Activin Receptor
Regulation of KIF23 (MKLP1) by phosphorylation
Regulation of KIF20A (MKL2) by phosphorylation
p-T309,S474-AKT2:PIP3 phosphorylates PDE3B
Down Regulation of Emi1 through Phosphorylation of Emi1
ULK1 phosphorylates AMBRA1:BECN1 complex
hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) + 2 ATP -> phosphorylated HSL + 2 ADP
perilipin + 2 ATP -> phosphorylated perilipin + 2 ADP
Phosphorylation of cohesin by PLK1 at centromeres
LKB1 phosphorylates the alpha subunit of AMPK heterotrimer
Phosphorylation of complexed TSC2 by PKB
Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 by activated mTORC1
Phosphorylation of Ribosomal protein S6 by activated S6K1
Phosphorylation and inactivation of eEF2K by activated S6K1
Phosphorylation and activation of eIF4G by activated S6K1
Phosphorylation and activation of eIF4B by activated S6K1
First phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 bound to activated TLR:MyD88:Mal
Phosphorylation of IRF-3/IRF7 and their release from the activated TLR complex
Second phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 bound to activated TLR:MyD88:TIRAP
Multiple IRAK1 autophosphorylation steps
Phosphorylation (Ser5) of RNA pol II CTD
Phosphorylated MAPKs phosphorylate ATF-2
Active IKK Complex phosphorylates NF-kappa-B inhibitor
Activated TAK1 mediates phosphorylation of the IKK Complex
Myt-1 mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin B:Cdc2 complexes
Phosphorylation of Cyclin B1 in the CRS domain
FRS2 is phosphorylated by active TrkA receptor
Phosphorylation of the Emi1 DSGxxS degron by Plk1
p38 MAPK phosphorylates MAPKAPK2, MAPKAPK3
CAK-mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin A:Cdk2
CAK-mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin E:Cdk2
IKKbeta phosphorylates IkB causing NF-kB to dissociate
Phosphorylation of APC component of the destruction complex
Phosphorylation of phospho- (Ser45, Thr41) beta-catenin at Ser37 by GSK-3
Phosphorylation of phospho-(Ser45 ) at Thr 41 by GSK-3
Phosphorylation of phospho-(Ser45,Thr41,Ser37) at Ser33 by GSK-3
Phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser45 by CK1 alpha
AKT phosphorylates FOXO transcription factors
RSK1/2/3 phosphorylates CREB at Serine 119
MAPKAPK2 phosphorylates CREB at Serine 133
ERK5 activates the transcription factor MEF2
Activation of cytosolic AMPK by phosphorylation
Phosphorylation of LRP5/6 cytoplasmic domain by membrane-associated GSK3beta
Phosphorylation of LRP5/6 cytoplasmic domain by CSNKI
p-S177,S181-IKKB:IKKA:pUb-NEMO phosphorylates IkB-alpha:NF-kB
Phosphorylation of STK4 (MST1) and SAV1 by STK4
Phosphorylation of LATS1 and 2 by p-STK4 (p-MST1)
Phosphorylation of LATS1 and 2 by p-STK3 (p-MST2)
Phosphorylation of STK3 (MST2) and SAV1 by STK3
Phosphorylation of MOB1A and B by p-STK4 (p-MST1)
Phosphorylation of MOB1A and B by p-STK3 (p-MST2)
Phosphorylation of MOB1A and B by p-STK4(MST1)/N
Phosphorylation of LATS1 and 2 by p-STK3 (MST2)/N
Phosphorylation of MOB1A and B by p-STK3(MST2)/N
Phosphorylation of LATS1 and 2 by p-STK4(MST1)/N
IKBA is phosphorylated by Phospho IKKB kinase
Partial autophosphorylation of PAK-2 at Ser-19, Ser-20, Ser-55, Ser-192, and Ser-197
Autophosphorylation of PAK-2p34 in the activation loop
Phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 linker regions by CDK8 or CDK9
AKT1 E17K mutant is phosphorylated by TORC2 complex
PLK1 hyperphosphorylates Condensin II complex
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates p21Cip1 and p27Kip1
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates AKT1S1 (PRAS40)
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates TSC2, inhibiting it
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates caspase-9
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates NR4A1 (NUR77)
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates forkhead box transcription factors
AKT1 E17K mutant phosphorylates CHUK (IKKalpha)
Phosphorylation of cohesin by PLK1 at chromosomal arms
ACVR2A,B (ActRIIA,B) phosphorylates ACVR1C (ActRIC, ALK7) in response to Activin
AJUBA facilitates AURKA autophosphorylation
Activation of TAK1 complex bound to pUb-TRAF6
MAP3K5 (ASK1) phosphorylates MAP2K4 (SEK1)
Constitutive phosphorylation by pERK1/2
Phosphorylation of COP1 at Ser-387 by ATM
Activated Akt1 phosphorylates AKT1S1 (PRAS40)
WNT signaling stimulates CSNK1-dependent phosphorylation of DVL
EIF2AK3 (PERK) phosphorylates EIF2S1 (eIF2-alpha)Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK
RPS6KA1/2/3 phosphorylates CEBPB on S321
MAPK3 (ERK1) and MAPK1 (ERK2) phosphorylate CEBPB
LIMK phosphorylates CFL1, inactivating it
Protein kinase C, alpha type phosphorylates MARCKS
Myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation by ROCK
Phosphorylation of cPLA2 by MAPK p38 alpha
Integrin alpha IIb beta3 T779 phosphorylation blocks SHC binding
Dissociation of CaM and CAMK2 autophosphorylation
Autophosphorylation and activation of CAMK2
Phosphorylation of CREB1 by ribosomal protein S6 kinases (RSKs)
IRAK4-activated IRAK1 autophosphorylates
Phosphorylation of E proteins by p38 MAPK
Active p38 MAPK phosphorylates MAPKAPK2 or 3
activated human TAK1 phosphorylates MKK3/MKK6
MK2 phosphorylates ZFP36 (Tristetraproline, TTP)
Protein Kinase B/Akt phosphorylates BRF1
Protein Kinase B (AKT) phosphorylates KSRP
hp-IRAK1, hp-IRAK4 4 phosphorylate Pellino-1 and 2
VANGL2 is phosphorylated in response to WNT5A
DVL2 is phosphorylated after WNT5A binding to FZD
Phosphorylation of HSF1 at Ser230 induces transactivation
Phosphorylation of HSF1 at Ser326 induces transactivation
Active ROCK1,ROCK2 phosphorylates p-5Y-PTK2 on S732
NFKBIA variant is not phosphorylated within IkBA:NF-kappaB
AXIN is phosphorylated in the destruction complex
Active NIK:p-S176,180-IKKA dimer phosphorylates p100:RELB
K63polyUb-p-3T,1S-TAK1 phosphorylates IKK-beta
Protein kinase A (PKA) and RPS6KA5 (MSK1) phosphorylates p65 (RELA) subunit
PKN1 phosphorylates histone 3 of nucleosomes associate with KLK2 and KLK3 promoters
AMPK (complex) phosphorylates ULK1 (complex)
AURKB phosphorylates DIAPH2-2 at kinetochores
PAK2 phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC)
MRN bound to shortened telomeres activates ATM
PKA phosphorylates 4xPALM-C-p-2S-ABCA1 tetramer
Activation of CHEK1 at resected DNA DSBs
PRKDC phosphorylates DCLRE1C at DNA DSBs
SEPT7:p-S189 MAPK6:p-T182 MAPKAPK5 phosphorylates CDC42EPs
ATM phosphorylates histone H2AFX on S139 at DNA DSBs
Phosphorylation of BRCA1-A complex at multiple sites by ATM
ATR phosphorylates RPA2, FANCI, FANCD2 and FANCM at ICL-DNA
High kinase activity BRAF complexes phosphorylate MAP2Ks
RAS:GTP:moderate kinase activity p-RAF complexes phosphorylate MAP2Ks
Mutant RAS:p-RAF complexes phosphorylate MAP2Ks
p-BRAF and RAF fusion dimers phosphorylate MAP2Ks
MAPKs are phosphorylated downstream of BRAF and RAF fusion dimers
RAS:GTP:inactive p-RAF complexes phosphorylate MAP2Ks
CDK7 phosphorylates serine-5 and serine-7 of heptad repeats in C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II at snRNA promoter
Phosphorylation and activation of CHEK2 by ATM
Phosphorylation of Cdc25C at Ser 216 by Chk1
Phosphorylation of Cdc25C at Ser216 by CHEK2
Phosphorylation of Cyclin D1 at T286 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
Mitotic phosphorylation-induced dissociation of GTSE1 from microtubule plus ends
AAK1 phosphorylates AP-2 mu subunit at T156
Active AKT phosphorylates DENND1A and DENND1B in response to insulin signaling
CDK4/6:CCND complexes are activated by T-loop phosphorylation of CDK4/6
FUNDC1 is phosphorylated by ULK1 at Ser17
p-TEFb phosphorylates serine 2 in RNA polymerase II CTD
Phosphorylation of IRF-3/IRF7 and their release from the activated TLR3 complex
Estrogen-independent phosphorylation of ESR1 S118 by MAPK1 and MAPK3
ATR phosphorylates Histone H2A.X at unsynapsed regions
Phosphorylation and release of IRF3/IRF7
SMG1 phosphorylates UPF1 (enhanced by Exon Junction Complex)
SPRY2 is phosphorylated by phosphorylated MNK1
Activation of TAK1 complex bound to activated TLR4 complex
IRAK4 autophosphorylation in the complex with activated TLR:MyD88:TIRAP
Phosphorylation of IRAK2 bound to the activated IRAK4:MyD88 oligomer:TIRAP:activated TLR complex
Activated BRAF phosphorylates MAP2K dimers downstream of RAP1 and NGF
MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPKs downstream of BRAF and NGF
BRAF autophosphorylates downstream of RAP1 and NGF
BRAF in Rap1-GTP complex:BRAF complex autophosphorylates
AKT phosphorylates FOXO3 downstream of ESR1 and EGFR
MAPK11 or MAPK14 phosphorylates NCF1 at Ser345
PRKCZ autophosphorylates downstream of estrogen stimulation
CDKN1B is phosphorylated in response to estrogen
p-T899-EIF2AK4 (GCN2) phosphorylates EIF2AS1
LINC01139 promotes phosphorylation of HIF1A by LRRK2
p-T-EIF2AK1:ferriheme dimer autophosphorylates
p-T,T486,T488-EIF2AK1 phosphorylates EIF2S1 (eIF2-alpha)
MAP2K mutants constitutively phosphorylate MAPKs
MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPKs downstream of RAF1 mutants
RAF1 mutant complexes phosphorylate MAP2K dimer
AKT phosphorylates FOXO3 downstream of FLT3
TBK1, IKBKE are autophosphorylated at Ser172
MAPK1 phsophorylates ZC3HCF1 in a NPM-ALK-dependent manner
Unknown kinase phosphorylates nucleoprotein
MAPK1 and MAPK3 phosphorylate SMAD2 and SMAD3
Multiple IRAK1 autophosphorylation steps within the complex pIRAK4:MyD88:activated TLR7/8 or 9
Second phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 bound to MyD88: activated TLR 7/8 or 9
Phosphorylation of IRAK2 bound to the activated IRAK4:MyD88 oligomer:activated TLR 7/8 or 9
IRAK4 autophosphorylation in the complex with MyD88:activated TLR 7/8 or 9
First phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 bound to MyD88:activated TLR 7/8 or 9
Multiple IRAK1 autophosphorylation within the complex p-IRAK4:oligo MyD88:activated TLR
Phosphorylation of IRAK2 bound to the activated IRAK4:MyD88 oligomerl:activated TLR5 or 10 complex
IRAK4 autophosphorylation within the complex activated TLR:MyD88
Second phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 bound to MyD88:activated TLR complex
First phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 bound to MyD88:activated TLR
Active IKBKB phosphorylates NF-kappa-B inhibitor
MAPK1-dependent phosphorylation of MITF-M
RPS6KA1-dependent phosphorylation of MITF-M
GSK3B phosphorylates p-S409 MITF-M at S397, S401 and S405
GSK3B phosphorylates p-S73 MITF-M at residue S69
TGFBR3 phosphorylation by TGFBR2 complex
p-T308,S473-AKT1 (phospho-PKB) phosphorylates GJA1 (Connexin-43)
p-T308,S473-AKT1 phosphorylates ITGA5 (Integrin alpha5) in ITGA5:ITGB1 (Integrin alpha5:Integrin beta1)
PDPK1 (PDK1) phosphorylates PKN2 on threonine-816
mTORC2 phosphorylates AKT1 on serine-473
CSNK1E,CSNK1D phosphorylate CRY and PER proteins
CDK5 phosphorylates CLOCK on serine-451 and serine-461
CK2alpha phosphorylates BMAL1 (ARNTL) on serine-90
CSNK1D,E phosphorylates CLOCK in p-S-CRY:p-S-PER:CSNK1D,E:p-S90,Ac-538-BMAL:p-2T,3S-CLOCK:target gene
Cytosolic tail of CDH1 is phosphorylated
CHEK1 phosphorylates CHEK2-phosphorylated CDC25A
Activated type I receptor phosphorylates SMAD2/3 directly
Activated type I receptor phosphorylates R-Smad1/5/8 directly
Phosphorylation of ChREBP at Serine 556 by AMPK
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis
AMPK phosphorylates Raptor in the mTORC1 complex
p-AMPK:AMP phosphorylates Raptor in the MTORC1 complex
Trafficking of GluR1-containing AMPA receptors
Phosphorylation of Smooth Muscle Myosin Light Chains
MYLK (MLCK) phosphorylates MRLCs of the non-muscle myosin II complex
glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) dimer b + 2 ATP => glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) dimer a + 2 ADP
glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) dimer b + 2 ATP => glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) dimer a + 2 ADP
glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) dimer b + 2 ATP => glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) dimer a + 2 ADP
Phosphorylation of ChREBP at Thr(653) by PKA
Phosphorylation of pChREBP (Thr 653) at Ser(196) by PKA
PKA tetramer:cAMP phosphorylates PF2K-Pase
Phosphorylation of Aquaporin-2 by Protein Kinase A (PKA)
PRKACA phosphorylates TFAM in the mitochondrial matrix
PKA phosphorylates NOS3 (eNOS) on serine-633
PTPS is phosphorylated by cGMP-dependant protein kinase II
Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) is phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
PKG1 phosphorylates IRAG:IP3R1 inhibiting IP3-stimulated Ca2+ release
Cyclin D:Cdk4/6 mediated phosphorylation of p130 (RBL2) and dissociation of phosphorylated p130 (RBL2) from DP1:E2F4/5 complex
Cyclin D:CDK4/6 mediated phosphorylation of p107 (RBL1) and dissociation of phosphorylated p107 (p-RBL1) from DP1:E2F4 complex
Phosphorylation of Cdh1 by Cyclin A:Cdk2
Phosphorylation of the Emi1 DSGxxS degron by Cyclin B:Cdc2
Free APC/C phosphorylated by Cyclin B:Cdc2
Phosphorylation of Cdh1 by Cyclin B1:Cdc2
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of p27/p21
Cyclin A:Cdk2 mediated phosphorylation of p27/p21
Phosphorylation of proteins involved in the G1/S transition by Cyclin A:Cdk2
Phosphorylation of E2F1/E2F3 by Cyclin A:phosph-Cdk2(Thr 160)
Cyclin E:CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of RB1
Phosphorylation of GORASP1, GOLGA2 and RAB1A by CDK1:CCNB
CDK8 phosphorylates NICD1 PEST domain mutants
CDK1 phosphorylates condensin II subunit NCAPD3
CDK1 phosphorylates CDCA5 (Sororin) at centromeres
CDK1 phosphorylates CDCA5 (Sororin) at chromosomal arms
CDKN1A (p21) prevents phosphorylation of Cdh1 by Cyclin A:Cdk2
CCNA:CDK1/2 complexes and CCNB1:CDK1 complexes phosphorylate FOXM1
CDK1 phosphorylates lamins and facilitates depolymerization of lamin filaments
(CDK1,CDK2):CCNA phosphorylates MDM2 at T218
CDK12 phosphorylates RNA Pol II CTD at DNA repair genes
Cyclin D:CDK4/6 phosphorylates RB1 and prevents RB1 binding to E2F1/2/3:DP1/2 complexes
PKC alpha interacts with and phosphorylates KIT
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to extrasynaptic sites
Endocytosis of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Depolymerization of lamin filaments after PKC-mediated phosphorylation
PRKCA/Q phosphorylate RGS9-1:GN5B:RGS9BP
Active PKA, CaMK IV do not phosphorylate MECP2 mutants R306C,(R306H) at T308
JNK phosphorylates BIM, BAD and other targets
Activated ERK1/2 threonine-phosphorylates FGFR1-associated FRS2
Activated ERK1/2 threonine-phosphorylates FGFR2-associated FRS2
Activated ERK1/2 threonine-phosphorylates FGFR3-associated FRS2
Activated ERK1/2 threonine-phosphorylates FGFR4-associated FRS2
MAPK1 or MAPK3 phosphorylates NCF1 at Ser345
Activated human MKK3/MKK6 phosphorylates p38 MAPK complexed with MAPKAPK5
Activated human MKK3/MKK6 phosphorylates p38 MAPK complexed with MAPKAPK2 or MAPKAPK3
Autophosphorylation and activation of MEKK1
MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPK at the Golgi membrane
Activated MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPKs downstream of high kinase activity BRAF mutants
RAF is phosphorylated downstream of moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants
Activated MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPKs downstream of inactive BRAF mutants
Activated MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPKs downstream of moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants
Activated MAP2Ks phosphorylate MAPKs downstream of oncogenic RAS
RAF is phosphorylated downstream of oncogenic RAS
BRAF and RAF fusion mutant dimers are phosphorylated
RAF is paradoxically phosphorylated downstream of kinase-inactive RAF
SRC autophosphorylation is positively regulated by InlA-bound CDH1
Fyn/Lyn-mediated phosphorylation of FcR1 gamma
Trans-autophosphorylation of activated ligand-responsive EGFR mutant dimers
Phosphorylation of SHC1 by ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Phosphorylation of CBL by ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Phosphorylation of PLCG1 by ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Trans-autophosphorylation of EGFRvIII mutant dimers
Trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB2 homodimer
SHC1 phosphorylation by ERBB2 heterodimers
Trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB4 homodimers
Phosphorylation of SHC1 by ERBB4 homodimers
IL7:p-Y449-IL7R:JAK1:IL2RG:p-JAK3:STAT5A,STAT5B phosphorylates STAT5
SRC phosphorylates SPRY2 on Y55 and Y227
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of BetaKlotho-bound FGFR4
Phosphorylation of p-KIT on Y900 by Src kinases
Wee1-mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 complexes
Phosphorylation of Cyclin A:Cdk2 at Tyr 15
Phosphorylation of cytosolic FGFR1 fusion dimers
Phosphorylation of BCR moiety of BCR-FGFR1
Activated FGFR1 mutants and fusions phosphorylate PLCG1
Phosphorylation of STAT5 by cytosolic FGFR1 fusions
Autophosphorylation of PDGF beta receptors
FGFR1OP-FGFR1 phosphorylates STAT1 and STAT3
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of Klotho-bound FGFR1c
Trans-autophosphorylation of p-Y877-ERBB2 heterodimers
Trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB2 heterodimers
Ligand-independent phosphorylation of overexpressed FGFR1
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3c P250R mutant
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 cysteine mutants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR4 Y367C mutant
Phosphorylation of ITAM motifs in CD3 complexes
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR1c P252X mutant dimers
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR1 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Sequestering and phosphorylation Fc gamma receptors in the lipid rafts
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2 ligand-independent mutants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of overexpressed FGFR2 variants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 point mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2c mutants with enhanced ligand binding
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2b mutants with enhanced ligand binding
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR2 point mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 t(4;14) translocation mutants
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR4 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Phosphorylation of PECAM-1 by Fyn or Lyn or c-Src
EGFR activates PLC-gamma1 by phosphorylation
Phosphorylation and activation of VAV2/VAV3 by SYK
Phosphorylation of PLC-gamma by p-BTK/p-SYK
IGF1,2:p-Y1161,1165,1166-IGF1R phosphorylates IRS1,2,4
Phosphorylation of beta and gamma subunits by LYN
JAK2 Autophosphorylates in Response to Leptin
JAK2 Phosphorylates SHP2 (PTPN11) in Response to Leptin
JAK2 Phosphorylates STAT5 in Response to Leptin
JAK2 Phosphoryates STAT3 in Response to Leptin
PRMT5 is tyrosine phosphorylated by JAK2 V617F
Phosphorylation of BCAR1 by SRC-PTK2 complex
Autophosphorylation of PDGF alpha receptors
Autophosphorylation of PDGF alpha/beta receptors
CSF1R trans-autophosphorylates on multiple tyrosine and serine residues
Phosphorylation of ITIM motif in SIRP alpha
Recruitment of FAK to NCAM1:Fyn in lipid rafts
Tyrosine phosphorylation of CRMPs by Fes
Activated SRC-1 activates MAPKs (in F2R:ARRB1:MAPKs:active SRC-1)
Syk activation leads to SLP-76 activation
Within the IL-2R complex JAK3 phosphorylates JAK1
SHC1 bound to IL2 receptor is phosphorylated
JAK1 phosphorylates Y338, Y392 and Y510 of IL2RB
PTK2 and SRC-1 phosphorylate PXN on Y31 and Y118
p-Y402-PTK2B phosphorylates p-5Y,S732-PTK2 on Y407
1,3-beta-D-glucan:p-Y15-CLEC7A:SYK phosphorylates PLCG
SRC kinase phosphorylates CLEC7A:1,3-beta-D-glucan
LYN and FYN phosphorylate FCER1G in CLEC6A:FCERG and CLEC4E:FCERG
SYK phosphorylates PLCG2 in p-6Y-SYK:p-Y65,Y76-FCER1G:PLCG2
Phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 by p-EGFRvIII mutant
Phosphorylation of SHC1 by p-5Y-EGFRvIII
Ligand-independent phosphorylation of overexpressed FGFR1c
Activated FGFR1:p-FRS phosphorylates PPTN11
Activated FGFR3 point and translocation mutants phosphorylate PLCG1
Activated FGFR2 mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR1 mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR4 mutants phosphorylate FRS2
Activated FGFR2 mutants phosphorylate PLCG1
Activated FGFR4 mutants phosphorylate PLCG1
STAT3 is phosphorylated by p-Y-JAK1,P-Y-TYK2
Phosphorylation of Cyclin E:CDK2 complexes by WEE1
Phosphorylation of IFNGR1 by JAK kinases
Tyrosine kinases phosphorylate the receptor
SHC1 bound to the common beta chain becomes tyrosine phosphorylated
Autocatalytic phosphorylation of FGFR3 fusions
Plasma membrane FGFR1 fusions autophosphorylate
FYN phosphorylates DAB1 in RELN:VLDLR:DAB1:SH3KBP1
LINC01139 facilitates PTK6 autophosphorylation
LINC01139 promotes phosphorylation of HIF1A by PTK6
Inhibition of PP2A activity by phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit at tyrosine Y307
SRC phosphorylates InlA-bound CDH1 and CTNNB1
Tyrosine kinases phosphorylate Cip/Kip inhibitors bound to CDK4/6:CCND complexes
p-S13, FUNDC1 is phosphorylated by CK2 at Tyr18
G protein alpha (i)-SRC complex catalyzes SRC to p-Y419-SRC
G alpha (s):GTP:SRC catalyzes SRC to p-Y419-SRC
JAK2 bound to IL12RB2:IL12RB2 phosphorylate STAT4
JAK2 transphosphorylates and is activated in response to Erythropoietin
SRC phosphorylates ROBO3.1 in response to NTN1
JAK2 and LYN phosphorylate STAT5 in EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2
LYN phosphorylates CRKL in EPO:p-8Y-EPOR:p-12Y-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:CRKL:RAPGEF1
BDNF-bound NTRK2 dimers trans-autophosphorylate
NTF3-bound NTRK2 dimers trans-autophosphorylate
NTF4-bound NTRK2 dimers trans-autophosphorylate
EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2 phosphorylates IRS2
JAK2 phosphorylates GAB1 in EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:GAB1
LYN phosphorylates PLCG1,2 in EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:PLCG1,2
JAK2 phosphorylates VAV1 in EPO:p-8Y-EPOR:p-12Y-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:p-Y-CRKL:RASGEF1:p-Y-SHC1:GRB2:VAV1
JAK2 phosphorylates SHC1 in EPO:p-8Y-EPOR:p-12Y-JAK2:LYN:p-CRKL:RABGEF1:SHC1
Activated NTRK3 promotes SRC autophosphorylation
FLT3LG dimer:FLT3 dimer autophosphorylates
SRC phosphorylates GluN2 (GRIN2) subunits of NMDARs
NTRK1,2 in ADCYAP1(2-742):ADCYAP1R1:NTRK1,2 autophosphorylates
NTRK1,2 in Ade-Rib:ADORA2A:NTRK1,2 autophosphorylates
SHC1 is phosphorylated downstream of estrogen stimulation of GPER1
PTK2 autophosphorylates downstream of EGFR
Src phosphorylate SYK in IgG:Leishmania surface:p-FCGR3A:SYK
Src phosphorylates CD3 dimers in IgG:Lma antigens:FCGR3A:CD3 dimers
Phosphorylation and activation of PLCG due to FCGR3A effect
ERBB2 KD mutants trans-autophosphorylate
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants phosphorylate SHC1
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR phosphorylate PLCG1
Heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR trans-autophosphorylate
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR phosphorylate PLCG1
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants and EGFR phosphorylate PLCG1
Phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants phosphorylate SHC1
ERBB2 TMD/JMD heterodimers trans-autophosphorylate
Constitutive phosphorylation of kinase domain KIT mutants
Phosphorylation of juxtamembrane domain KIT mutants
Phosphorylation of STATs downstream of KIT mutants
Phosphorylation of JAK2 downstream of KIT mutants
Autophosphorylation of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
Autophosphorylation of PDGFR mutant dimers
Autophosphorylation of cytosolic PDGFRA and PDGFRB fusion proteins
Autophosphorylation of membrane-tethered fusions of PDGFRA or PDGFRB
p-Y-JAK1 phosphorylates CSF3R in CSF3 dimer:2xCSF3R:LYN:p-Y-JAK1
p-Y-JAK1,2 phosphorylates STAT1,3,5 in CSF3 dimer:2xp-4Y-CSF3R:LYN:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-JAK2:p-TYK2
Phosphorylation of extracellular domain KIT mutants
Constitutive phosphorylation of FLT3 mutants
Autophosphorylation of point mutants of ALK
CSF1R trans-autophosphorylates on tyrosine-561
Src family kinases phosphorylate CBL in CSF1 dimer:p-Y561-CSF1R dimer:CBL
SYK autophosphorylates at the activated BCR
LYN, FYN, BLK phosphorylate ITAMs of Ig-alpha (CD79A) and Ig-beta (CD79B)
Autophosphorylation of LTK dimer:ALKAL1,2
Phosphorylation of KDR (VEGFR2) and FLT4 (VEGFR3) and PECAM1 in PECAM1:CDH5:KDR:FLT4:CTNNB1
p-T816-PKN2 phosphorylates AKT1 on serine-308
p-Y397-PTK2 (FAK) phosphorylates CHUK (IKKA)
p-Y393-ABL1 phosphorylates tyrosine-407 of YAP1
CDH1 is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues
SHC, complexed with TrkA, is tyrosine-phosphorylated
ARMS is phosphorylated by active TrkA receptor
SHC1 phosphorylation by phosphorylated EGFR
STAT3, STAT4 are phosphorylated by p-JAK2, p-TYK2 in IL23:IL23 receptor
IL27RA and IL6ST are phosphorylated after IL27:IL27 receptor interaction and JAK's phosphorylation
STAT4 is phosphorylated by p-JAK2 and/or p-Y-TYK2 after IL12:IL12R interaction
IL23R in IL23:IL23 receptor complex is phosphorylated
JAK1/JAK2 bound to IL35:IL6ST:IL12RB2 receptor are phosphorylated
JAK2, TYK2 in IL12A:IL12RB1:TYK2:IL12B:IL12RB2:JAK2 are phosphorylated
JAK1/JAK2 bound to IL12RB2:IL6ST receptor phosphorylates STAT1 and STAT4
STAT3 and STAT1 are phosphorylated by JAKs after IL27:IL27R interaction
JAK1, JAK2, TYK2 in IL27:EBI3:IL27RA:JAK1:IL6ST:(JAK1,JAK2,TYK2) are phosphorylated
JAK2, TYK2 in IL23A:IL12B:IL23R:JAK2:IL12RB1:TYK2 are phosphorylated
IL12RB2 in IL12A:IL12RB1:p-Y-TYK2:IL12B:IL12RB2:p-JAK2 is phosphorylated
IL19:IL20RA:p-JAK1:IL20RB:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
IL15RA:IL15:IL2RB:JAK1:IL2RG:JAK3 phosphorylates JAK3 and JAK1
IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3 phosphorylates SHC1
IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3 phosphorylates STAT3 and STAT5
IL15:IL15RA:p-Y-IL2RB:p-Y-JAK1:p-Y-IL2RG:p-Y-JAK3:p-Y-SHC1:GRB2:GAB2 phosphorylates GAB2
IFNL1:p-Y343,Y517-IFNLR1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2:STAT1 phosphorylates STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5
IL26:IL20RA:JAK1:IL10RB:TYK2 phosphorylates JAK1, TYK2
IL22:IL22RA1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2 phosphorylates IL22RA
IL24:IL22RA1:JAK1:IL20RB phosphorylates JAK1
IFNL1:IFNLR1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2 phosphorylates IFNLR1
IL22:IL22RA1:JAK1:IL10RB:TYK2 phosphorylates JAK1,TYK2
IL22:p-Y251,p-Y301-IL22RA1:p-JAK1:IL10RB:p-TYK2:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
IL19:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB phosphorylates JAK1
IL24:IL22RA1:p-JAK1:IL20RB:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
JAK1 in IL24:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB is phosphorylated
IL20:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB:p-JAK3,p-JAK2:STAT3 phosphorylates STAT3
IL24:IL20RA:p-JAK1:IL20RB:STAT1,STAT3 phosphorylates STAT1 or STAT3
IL20:IL20RA:JAK1:IL20RB:JAK2,JAK3 phosphorylates JAK2,JAK3
IFNL1:IFNLR1:JAK1:IL10RB:TYK2 phosphorylates JAK1,TYK2
IL26:IL10RB:p-TYK2:IL20RA:p-JAK1:STAT1,STAT3 phosphorylates STAT1,STAT3
Tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3 by IL6 receptor
IL4R, IL2RG, JAK1 in IL4-bound IL4R1:JAK1 are phosphorylated
PCMT1 transfers CH3 from AdoMet to isoAsp to form MetAsp
Hypophosphorylation of RNA Pol II CTD by FCP1P protein
PP2A mediated localization of RB1 protein in chromatin
Dephosphorylation of p107 (RBL1) by PP2A
Dephosphorylation of p130 (RBL2) by PP2A
Dephosphorylation of nuclear Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 (Thr 14, Tyr15) complexes by Cdc25 phosphatases
Dephosphorylation of cytoplasmic Cyclin B1/B2:phospho-Cdc2 (Thr 14, Tyr 15) complexes by CDC25B
Cdc25A mediated dephosphorylation of Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2
Dephosphorylation of CK2-modified condensin I
Dephosphorylation of Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes by Cdc25A
NdkA dephosphorylates RAB5A:GTP,RAB7A:GTP
phosphorylated perilipin + H2O -> perilipin + orthophosphate
PP2A complex dephosphorylates pChREBP (MLXIPL)
PP2A-B56 dephosphorylates centromeric cohesin
ERKs are inactivated by protein phosphatase 2A
PPP3 complex dephosphorylates DARPP-32 on Thr34
DARPP-32 is dephosphorylated on Thr75 by PP2A
Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates PLK1
PP2A dephosphorylates AXIN, APC and CTNNB1 in the destruction complex
PPM1L dephosphorylates multiphospho-CERT1-2
AKT1 dephosphorylation by PP2A-B56-beta,gamma
p-S13-FUNDC1 is dephosphorylated by PGAM5
MRAS:SHOC2:PPP1CC dephosphorylates inactive RAFs
SHOC2 M173I disrupts the SHOC2:MRAS:PP1 complex
Mutant MRAS:SHOC2:PPP1CC complexes dephosphorylate inactive RAFs
PGAM5 dodecamer dephosphorylates p-S336-ME1
PP2A dephosphorylates serine-127 of YAP1
PP2A dephosphorylates serine-715 of PDE4D5 in p-S715-PDE4D5:integrin alpha5:integrin beta1:fibronectin
H139Hfs13* PPM1K does not dephosphorylate BCKDH
ERKs are inactivated by dual-specific phosphatases (DUSPs)
Dephosphorylation of inactive SRC by PTPB1
Dephosphorylation of CD3-zeta by PD-1 bound phosphatases
EYA1-4 dephosphorylates tyrosine Y142 of H2AFX
PTPN12 dephosphorylates ERBB2 on tyrosine Y1248
PTPN12 dephosphorylates EGFR at Y1172 (Y1148)
PTPN18 dephosphorylates ERBB2 at Y1196, Y1112 and Y1248
SHP1 and SHP2 dephosphorylate Y628 of IL3RB
Protein tyrosine phosphatases dephosphorylate NTRK3
p-Y546,Y584-PTPN11 (in CSF3 dimer:2xp-4Y-CSF3R:LYN:p-Y-JAK1:p-JAK2:p-SYK:p-HCK:p-TYK2:SHC:GRB2:PTPN11) dephosphorylates KRAS
PTPRZ dephosphorylates ligand-bound ALK dimers
PTPN1 (PTP1B) dephosphorylates tyrosine-24 of ANXA2 (Annexin-2)
Dephosphorylation of p-STAT1 dimer by nuclear isoform of TCPTP
Sustained activation of SRC kinase by SHP2
PNP catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and (deoxy)ribose to (deoxy)inosine
PNP catalyzes the conversion of guanine and (deoxy)ribose to (deoxy)guanosine
PNP catalyzes the conversion of (deoxy)inosine to hypoxanthine and (deoxy)ribose
PNP catalyzes the conversion of (deoxy)guanosine to guanine and (deoxy)ribose
Defective PNP does not convert (deoxy)inosine to hypoxanthine and (deoxy)ribose
Defective PNP does not convert (deoxy)guanosine to guanine and (deoxy)ribose
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro
PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro
PDH E1 decarboxylates PYR, transferring acetyl to DLAT
PDK isozymes phosphorylate PDHC subunit E1
Pyruvate kinase dephosphorylates PEP to PYR
Defective RDH5 does not oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL and causes RPA
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro
RNR (M1M2) reduces nucleotide diphosphates to deoxynucleotide diphosphates (thioredoxin)
RNR (M1M2B) reduces nucleotide diphosphates to deoxynucleotide diphosphates (thioredoxin)
PRPS1 dimer pyrophosphorylates R5P using dATP
PRPS dimers pyrophosphorylate R5P using ATP
RPIA isomerizes ribose 5-phosphate to D-ribulose 5-phosphate
Defective RPIA does not isomerize RU5P to R5P
Defective RPIA does not isomerize R5P to RU5P
RPIA isomerizes D-ribulose 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate
PTHP is reduced to BH4 by sepiapterin reductase (SPR)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine
Putrescine + dc-Adenosyl methionine => Spermidine + 5'-methylthioadenosine
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane)
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane)
Production of ceramide which can activate JNK and other targets
Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione isomerizes to progesterone
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST
Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol isomerizes to 17-hydroxyprogesterone
Zymosterol is isomerized to cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol
Digestion of cholesterol esters by extracellular CEL (bile salt-dependent lipase)
LIPA hydrolyses sterol esters to sterols and fatty acids
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS
Defective PAPSS2 does not transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS
PXKLP-K305-CSAD decarboxylates 3-sulfinoalanine to hypotaurine
SOD2 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (mitochondrial matrix)
SOD3 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (extracellular)
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol)
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (mitochondrial intermembrane space)
TXNRD2 catalyzes the reduction of TXN2 by NADPH
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+
TST transfers sulfur from S2O3(2-) to HCN to form HSCN
Defective TBXAS1 does not isomerise PGH2 to TXA2
dUMP + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate => TMP + dihydrofolate
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine
D-fructose 6-phosphate + D-erythrose 4-phosphate <=> sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Defective TALDO1 does not transform SH7P, GA3P to Fru(6)P, E4P
Defective TALDO1 does not transform Fru(6)P, E4P to SH7P, GA3P
sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <=> D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + sedoheptulose 7-phosphate<=> xylulose 5-phosphate+ribose 5-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate <=> xylulose 5-phosphate + D-erythrose 4-phosphate
ribose 5-phosphate + xylulose 5-phosphate <=> sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
xylulose 5-phosphate + D-erythrose 4-phosphate <=> D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate
triacylglycerol + H2O -> diacylglycerol + fatty acid
alanine + tRNA(Ala) + ATP => Ala-tRNA(Ala) + AMP + pyrophosphate
arginine + tRNA(Arg) + ATP => Arg-tRNA(Arg) + AMP + pyrophosphate
aspartate + tRNA(Asp) + ATP => Asp-tRNA(Asp) + AMP + pyrophosphate
asparagine + tRNA(Asn) + ATP => Asn-tRNA(Asn) + AMP + pyrophosphate
cysteine + tRNA(Cys) + ATP => Cys-tRNA(Cys) + AMP + pyrophosphate
glutamate + tRNA(Glu) + ATP => Glu-tRNA(Glu) + AMP + pyrophosphate
glutamine + tRNA(Gln) + ATP => Gln-tRNA(Gln) + AMP + pyrophosphate
glutamine + tRNA(Glu) + ATP => Glu-tRNA(Glu) + AMP + pyrophosphate
glycine + tRNA(Gly) + ATP => Gly-tRNA(Gly) + AMP + pyrophosphate
histidine + tRNA(His) + ATP => His-tRNA(His) + AMP + pyrophosphate
isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) + ATP => Ile-tRNA(Ile) + AMP + pyrophosphate
leucine + tRNA(Leu) + ATP => Leu-tRNA(Leu) + AMP + pyrophosphate
lysine + tRNA(Lys) + ATP => Lys-tRNA(Lys) + AMP + pyrophosphate
methionine + tRNA(Met) + ATP => Met-tRNA(Met) + AMP + pyrophosphate
phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) + ATP => Phe-tRNA(Phe) + AMP + pyrophosphate
proline + tRNA(Pro) + ATP => Pro-tRNA(Pro) + AMP + pyrophosphate
serine + tRNA(Ser) + ATP => Ser-tRNA(Ser) + AMP + pyrophosphate
threonine + tRNA(Thr) + ATP => Thr-tRNA(Thr) + AMP + pyrophosphate
tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) + ATP => Trp-tRNA(Trp) + AMP + pyrophosphate
tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) + ATP =>Tyr-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + pyrophosphate
tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) + ATP => Tyr-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + pyrophosphate
valine + tRNA(Val) + ATP => Val-tRNA(Val) + AMP + pyrophosphate
TTL ligates L-Tyr to the carboxy terminus of detyr-alpha tubulin:beta tubulin
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol
UBA1 conjugates ubiquitin to UBA1 in the cytosol
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol
Ub-Cys625-UBA6 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol
UBA6 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol
UBA6 conjugates ubiquitin to UBA6 in the cytosol
Cytosolic VBC complex ubiquitinylates hydroxyprolyl-HIF-alpha
Nuclear VBC complex ubiquitinylates HIF-alpha
Ubiquitination of p130 (RBL2) by SCF (Skp2)
K63-linked ubiquitination of RIP1 bound to the activated TLR complex
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the SMAD complex terminates TGF-beta signaling
Multiubiquitination of APC/C-associated Cdh1
Ubiquitination of Cyclin A by APC/C:Cdc20 complex
Ubiquitination of Securin by phospho-APC/C:Cdc20 complex
Ubiquitination of cell cycle proteins targeted by the APC/C:Cdh1complex
Ubiquitination of Cyclin B by phospho-APC/C:Cdc20 complex
Ubiquitination of CD4 by Vpu:CD4:beta-TrCP:SKP1 complex
CBL escapes CDC42-mediated inhibition by down-regulating the adaptor molecule Beta-Pix
CBL binds and ubiquitinates phosphorylated Sprouty
Ubiquitination of NOTCH1 by ITCH in the absence of ligand
CHIP (STUB1) mediates ubiquitination of ERBB2
NEDD4 ubiquitinates ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 dimer
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the Smad complex terminates BMP2 signalling
Beta-TrCP ubiquitinates NFKB p50:p65:phospho IKBA complex
SMURFs/NEDD4L ubiquitinate phosphorylated TGFBR1 and SMAD7
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH2
Ubiquitination of SKI/SKIL by RNF111/SMURF2
Autoubiquitination of phospho-COP1(Ser-387 )
RAF1:SGK:TSC22D3:WPP ubiquitinates SCNN channels
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 HD domain mutants
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 HD+PEST domain mutants
SCF-beta-TrCp1/2 ubiquitinates phosphorylated BORA
STING ubiquitination by TRIM32 or TRIM56
DTX4 ubiquitinates p-S172-TBK1 within NLRP4:DTX4:dsDNA:ZBP1:TBK1
NHLRC1 mediated ubiquitination of EPM2A (laforin) and PPP1RC3 (PTG) associated with glycogen-GYG2
NHLRC1 mediated ubiquitination of EPM2A and PPP1RC3 associated with glycogen-GYG1
Cdh1:APC/C ubiquitinates EHMT1 and EHMT2
Defective NHLRC1 does not ubiquitinate EPM2A (laforin) and PPP1R3C (PTG) (type 2B disease)
Activated TRAF6 synthesizes unanchored polyubiquitin chains upon TLR stimulation
SYVN1 ubiquitinates Hh C-terminal fragments
Hh processing variants are ubiquitinated
SCF-beta-TRCP ubiquitinates p-7S-p100:RELB in active NIK:p-176,S180-IKKA dimer:p-7S-p100:SCF-beta-TRCP
beta-TRCP ubiquitinates IkB-alpha in p-S32,33-IkB-alpha:NF-kB complex
RAD18:UBE2B or RBX1:CUL4:DDB1:DTL monoubiquitinates PCNA
SIAH1:UBE2L6:Ubiquitin ubiquitinates SNCA
cIAP1,2 ubiquitinates NIK in cIAP1,2:TRAF2::TRAF3:NIK
SCF betaTrCP ubiquitinates NFKB p105 within p-S927, S932-NFkB p105:TPL2:ABIN2
SKP1:FBXL5:CUL1:NEDD8 ubiquitinylates IREB2
TNFAIP3 (A20) ubiquitinates RIPK1 with K48-linked Ub chains
The geminin component of geminin:Cdt1 complexes is ubiquitinated, releasing Cdt1
RIP2 induces K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO
DTX4 ubiquitinates p-S172-TBK1 within NLRP4:DTX4:STING:TBK1:IRF3
VHL:EloB,C:NEDD8-CUL2:RBX1 complex ubiquitinylates HIF-alpha
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH3
Auto-ubiquitination of TRAF3 within activated TLR3 complex
RNF125 mediated ubiquitination of DDX58, IFIH1 and MAVS
Auto ubiquitination of oligo-TRAF6 bound to p-IRAK2
Activated TRAF6 synthesizes unanchored polyubiquitin chains
Activated TRAF6 synthesizes unanchored polyubiquitin chains upon TLR3 stimulation
Activated TRAF6 synthesizes unanchored polyubiquitin chains upon ALPK1:ADP-heptose stimulation
Auto ubiquitination of TRAF6 bound to ALPK1:ADP-heptose:TIFA oligomer
BRCA1:BARD1 heterodimer autoubiquitinates
TRAF6 ubiquitinqtes IRF7 within the activated TLR7/8 or 9 complex
Auto ubiquitination of oligo-TRAF6 bound to p-IRAK2 at endosome membrane
MIB2 ubiquitinates RIPK1 at K377, K604, K634
STUB1 ubiquitinates RIPK1 at K571, K604, K627
SPATA2:CYLD-bound LUBAC ubiquitinates RIPK1 at K627 within the TNFR1 signaling complex
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2
Ubiquitination of CD274 by BTRC-SCF E3-ligase complex
ZNF598 K63 polyubiquitinates RPS10 (eS10) and RPS20 (uS10) of the 40S ribosomal subunit
NEDD8-K699-CUL2:ELOB:ELOC:RBX1:KLHDC10 K48 polyubiquitinates alanine-tailed nascent peptide
USP7 deubiquitinates TP53 and counteracts MDM2
USP8 deubiquitinates FZD to potentiate WNT signaling
USP10 deubiquitinates monoUb:K164,ISG:K164,ISG:K168-PCNA
USP1:WDR48 deubiquitinates monoUb:K164-PCNA
USP7 deubiquitinates TP53,MDM2,MDM4,FOXO4, PTEN
USP3,SAGA deubiquitinate Histone H2A,H2B
BAP1:Ub-HCFC1 deubiquitinates BAP1:Ub-HCFC1
Histone H2A is dubiquitinated by the PR-DUB complex
USP17 deubiquitinates RCE1, CDC25A, DDX58, IFIH1
CYLD deubiquitinates K63polyUb-TRAF2,K63polyUb-TRAF6,K63polyUb-RIPK1,K63polyUb-IKBKG
USP37:RUVLB1:PSMC5 deubiquitinates CCNA1,CCNA2
USP15 deubiquitinates SMAD1,SMAD2,SMAD3, SMAD7:SMURF,KEAP1
USP7 deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated PTEN
UCHL3,USP7,USP9X cleaves RPS27A yielding ubiquitin
UCHL3,USP7,USP9X cleaves UBA52 yielding ubiquitin
OTULIN,USP5 cleaves UBC yielding ubiquitin
OTULIN,USP5 cleaves UBB yielding ubiquitin
USP9X hydrolyzes Ub:PEX5S yielding PEX5S and Ubiquitin
USP9X hydrolyzes Ub:PEX5L yielding PEX5L and Ubiquitin
Cleavage of 5-hydroxyluracil by UNG glycosylase
UNG (UNG2) and base excision repair remove uridine and 5-methylcytidine from chromatin containing histone H3.3
uracil + (deoxy)ribose 1-phosphate <=> (deoxy)uridine + orthophosphate [UPP]
(deoxy)uridine + orthophosphate <=> uracil + (deoxy)ribose 1-phosphate (UPP)
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate
GCHFR binds to GCH1 and negatively regulates its activity
SUMF2 binds SUMF1, inhibiting SUMF1-mediated activation of arylsulfatases
Inactivation of Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexes by p27/p21
Inactivation of Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes by p27/p21
DARPP-32 phosphorylated on Thr75 binds to PKA, inhibiting its function
fibrin multimer, crosslinked:tissue plasminogen activator (one-chain) + plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 -> fibrin multimer, crosslinked:tissue plasminogen activator (one-chain):plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
fibrin multimer, crosslinked:tissue plasminogen activator (two-chain) + plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 -> fibrin multimer, crosslinked:tissue plasminogen activator (two-chain):plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
alpha-2-antiplasmin + plasmin -> alpha-2-antiplasmin:plasmin
urokinase plasminogen activator (two-chain):uPAR + plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) -> PAI-2:urokinase plasminogen activator (two-chain):uPAR
urokinase plasminogen activator (two-chain):uPAR + plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) -> PAI-1:urokinase plasminogen activator (two-chain):uPAR
AHR:TCDD:2xHSP90AB1:AIP:PTGES3 translocates from cytosol to nucleoplasm
AHR:TCDD:2xHSP90AB1:AIP:PTGES3 dissociates
Sphingomyelinase is activated by the NGF:p75NTR complex
The high affinity receptor complex binds to G-protein
P2RX7 in ATP:P2RX7:PANX1 transports cations from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Alpha-2A,alpha-2C Adrenergic Receptors bind adrenaline or noradrenaline
Binding of Gbeta/gamma to GIRK/Kir3 channels
Association of GABA B receptor with G protein beta-gamma subunits
LRPs transport extracellular CR:atREs:HSPG:apoE to cytosol
LDLR transports extracellular CR:atREs to cytosol
SMAD7:SMURF1 complex is exported to the cytosol
GRB2:SOS:p-Y427-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GRB2:SOS1:p-Y-IRS1,p-Y-IRS2 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
p-RasGRP1,3:DAG cause RAS to exchange GDP for GTP
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-Y349,350-SHC1:p-ERBB4
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-SHC1:Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and phosphorylated EGFR:ERBB2 heterodimers
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 bound to GRB2 in complex with phosphorylated ERBB4:ERBB2 heterodimers
Regeneration of eEF1A:GTP by eEF1B activity
C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
(Frs2)C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:GRB2:SOS1)
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:SHC1:GRB2:SOS1)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS (PDGF receptor:GRB2:SOS)
RhoA is activated by nucleotide exchange and inhibits axonal growth
An unknown GEF exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42:GDP
Activation of RAC1 by CRKII:DOCK180:ELMO
p75NTR indirectly activates RAC and Cdc42 via a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor
Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras (Tie2 receptor:Grb2:Sos)
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (HB-EFG-initiated)
SOS mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (SHC)
Liganded Gs-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gs
Liganded Gq/11-activating GPCRs act as GEFs for Gq/11
Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
NCAM1:pFAK:Grb2:Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras
p190RhoGEF exchanges GTP for GDP on RHOA, activating it
KALRN exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
VAV exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
ITSN1 exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42, activating it
bPIX exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC, activating it
TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
WNT:FZD complex promotes G-protein nucleotide exchange
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 activates Gq
Gi,Go Heterotrimeric G-protein complex dissociates
Alpha-2A,alpha-2C Adrenergic Receptors activate Gi.Go heterotrimeric G proteins
p-TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Activation of Rho by LARG and PDZ-RhoGEF
VAV1 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family GTPases
VAV2 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
VAV3 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
VEGF induces CDC42 activation by unknown mechanism
DOCK180:ELMO exchanges GTP for GDP, activating RAC1
RAB3IP stimulates nucleotide exchange on RAB8A
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF4
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with p-EGFRvIII)
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and p-EGFRvIII)
Activated FGFR1:p-FRS:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR1:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR2 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR1 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Activated FGFR4 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
RAS GEFs promote RAS nucleotide exchange
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-Y-SHC mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-3Y-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF
ARFGAPs stimulate ARF GTPase activity at the Golgi membrane
RIC1:RGP1 stimulates nucleotide RAB6 nucleotide exchange
Liganded Gz-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gz
Liganded G12/13-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for G12/13
Activation of RAC1 by the PXN:CRK complex
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 promotes nucleotide exchange on RAB18
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by MET-bound GRB2:SOS1
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 associated with RANBP9 and MET
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 bound to GRB2, SCH1-2 and MET
RAB13 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB13
RAB21 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB21
RAB31 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB31
TRAPPC complexes exchange GTP for GDP on RAB1
HPS1:HPS4 exchange GTP for GDP on RAB32 and RAB38
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB18
CDC42 in GNB/GNG:PAK1:ARHGEF6:CDC42 is activated
G-alpha(t):G-beta-gamma:Opsins complex dissociates to active G-alpha(t)
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through SHC1
EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:phospho-CRKL:RAPGEF1:GRB2-1:SOS1,phospho-VAV1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through FRS2
NTRK2 and CDK5 promote activation of RAC1 by TIAM1
ESTG stimulates GTP exchange on GPER:heterotrimeric G-protein s
Activation of Rap1 by membrane-associated GEFs
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3
RCC1 stimulates GDP to GTP exchange on RAN
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and ERBB2 homodimer:p-SHC1
ADORA2B (in Ade-Rib:ADORA2B:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gs) exchanges GDP for GTP on Gs
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by the p-6Y- ERBB2 ECD mutants:EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR through GRB2
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants and EGFR
DOCK180 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
p-VAV1,2,3 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
p-KIT mutants:GRB2:SOS catalyzes nucleotide exchange on RAS
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS downstream of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of mutant PDGFR receptors
CSF1R-associated SOS1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
FLT3 mutants:GRB2:SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3 fusion mutants
p-VAV1,2,3 exchange 6TGTP for GDP on RAC1
Inactivation of R-Ras by Sema3A-Plexin-A GAP activity
p120-RasGAP activates GTP hydrolysis on RAS, inactivating it
Inactivation of R-Ras by Sema4D-Plexin-B1 GAP activity
RP2 activates the GTPase activity of ARL3
RHOA GAPs stimulate RHOA GTPase activity
RHOB GAPs stimulate RHOB GTPase activity
RHOC GAPs stimulate RHOC GTPase activity
RAC1 GAPs stimulate RAC1 GTPase activity
CDC42 GAPs stimulate CDC42 GTPase activity
RHOD GAPs stimulate RHOD GTPase activity
RAC2 GAPs stimulate RAC2 GTPase activity
RHOG GAPs stimulate RHOG GTPase activity
RHOJ GAPs stimulate RHOJ GTPase activity
RHOQ GAPs stimulate RHOQ GTPase activity
RAC3 GAPs stimulate RAC3 GTPase activity
RAN stimulates fusion of nuclear envelope (NE) membranes
RHOF GAPs stimulate RHOF GTPase activity
cGMP:CNG transports Na+ and Ca2+ into the rod outer segment
VRAC heteromer transports I-, Cl- from cytosol to extracellular region
TRPM4 transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Activation of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Activation of Ca permeable AMPA receptors
Membrane depolarization upon activation of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Activation of Potassium transport channels
KCNJs transport K+ from the extracellular region to cytosol
Activation of ATP sensitive Potassium channels in muscle cells
KCNJ11:ABCC9 transports K+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective ABCC9 (in KCNJ11:ABCC9) does not transport K+ from extracellular region to cytosol
KCNJ2 (KIR2.1) transports K+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
SARS-CoV-1 3a tetramer induces potassium efflux
Connexin oligomerization in endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Connexin 45/Connexin 36 mediated neuronal gap junction communication
Pannexin 1/Pannexin2 mediated neuronal gap junction communication
Connexin 62 mediated neuronal gap junction communication
Connexin 36 mediated neuronal gap junction communication
Calcium Influx through Voltage-gated Calcium Channels
LTCC multimer transports Ca2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
TRPA1 tetramer transports Ca2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
TRPV1 transports Ca2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
CaV3.2 (CACNA1H:CACNA2D1:CACNB1,2,3:CACNG7) transports calcium from the extracellular region to the cytosol
CLCN1/2/KA/KB transport cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region
SCNAs:SNCBs transport Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Activation of voltage gated Potassium channels
KCNQ4 transports K+ from the cytosol to the extracellular region
KCNMA1:KCNMB1:LRRC52 transports K+ from the cytosol to the extracellular region
KCND tetramer:KCNIP tetramer transport K+ from cytosol to extracellular region
AKAP9:KCNQ1 tetramer:KCNE dimer transports K+ from cytosol to extracellular region
KCNH2:KCNE transport K+ from cytosol to extracellular region
Aquaporin-6 passively transports anions into vesicles
Aquaporin-6 passively transports anions out of vesicles
Pannexin-1 (PANX1) channel transports ATP from the cytosol to the extracellular region
ANOs transport cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region
TTYH2/3 transport cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region
TTYH1 transports cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region
BESTs transport cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region
ANO1 transports cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region
ANO2:Ca2+ translocates Cl- from the cytosol to the extracellular region
GABR heteropentamers:GABA transport Cl- from extracellular region to cytosol
GABRR pentamers:GABA transports extracellular Cl- to cytosol
TRPC1 translocates calcium from the extracellular region to the cytosol
cAMP:olfactory CNG channel translocates Na+ and Ca2+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
IP3R tetramer:I(1,4,5)P3:4xCa2+ transports Ca2+ from platelet dense tubular system to cytosol
Ca2+ influx through voltage gated Ca2+ channels
TRPs transport extracellular Ca2+ to cytosol
VDAC1,2,3 translocate calcium from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space
MCU translocates calcium from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
CHRNA9:CHRNA10:AcCho transports Ca2+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
TRPV4 tetramer:CALM1:Ca2+ transports calcium ions (Ca2+) from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Activation of ATP sensitive Potassium channels in neuroendocrine cells
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with Intermediate conductance
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with large conductance
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with small conductance
Activation of TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK)
Activation of tandem pore domain in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channels
KCNK dimers transport K+ from cytosol to extracellular region
UNC79:UNC80:NALCN transports Na+ extracellular region to cytosol
TRPM4,5 transport extracellular Na+ to cytosol
SCN3A:SCN2B,4B transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
SCN9A:SCN1B,2B,4B transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
TRPM5 transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
SCN2A:SCN1B,2B,4B transports Na+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles
Creatine transport across the plasma membrane
Sulfate is exported to the cytosol in exchange for dicarboxylate
SLC25A10 mediates exchange of malate and phosphate
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+
Defective SLC17A8 does not exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC1A3 does not cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC1A1 does not cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
ANKH transports PPi from cytosol to extracellular region
ApoB-48 + 40 triacylglycerol + 60 phospholipid => ApoB-48:TG:PL complex
ABCA12 transports lipids from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCA12 does not transport lipids from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCA3 does not transport PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body
ABCA3 transports PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body
TRIAP1:PRELID1, PRELID3A transports PA from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane
ABCA5 transports CHOL from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
MTTP lipidates APOB-100, forming a pre-VLDL
STARD10 transports PC from ER membrane to lamellar body membrane
FABP1 transports fatty acids into the nucleus
Translocation of tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA to peroxisomes
Translocation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to peroxisomes
ABCD1-3 dimers transfer LCFAs from cytosol to peroxisomal matrix
CD36 (FAT) translocates a long chain fatty acid from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Defective ABCD1 does not transfer LCFAs from cytosol to peroxisomal matrix
Noradrenaline clearance from the synaptic cleft
GAT1-3 mediate Na+/Cl- dependent GABA transport
SLC6A2 cotransports NAd, Na+,Cl- from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A2 does not cotransport NAd, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A4 co-transports 5HT, Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Equilibrative transport (import) of nucleosides and free bases by solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 2
Equilibrative transport (export) of nucleosides and free bases by solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 2
Equilibrative transport (export) of nucleosides and free bases by solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 1
Equilibrative transport (import) of nucleosides and free bases by solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 1
Defective SLC29A3 does not transport nucleosides from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
Equilibrative transport (import) of adenosine and biogenic amines by solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 4
SLC29A3 transports nucleosides from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
SLC29A3 transports nucleosides from cytosol to lysosomal lumen
Equilibrative transport (export) of adenosine and biogenic amines by solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 4
SLC29A1,2 transport 6MP from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC29A3 transports RBV,RBV-TP from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
SLC29A1 transports RBV from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC29A1 transports RBV from cytosol to extracellular region
SLC35D2 mediates the antiport of GDP-mannose in exchange for GMP
SLC5A12 cotransports Na+ with LACT, PYR, NCA from extracellular region to cytosol
CALHM1:CALHM3 transports ATP from the cytosol to the extracellular region
SLC2A5 transports fructose from extracellular region to cytosol
Co-transport (influx) of glucose/mannose and Na+ ions by SGLT4
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 transports from the ER lumen to the cytosol
IP6 transports from the cytosol to the ER lumen
I(1,3,4,5)P4 transports from the cytosol to the ER lumen
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 transports from the cytosol to the ER lumen
I(1,4,5)P3 transports from the ER lumen to the cytosol
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton
SLC5A3 (SMIT1) transports myo-inositol (Ins) with Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC31A1 transports Cu1+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC11A2 does not cotransport Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC40A1 does not transport Fe2+ from cytosol to extracellular region
SLC40A1:CP:6Cu2+ transports Fe2+ from cytosol to extracellular region
MCOLN1 transports Fe2+ from endosome lumen to cytosol
SLC30A10 transports Mn2+ from cytosol to extracellular region
ZnT1 mediates the efflux of zinc from the cell
ZnT2 facilitates zinc vesicular sequestration
ZnT3 transports zinc into synaptic vesicles
ZnT5 transports zinc into secretory granules in pancreatic beta cells
SLC30A8 transports Zn2+ from cytosol to secretory granule
ZnT8 transports zinc into the Golgi apparatus
ZIP6 and ZIP14 mediate zinc influx into cells
ZIP7 mediates zinc efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum
SLC39A1-4 transports Zn2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC39A4 does not transport Zn2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
ZnT5 transports zinc into the golgi apparatus
ATP2B1-4 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to extracellular region
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen
ATP2C1/2:Mg2+ transport cytosolic Ca2+ to Golgi lumen
ATP2B2-wa (PMCA2-wa) transports Ca2+ from the cytosol to the extracellular region
ATP2B1 (PMCA1) transports Ca2+ from the cytosol to the extracellular region
SLC5A2 cotransports Na+ and glucose from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC5As, NAGLT1 cotransport Glc and Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC5A1 does not cotransport Glc and Na+
Defective SLC5A2 does not cotransport Glc and Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC5A1 cotransports Glc,Gal with Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Concentrative transport (import) of a nucleoside and a sodium ions by solute carrier family 28 (sodium-coupled nucleoside transporter), member 1
Concentrative transport (import) of a nucleoside and two sodium ions by solute carrier family 28 (sodium-coupled nucleoside transporter), member 3
Concentrative transport (import) of nucleosides plus sodium ions by solute carrier family 28 (sodium-coupled nucleoside transporter), member 2
SLC28A2,3 cotransport 6MP and Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC28C2,3 cotransports RBV, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC8B1 (NCLX) exchanges sodium (mitochondrial intermembrane space) for calcium (mitochondrial matrix)
SLC8A3 (NCX3) exchanges sodium (cytosol) for calcium (mitochondrial intermembrane space)
SLC17A3-1 cotransports extracellular Na+ and Pi to cytosol
SLC20A1,2 cotransport Pi, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC34A1,2 cotransports Pi, 3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Type I Na+-coupled phosphate co-transport
Defective SLC20A2 does not cotransport Pi, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC34A1 does not cotransport Pi, 3Na+
Defective SLC34A2 does not cotransport Pi, 3Na+
Defective SLC34A3 does not cotransport Pi, 2Na+
Defective SLC34A2 does not cotransport HPO4(2-), 3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC4A1 exchanges cytosolic HCO3- for extracellular Cl-
SLC4A1 exchanges cytosolic Cl- for extracellular HCO3-
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport
Defective SLC4A1 does not exchange Cl- for HCO3- (in erythrocytes)
Defective SLC35A1 does not exchange CMP-Neu5Ac for CMP
Defective SLC35C1 does not transport UDP-Fuc from cytosol to Golgi lumen
SLC35C1 transport GDP-Fuc from cytosol to Golgi lumen
Defective SLC35A2 does not exchange UDP-Gal, UDP-GalNAc for UMP
SLC35A2 exchanges UDP-Gal, UDP-GalNAc for UMP
SLC35D1 hexamer transports UDP-GlcA, UDP-GlcNAc from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum lumen
Defective SLC35D1 does not transport UDP-GlcA, UDPGlcNAc
Defective SLC35A3 does not exchange UDP-GlcNAc for UMP
SLC35B4 mediates the transport of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into the Golgi lumen
SLC35B4 mediates the transport of UDP-xylose into the Golgi lumen
Exchange of acylcarnitine and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane
RBP3 transports 11cRAL to rod photoreceptor outer segment
RBP3 regulates the transport of atROL from ROS to RPE
11cROL translocates from Muller cells to cone photoreceptor cells
RBP3 regulates atROL taken up by Muller cells
Intermediate II binds CYC1, UQCRC1, UQCRC2, UQCRH
KCNJ11 tetramer:ABCC8 tetramer binds 4xATP, closing the channel
The receptor:G-protein complex binds GTP
Transport of glycoproteins with Man8 (or Man9) N-glycans to the Golgi
4xPALM-C-p-2S-ABCA1 tetramer transports PL from transport vesicle membrane to plasma membrane
ABCA7:Apo1A-mediated phospholipid efflux
ABCB4 transports PC from plasma membrane to extracellular region
Defective ABCB4 does not transport PC from plasma membrane to extracellular region
ESYT1:ESYT2:ESYT3 transport GPL from plasma membrane to ER membrane
MFSD2A transports LPC from extracellular region to plasma membrane
OSBPL5,8,10 exchange PS with PI4P from ER membrane to plasma membrane
Insulin effects increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-Phosphate
5-Phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis
PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR
Abnormal conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate
Interconversion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate
Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein
Electron transport from NADPH to Ferredoxin
Activation of ATR in response to replication stress
Activation of the pre-replicative complex
Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER)
Abasic sugar-phosphate removal via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER
Reversal of alkylation damage by DNA dioxygenases
Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer
NOTCH4 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
Transcriptional regulation by the AP-2 (TFAP2) family of transcription factors
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination
YAP1- and WWTR1 (TAZ)-stimulated gene expression
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Termination
Transcription from mitochondrial promoters
SLBP Dependent Processing of Replication-Dependent Histone Pre-mRNAs
tRNA modification in the nucleus and cytosol
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle
Removal of aminoterminal propeptides from gamma-carboxylated proteins
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
Intracellular metabolism of fatty acids regulates insulin secretion
Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane
Transport of gamma-carboxylated protein precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors
Classical antibody-mediated complement activation
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Cycle Genes
EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation
Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma
NOTCH3 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
TNFR1-induced NF-kappa-B signaling pathway
TICAM1,TRAF6-dependent induction of TAK1 complex
TRAF6-mediated induction of TAK1 complex within TLR4 complex
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1
CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase
CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII/CaMKK/CaMKIV cascasde
CREB1 phosphorylation through NMDA receptor-mediated activation of RAS signaling
Activation of Na-permeable kainate receptors
Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor
Acrosome Reaction and Sperm:Oocyte Membrane Binding
Intrinsic Pathway of Fibrin Clot Formation
Extrinsic Pathway of Fibrin Clot Formation
Viral UL47:UL48 Proteins Bind HCMV Tegumented Virion to Host Microtuble and Dynein complexs
SLC5A8 (SMCT) co-transports monocarboxylates and Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC16A1 does not cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
POMGNT1 catalyzes FKRP:FKTN:RXYLT1 formation
Antizyme OAZ binds to Ornithine decarboxylase
Acetylation of SMC3 subunit of chromosomal arm associated cohesin by ESCO1 or ESCO2
Acetylation of SMC3 subunit of centromeric chromatin associated cohesin by ESCO1 or ESCO2
NAT10 acetylates cytidine-1337 and cytidine-1842 of 18S rRNA yielding 4-acetylcytidine-1377 and 4-acetylcytidine-1842
TDP1 and TDP2 process unligatable DSB ends
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol
AKR1A1 oxidises BaPtDHD to BaP-7,8-dione
Dehydrogenase dehydrogenates 13-HDHA to 13-oxo-DHA
Dehydrogenase dehydrogenates 17-HDHA to 17-oxo-DHA
Dehydrogenase dehydrogenates 13(R)-HDPAn-3 to 13-oxo-DPAn-3
Dehydrogenase dehydrogenates 17-HDPAn-3 to 17-oxo-DPAn-3
FUT2 transfers Fuc to Type 1 chains to form H antigen-sec
Defective GALT does not transfer UMP to Gal1P
GALT transfers UMP from UDP-Glc to Gal1P to form UDP-Gal
Isomerization of 25(R) THCA-CoA to 25(S) THCA-CoA
Isomerization of 25(R) DHCA-CoA to 25(S) DHCA-CoA
Isomerization of 3,7,24THCA-CoA to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Isomerization of 25(R) TetraHCA-CoA to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Isomerization of (2R)-pristanoyl-CoA to (2S)-pristanoyl-CoA
NNMT transfers CH3 from SAM to NAM to form MNA
MsrA/B reduces peptide-methionine S/R-sulfoxides
MSRA reduces L-methyl-(S)-S-oxide to L-Methionine
PXLP-SGPL1 cleaves sphingoid-1-phosphates
TPMT does not transfer CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP
Electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c of complex III
4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin => q-dihydrobiopterin + H2O
Defective MAOA does not oxidatively deaminate 5HT
Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2
Constitutively active MAPK1 mutants are not dephosphorylated by DUSPs
lithocholate + PAPS => lithocholate sulfate + PAP
taurolithocholate + PAPS => taurolithocholate sulfate + PAP
N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene + PAPS => 2-acetylaminofluorene-N-sulfate + PAP
Dermatan sulfate can be further sulfated on position 2 of iduronate
DNMT1,3A,3B:PRC2 methylates cytosine and histone H3
GSSebGalNac is reduced and methylated to MeSebGalNac
N6AMT1:TRMT112 transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to MMAIII
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine
The GSDME gene promoter is hypermethylated
BCDIN3D dimethylates 5' phosphate of pre-miR-145
HENMT1 methylates 2' hydroxyl at 3' end of piRNA in 4xMeR-PIWIL1:piRNA:TDRD6:TDRKH
HENMT1 methylates 2' hydroxyl at 3' end of piRNA in 6xMeR-PIWIL2:piRNA:TDRD1:TDRD12:DDX4:ASZ:MOV10L1
HENMT1 methylates 2' hydroxyl at 3' end of piRNA in MeR-PIWIL4:piRNA:TDRD9:MAEL:TDRKH
Box C/D snoRNP methylates ribonucleotides in pre-rRNA yielding 2'-O-methylribonucleotides
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin
TYW3 methylates yW-86 yielding yW-72 at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
LCMT2 methylates yW-72 yielding yW-58 at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
LCMT2 methoxycarbonylates yW-58 yielding yW (wybutosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
LCMT2 methoxycarbonylates OHyW-72 yielding OHyW (hydroxywybutosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
ALKBH8 methylates 5-carboxymethyluridine-34 in tRNA(Arg) and tRNA(Glu) yielding 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine-34
KIAA1456 (TRM9L) methylates 5-carboxymethyluridine in tRNA yielding 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine
METTL1:WDR4 methylates guanosine-46 of tRNA(Phe) yielding 7-methylguanosine-46
Transfer of electrons through the succinate dehydrogenase complex
Galpha-olf:GTP binds to adenylate cyclase and activates it
poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin-2 + n orthophosphate => glycogenin-2 + n D-glucose 1-phosphate [PYGL]
poly((1,4)-alpha-glycosyl) glycogenin-1 + n orthophosphate => glycogenin-1 + n D-glucose 1-phosphate [PYGM,PYGB]
glycogen-glycogenin-1 + n orthophosphate => limit dextrin-glycogenin-1 + n D-glucose 1-phosphate [PYGM,PYGB]
glycogen-glycogenin-2 + n orthophosphate => limit dextrin-glycogenin-2 + n D-glucose 1-phosphate [PYGL]
Spliceosomal P complex dissociates yielding the intron-containing complex (ILS) and the spliced mRNP (new)
Disassembly of the Intron Lariat Spliceosome (new)
phosphatidylinositol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine -> N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + UDP
Dephosphorylation of pChREBP (Thr 666) by PP2A
Dephosphorylation of pChREBP (Ser 556) by PP2A
LPIN catalyzes conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol
1,2-diacyl-glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O => 1,2-diacyl-glycerol + orthophosphate
gamma-secretase cleaves p75NTR, releasing NRIF and TRAF6
Unknown lysosomal protease degrades CBLIF:RCbl to release Cbl
Lysosomal degradation of ubiqutinated CDH1
Cathepsin Z (Cathepsin X) hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8))
ESPL1 (Separase) cleaves centromeric cohesin
Chymase hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8))
Trypsin cleaves REG3A or REG3G to generate REG3A,G(38-175)
HTRA2 degrades APP (Amyloid-beta precursor protein)
NOTCH2-ligand complex is cleaved to produce NEXT2
Complex of NOTCH1 with its ligand is cleaved to produce NEXT1
alpha-secretase cleaves the p75NTR extracellular domain
MME:Zn2+ (Neprilysin) hydrolyses AGT(25-33) (Angiotensin-(1-9)) to AGT(25-31) (Angiotensin-(1-7)
ANPEP:Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(26-32) (Angiotensin-(2-8)) to AGT(27-32) (Angiotensin-(3-8))
MME:Zn2+ (Neprilysin) hydrolyses AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-31) (Angiotensin-(1-7))
ENPEP:Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8)) to AGT(26-32) (Angiotensin-(2-8))
ADAM10/17 cleaves ligand-bound NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants to produce NEXT1 PEST domain mutants
NOTCH1 HD+PEST domain mutants are cleaved by ADAM10/17 irrespective of ligand binding
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) is cleaved to produce NEXT1
NOTCH1 HD domain mutants are cleaved to produce NEXT1 irrespective of ligand binding
Anthrax lef cleaves target cell MAP2K1 (MEK1)
Anthrax lef cleaves target cell MAP2K2 (MEK2)
Anthrax lef cleaves target cell MAP2K7 (MEK7)
Anthrax lef cleaves target cell MAP2K4 (MEK4)
Anthrax lef cleaves target cell MAP2K3 (MEK3)
Anthrax lef cleaves target cell MAP2K6 (MEK6)
PITRM1 proteolyzes mitochondrial targeting peptides (presequences)
NOTCH3-ligand complex is cleaved to produce NEXT3
Membrane-bound CDH11 is cleaved to produce secreted CDH11 isoform
ASRGL1 hydrolyses aspartame to L-Asp, L-Phe, MeOH
ADAT2:ADAT3 (hetADAT) deaminates adenosine-34 in tRNAs
ADAT1 deaminates adenosine-37 in tRNA(Ala)
CMP or TMP or UMP + H2O => cytidine, thymidine, or uridine + orthophosphate [NT5E]
(d)CMP, TMP, or (d)UMP + H2O => (deoxy)cytidine, thymidine, or (deoxy)uridine + orthophosphate (NT5C1A)
(d)AMP, (d)GMP, or (d)IMP + H2O => (deoxy)adenosine, (deoxy)guanosine, or (deoxy)inosine + orthophosphate (NT5C1A)
AMP + H2O => adenosine + orthophosphate [NT5C1B]
(d)CMP, TMP, or (d)UMP + H2O => (deoxy)cytidine, thymidine, or (deoxy)uridine + orthophosphate (NT5C3)
(d)GMP or (d)IMP + H2O => (d)G or (d)I + orthophosphate (NT5C)
TMP, uridine 2', 3', or 5' monophosphates, or deoxyuridine 3' or 5' monophosphates + H2O => thymidine or (deoxy)uridine + orthophosphate [NT5C]
TMP, (d)UMP, uridine 2' monophosphate, or uridine 3'-monophosphate + H2O => thymidine, deoxyuridine, or uridine + orthophosphate [NT5M]
(d)GMP or (d)IMP + H2O => (2'-deoxy)guanosine or (2'-deoxy)inosine + orthophosphate (NT5C2)
OXCT dimers transfer CoA from SUCC-CoA to ACA, forming ACA-CoA
SLC24A1-4 exchange extracellular 4Na+ for cytosolic Ca2+, K+
Defective SLC24A1 does not exchange extracellular 4Na+ for cytosolic Ca2+, K+
Defective SLC24A4 does not exchange extracellular 4Na+ for cytosolic Ca2+, K+
SLC24A5 exchanges cytosolic 4Na+ for Golgi luminal Ca2+, K+
Defective SLC24A5 does not exchange cytosolic 4Na+ for Golgi luminal Ca2+, K+
Calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclases ADCY1 and ADCY8 generate cAMP
MRN:CtIP exonucleolytically hydrolyzes DNA 3' to SPO11 and SPO11:double-strand break dissociates to SPO11:oligonucleotide and resected 5' end
VDAC1 transports PYR from cytosol to mitochondrial intermembrane space
TOMM40 complex translocates proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space
TIMM23 PAM translocates proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
Monoubiquitinated N-myristoyl GAG polyprotein is targeted to the late endosomal vesicle membrane by the ESCRT-I complex
Pink1 is recruited from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria
pagA(197-794):ANTRX2 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol)
pagA(197-794):ANTRX1 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol)
tetX HC transports tetX LC from target cell endosome membrane into cytosol
AP4 transports APP from trans-Golgi network to endosome lumen
botB HC transports botB LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botA HC transports botA LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botE HC transports botE LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botC HC transports botC LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane to cytosol
botD HC transports botD LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botF HC transports botF LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
botG HC transports botG LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol
DT fragment B transports DT fragment A from target cell endosome membrane
SecA2 transports SapM from cytoplasm to cytosol
GspD2:GspC2:GspS2 transports LT from periplasmic to extracellular space
BBOX1:AscH-:Fe2+ dimer dioxygenates TEABT and 2OG to form CAR and SUCCA
Activation of recruited TAK1 within the activated TLR3 complex
Auto phosphorylation of TAK1 bound to p-IRAK2:pUb oligo-TRAF6: free K63 pUb:TAB1:TAB2/TAB3
Auto phosphorylation of TAK1 within the ALPK1:ADP-heptose:p-T9-TIFA:pUb-TRAF6: free K63 pUb:TAB1:TAB2/TAB3 :MAP3K7 complex
Hyperphosphorylation (Ser2) of RNA Pol II CTD by the P-TEFb(Cyclin T1:Cdk9) complex
Phosphorylation of DSIF by the P-TEFb(Cyclin T1:Cdk9) complex
Phosphorylation of NEFL by the P-TEFb(Cyclin T1:Cdk9) complex
Addition of sialic acids on some Spike glycosyl sidechains
ST6GALNAC2 transfers sialic acid to Core 1 mucins
MLCL and PC are converted to CL and 1-acyl LPC by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
MLCL and PE are converted to CL and 1-acyl LPE by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
glucosaminyl-PI + fatty acyl-CoA -> glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + CoA-SH
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase decanoylates Proghrelin
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase octanoylates Proghrelin
HHAT palmitoylates Hh N-terminal fragment
POMGNT1 transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to Man-O-Ser-DAG1
B4GALNT2 transfers GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc to Sial-Gal-GlcNAc-Gal to form the Sd(a) antigen on UMOD
B3GALNT2 transfers GalNAc to GlcNAc-Man-DAG1
B4GALNT2 transfers GalNAc to Type 2 MSGG to form Sda
Addition of galactose to Core 6 glycoprotein
PRDX3,5 catalyze TXN2 reduced + H2O2 => TXN2 oxidized + 2H2O
PRDX1,2,5 catalyze TXN reduced + H2O2 => TXN oxidized + 2H2O
PRDX5 reduces peroxynitrite to nitrite using TXN
PRDX5 reduces peroxynitrite to nitrite using TXN2
IKBKB phosphorylates NFkB p105 within the NFkB p105:TPL2:ABIN2 complex
IKBKB phosphorylates TPL2 (MAP3K8) at Ser400
Oxidation of cholesterol to 22beta-hydroxycholesterol
Oxidation of 22beta-hydroxycholesterol to 20alpha,22beta-hydroxycholesterol
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol
CYP27A1 27-hydroxylates 5bCHOL3a,7a,12a-triol
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (THCA)
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol is hydroxylated to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol
3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al is oxidized to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (DHCA)
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol is oxidized to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (TetraHCA)
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S),27-tetrol is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al
3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (3,7,24THCA)
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S),27-pentol is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol is hydroxylated to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S), 27-pentol
CYP27A1 27-hydroxylates 5-CHOL3,7,24(s)-triol
CYP11B2 18-hydroxylates CORST to 18HCORST
Defective CYP19A1 does not convert ANDST to E1
CYP27A1 does not 27-hydroxylate 5bCHOL3a,7a,12a-triol
Defective CYP11B2 does not oxidise 18HCORST
Defective CYP11B2 does not oxidise CORST
Defective CYP27A1 does not 27-hydroxylate 5-CHOL3,7,24(s)-triol
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated
Defective CYP7B1 does not 7-hydroxylate 25OH-CHOL
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL
CYP51A1 14-demethylates 24,25-dhLAN to 4,4-diMeCholesta-8,14-dien-3-ol
Defective CYP26C1 does not 4-hydroxylate 9cRA
Defective CYP26B1 does not 4-hydroxylate atRA
EXO1 interacting with MSH2:MSH6 excises single strand DNA containing a mismatch
EXO1 interacting with MSH2:MSH3 excises DNA strand containing an insertion/deletion loop (IDL)
FUT1 transfers Fuc to Type 2 chains to form H antigen-RBC
FUT10 O-fucosylates EMI domain-containing proteins
FUT11 O-fucosylates EMI domain-containing proteins
FUT8 transfers fucosyl group from GDP-Fuc to GlcNAc of NGP
Spike trimer glycoside chains get additional branches
I(1,4,5)P3 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5)P4 by ITPKA/B/C in the cytosol
I(1,4,5)P3 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5)P4 by IPMK in the nucleus
Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate (PAP) + H2O => AMP + orthophosphate
methylmalonyl semialdehyde + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxyisobutyrate + NAD+
beta-hydroxyisobutyrate + NAD+ <=> methylmalonyl semialdehyde + NADH + H+
AMDHD2 hydrolyses GlcNGc-6-P to GlcN6P and CCA
GNS:Ca2+ cleaves sulfate from GlcNAc-6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate
Defective GNS does not hydrolyse 6-sulfate from GlcNAc6S
glyoxylate + alanine => glycine + pyruvate [peroxisome]
Mitochondrial AGXT2 tetramer transaminates glyoxylate and alanine to glycine and pyruvate
Addition of GlcNAc to position 4 by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-IV
Defective MGAT2 does not transfer GlcNAc to N-glycans
Addition of a GlcNAc on the alpha 1,4 branch by MGAT2
4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + carnitine => 4,8-dimethylnonanoylcarnitine + CoASH
CHST3,7 transfer SO4(2-) to position 6 of GalNAc on chondroitin chains
Defective CHST3 does not transfer SO4(2-) to chondroitin
Autoglucosylation of GYG1 complexed with GYS1-b
Autoglucosylation of GYG2 complexed with GYS2-a
Autoglucosylation of GYG2 complexed with GYS2-b
Autoglucosylation of GYG1 complexed with GYS1-a
HS3ST1 sulfates GlcN at C3 in heparan sulfate
HS3ST2-6 sulfate GlcN at C3 in heparan sulfate
isovaleryl-CoA + FAD => beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA + FADH2
IVD mutants don't synthesize beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA
Procollagen lysyl hydroxylases convert collagen lysines to 5-hydroxylysines
TPST1,2 transfer SO4(2-) from PAPS to PODXL2
TPST1,2 transfer SO4(2-) from PAPS to FVIII
QTRT1:QTRTD1 exchanges guanine for queuine at guanosine-34 of tRNA(Asn),tRNA(Asp),tRNA(His),tRNA(Tyr) yielding queuosine-34 tRNA(Asn),tRNA(Asp),tRNA(His),tRNA(Tyr)
SARDH:FAD oxidatively demethylates SARC to Gly
p-SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine 1-phosphate
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingosine in response to E2 stimulation
GGCX gamma-carboxylates PROS1(25-676) (pro-protein S)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates F7(21-466) (pro-factor VII)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates 3D-PROC(33-197) (pro-protein C light chain)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates 3D-F9(29-461) (pro-factor IX)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates 3D-F10(32-179) (pro-factor X light chain)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates F2(25-622) (pro-prothrombin)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates GAS6(31-691) (pro-GAS6)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates PROZ(24-400) (pro-protein Z)
GGCX gamma-carboxylates BGLAP(24-100) (pro-osteocalcin)
GGCX does not gamma-carboxylate 3D-F9(29-461) (pro-factor IX)
MAN2B2 hydrolyses GlcNAc (Man)3 to GlcNAc:Man
B3GALTs transfer Gal to GlcNAc-1,3-Gal-R to form Type 1 chain
Loading of dopamine into synaptic veiscles
SLC6A3 cotransports DA, Na+, Cl- from extracellular region to cytosol
loading of Serotonin in synaptic vesicles
Defective SLC6A3 does not cotransport DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC5A5 cotransports Na+ with I- from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC5A5 does not cotransport Na+ with I- from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC10A1 co-transport bile salts and Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC10A2 transports bile salts and acids and Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SOAT can transport taurolithocholate-3-sulphate
FA anion flip-flops to the opposite surface
Defective SLC4A4 does not cotransport Na+ with 3HCO3-
SLC12A1,2 cotransports Na+, K+, 2Cl- from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC12A1 does not cotransport Na+, K+, 2Cl- from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC19A1 transports 5-methyl-THF from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC25A32 transports THF from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
SLC25A32 transports THF from mitochondrial matrix to cytosol
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells
RHAG transports NH4+ from cytosol to extracellular region (red blood cells)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells
Defective RHAG does not transport NH4+ from cytosol to extracellular region (rbc)
Defective SLC33A1 does not transport Ac-CoA from cytosol to Golgi lumen
SLC33A1 transports Ac-CoA from cytosol to Golgi lumen
SLC5A6 cotransports extracellular PanK and 2Na+ to cytosol
SLC5A6 cotransports extracellular Btn and 2xNa+ to cytosol
SLC5A6 transports vitamins from extracellular region to cytosol
PI:PITPNB is transported from the ER membrane to the Golgi membrane
TNFAIP8 proteins transfer PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3 from cytosolic vesicles to plasma membrane
B3GNT1,2,3,4,7 add GlcNAc to form Keratan-PG
B3GNT3 mediated CD274 glycosylation in Golgi
Cleavage of formamidopyrimidine (FapyA) by NTHL1 glycosylase
Excision of 8-oxoguanine by OGG1 glycosylase
Phosphorylation of human JNKs by activated MKK4/MKK7
ABCB1,ABCC2 transport ATVs from cytosol to extracellular region
MacA:MacB:TolC transports azithromycin from the cytosol to the periplasm
SecA:SecYEG transports proteins from cytosol to periplasmic space
HlyB:HlyD:TolC transports HlyA from cytosol to periplasm
SPAST (spastin) mediates the severing of microtubules at chromosome attachment sites
Transcriptional regulation of testis differentiation
1-palmitoylglycerone phosphate + hexadecanol => O-hexadecylglycerone phosphate + palmitate
Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage
MRM2 (FTSJ2) methylates uridine-1369 of 16S rRNA yielding 2'-O-methyluridine
p75NTR:NADE promotes caspase2/3 activation
HOGA1 tetramer aldol-cleaves 4-OH-2-oxoglutarate (HOG) to glyoxylate and pyruvate
MTR transfers CH3 group from 5-methyl-THF to cob(I)alamin
PGLYRP2 hydrolyzes bacterial peptidoglycan
NPL cleaves Neu5Ac,Neu5Gc to ManNAc,ManNGc and pyruvate
GNE hydrolyzes/epimerises UDP-GlcNAc to ManNAc and UDP
Defective GNE does not hydrolyse UDP-GlcNAc
NUDT14 hydrolyses UDP-Glc to G1P and UMP
Formation of DHA-CoA catalysed by 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase
CMAS transfers CMP from CTP to Neu5Ac, forming CMP-Neu5Ac
Defective MMAB does not transfer adenosyl group from ATP to B12s
Deamination of C residues during synthesis of HIV-1 reverse transcript minus-strand
Fes hydrolyses ferrienterobactin to DHBS
GPETA is hydrolyzed to ETA and G3P by GPCPD1
GPCho is hydrolyzed to Cho and G3P by GPCPD1
Phosphopantetheine conjugation of the ACP domain of FAS
Transesterification to connect viral DNA 3' ends to host DNA 5' ends
I1P is dephosphorylated to Ins by IMPA1/2 in the cytosol
PC is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPC by PLA2G4C
PE is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPE by PLA2[4]
PG is hydrolysed to 2-acyl LPG by PLA2G4B (IM)
PC is hydrolysed to 2-acyl LPC by PLA2[7]
PE is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPE by PLA2G4C
PG is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPG by PLA2[14]
PI is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPI by PLA2[13]
Sec is reduced to H2Se by PXLP-K259-SCLY dimer
NoRC:HDAC:DNMT methylates cytosine of the rRNA genes
Reducing equivalents from beta-oxidation of fatty acids transfer to ETF
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate
NOP2 (NSUN1) methylates cytidine-4447 of 28S rRNA yielding 5-methylcytidine-4447
NSUN4 methylates cytidine-841 of 12S rRNA yielding 5-methylcytidine-841
Defective GNE does not phosphorylate ManNAc to ManNAc-6-P
Activation of HOX genes during differentiation
Elongation of arachidonyl-CoA to docosatetraenoyl-CoA
Elongation of stearidonoyl-CoA to eicosatetraenoyl-CoA
Elongation of docosapentaenoyl-CoA to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA
Elongation of gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA to dihomo-gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA
Elongation of docosatetraenoyl-CoA to tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA
Elongation of eicosapentaenoyl-CoA to docosapentaenoyl-CoA
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA
ELOVL1,4 elongate TCS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OHC-CoA
PUS1 isoform 2 isomerizes uridine residues to pseudouridine residues in the anticodon stems of tRNAs
PUS7 isomerizes uridine to pseudouridine in tRNAs
PUS1 isoform 1 isomerizes uridine-27, uridine-28 to pseudouridine residues in tRNA(Lys,Ser)
Box H/ACA snoRNP transforms uridine to pseudouridine in pre-rRNA
PUS3 isomerizes uridine-39 to pseudouridine-39 in tRNA
RPUSD4 in the mitochondrial pseudouridylation module transforms uridine-1397 to pseudouridine-1397 in mitochondrial 16S rRNA
RPUSD3,TRUB2 pseudouridylates MT-CO1,MT-CO3 mRNA
PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors
Expression and translocation of olfactory receptors
Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors
G-beta:G-gamma inhibits Adenylate cyclase
NUDT7 hydrolyses CoA-SH to 3',5'-ADP and PPANT
NUDT19 hydrolyses acyl-CoA to 3',5'-ADP and acyl-PPANT
Response of EIF2AK1 (HRI) to heme deficiency
NDST1-4 can sulfate a glucosamine residue in heparan to form heparan sulfate (HS)
B3GAT dimers transfer GlcA to tetrasaccharide linker
Defective B3GAT3 does not transfer GlcA to tetrasaccharide linker
HGSNAT oligomer acetylates Heparan sulfate chain(3)
HGSNAT oligomer acetylates Heparan chain(1)
Defective HGSNAT does not acetylate Heparan chain(1)
Defective HGSNAT does not acetylate Heparan sulfate chain(3)
UGT1A4 transfers GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BMG to form BDG
UGT1A4 transfers GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BIL to form BMG
UGTs transfer GlcA from UDP-GlcA to O-centre substrates
abacavir + UDP-glucuronate => abacavir 5'-glucuronide + UDP
Defective UGT1A4 does not transfer GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BIL
Defective UGT1A1 does not transfer GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BIL
B4GAT1:LARGE transfers initial GlcA to matriglycan chain
UGT1A10 transfers GlcA from UDP-GlcA to GCTN
Defective UGT1A1 does not transfer GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BMG
Defective UGT1A4 does not transfer GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BMG
UGT1A1 tetramer transfers GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BMG to form BDG
UGT1A1 transfers GlcA from UDP-GlcA to BIL to form BMG
LARGE1,2 elongates matriglycan chain with GlcA
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites
MIA40:ERV1 (CHCHD4:GFER) oxidizes cysteine residues to cystine disulfide bonds
P4HB mediates disulfide bond formation in Proinsulin
CCS transfers Cu to SOD1 and oxidizes cysteine residues in SOD1
glutaredoxin (oxidized) + glutathione (reduced) => glutaredoxin (reduced) + glutathione (oxidized)
arginine + glycine => ornithine + guanidoacetate
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase
Virion-associated M2 protein mediated ion infusion
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome
CatSper Channel Mediated Calcium Transport
Mitoferrin translocates iron from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
SLC40A1:HEPH:6Cu2+ transports Fe2+ from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLC40A1 does not transport Fe3+ from extracellular region to cytosol
FeoAB transports Fe2+ from periplasmic space to the cytosol
EfeUOB transport Fe2+ from periplasmic space to the cytosol
SLC41A1,2 transport Mg2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
NIPAs transport Mg2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
MMGT1 transports Mg2+ from cytosol to Golgi lumen
MRS2 transports Mg2+ from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
TUSC3 transports Mg2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
MAGT1 transports Mg2+ from extracellular region to cytosol
BESTs transport cytosolic HCO3- to extracellular region
Defective CFTR does not transport Cl- from cytosol to extracellular region
CFTR transports Cl- from cytosol to extracellular region
Ivacaftor:CFTR G551D transports Cl- from cytosol to extracellular region
Iodide is taken up by thyroid epithelial cells
SLC26A4 does not transport I- from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLC26A2 does not cotransport extracellular SO4(2-), H+ to cytosol
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), anion from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC26A11 transports SO4(2-) from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC26A11 imports SO4(2-) and H+ into cytosol
SLCO1B3 transports ALB:(GCCA, TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol
SLCO1B1 transports ALB:(GCCA,TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol
Transport (influx) of bile salts and acids by OATP-A
Defective SLCO1B1 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
Defective SLCO1B3 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
SLC51A:SLC51B transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCC2 does not transport BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC2 transports BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCG2 tetramer transports BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLCO2A1 does not transport PGT substrates from extracellular region to cytosol
SLCO2A1 transports PGT substrates from extracellular region to cytosol
5-oxo-EPA, 15d-PGJ3 translocate from cytosol to extracellular region
SLC17A5 exports GlcA from the lysosome to the cytosol
NACT co-transports trivalent citrate and a sodium ion
2-oxoglutarate [mitochondrial matrix] + 2-oxoadipate [cytosol] <=> 2-oxoglutarate [cytosol] + 2-oxoadipate [mitochondrial matrix]
SLC25A1 may exchange mitochondrial PEP for cytosolic anion
SLC17A3-2 transports cytosolic urate to extracellular region
SLC22A12 exchanges extracellular urate for cytosolic LACT
Defective SLC22A12 does not exchange extracellular urate for cytosolic LACT
SLC2A2 tetramer transports Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLC2A2 does not transport Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Unknown transporter exports CA to extracellular space
Co-transport (influx) of myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol and two Na+ ions by SGLT6
SLC6A6-mediated uptake of taurine and beta-alanine
SLC6A12 (BGT-1)-mediated uptake of GABA and betaine
SLC6A20 cotransports L-Pro, Na+ from the extracellular region to cytosol
SLC43A1 (LAT3)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids
SLC43A2 (LAT4)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids
SLC38A2 (ATA2)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC38A1 (ATA1)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC38A4 (ATA3)-mediated uptake of arginine and lysine
SLC16A10-mediated uptake of aromatic amino acids
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine
SLC7A8-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular serine for cytosolic alanine, threonine, or cysteine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or threonine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular alanine for cytosolic serine, threonine, or cysteine
SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular threonine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or cysteine
SLC1A5-mediated exchange of alanine and glutamine across the plasma membrane
SLC1A5-mediated exchange of glutamine and alanine across the plasma membrane
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine
SLC6A19 cotransports neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC7A2, isoform B (CAT-2B)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A3 (CAT-3)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A1 (CAT-1)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A2, isoform A (CAT-2A)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A10-mediated uptake of small neutral amino acids
SLC7A11-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine and cytosolic glutamate
SLC7A7:SLC3A2 exchanges L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane
SLC7A6 (y+LAT2)-mediated exchange of extracellular leucine for cytosolic arginine
SLC7A9:SLC3A1 exchanges L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Defective SLC36A2 does not cotransport Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC3A1 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Variant SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A19 does not cotransport neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Variant SLC6A20 does not cotransport L-Pro, Na+ from extracellulare region to cytosol
Defective SLC7A9 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu
Defective SLC7A7 does not exchange L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane
Loading of GABA into clathrin sculpted GABA transport vesicle lumen
SLC38A9 transports L-Arg from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
PQLC2 transports L-Arg,L-His,L-Lys from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
SLC25A29 transports basic amino acids from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
SLC7A5:SLC3A2 transports neutral amino acids from extracellular region to cytosol
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
SLC36A4 transports extracellular L-Pro to the cytosol
SLC36A4 transports L-Trp from extracellular region to cytosol
HUT2 and HUT11 mediate urea transport in kidney and erythrocytes respectively
SLC25A5,6 dimers exchange ATP for ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane
ARL2:GTP:ARL2BP:SLC25A4 dimer exchanges ATP for ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane
SLC5A7 cotransports Cho, Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Cho transports from the extracellular space to the cytosol
Defective SLC5A7 does not cotransport Cho, Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC44A1 transports Cho from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
Unknown carnitine exporter transports CAR from the cytosol to the extracellular space
OCTN2 / SLC22A5 transports CAR from extracellular space to cytosol
SLC22A4, 5,15,16 cotransport CAR, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC22A5 does not cotransport CAR, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC25A16 transports cytosolic CoA-SH to mitochondrial matrix
SLC25A42 exchanges cytosolic CoA-SH for mitochondrial matrix ADP
SLC23A1,2 cotransports AscH-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC46A1 transports hemes from extracellular region to cytosol
FLVCR1-1 transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region
FLVCR1-2 transports heme from mitochondrial matrix to cytosol
SLC19A2/3 transport extracellular THMN to cytosol
Defective SLC27A4 does not transport LCFAs from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC27A1,4,6 transport LCFAs from extracellular region to cytosol
oxo-DHAs translocate from cytosol to extracellular region
oxo-DPAn-3s translocate from cytosol to extracellular region
Aquaporin-1 passively transports water into cell
Aquaporin-1 passively transports water out of cell
p-S256-Aquaporin-2 passively transports water into cell
Aquaporin-4 passively transports water out of cell
Aquaporin-3 passively transports water out of cell
Aquaporins passively transport water into cells
Aquaporins passively transport water out of cells
OTOP1 transports H+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol
Aquaporin-9 passively transports glycerol into cell
Aquaporin-7 passively transports glycerol out of cell
Aquaporins passively transport glycerol into cells
Aquaporins passively transport glycerol out of cells
Aquaporins passively transport urea out of cells
Aquaporins passively transport urea into cells
H2O2 diffuses from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
PXMP2 trimer transports glycolate from cytosol to peroxisomal matrix
p-S373-GJA1:p-S-ITGA5:ITGB1 (p-S373-Connexin-43:p-S-Integrin alpha5:Integrin beta1) transports ATP from the cytosol to the extracellular region
p-S373-GJA1:p-S-ITGA5:ITGB1 (p-S373-Connexin-43:p-S-Integrin alpha5:Integrin beta1) transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from the cytosol to the extracellular region
Pannexin1 (PANX1) channel in a complex with P2RX7 transports ATP from the cytosol to the extracellular region
KCNN2 transports K+ from the cytosol to the extracellular region
KCNMA1:KCNMB1 transports potassium ions from the cytosol to the extracellular region
Activating ABCC8 mutants cause hyperglycemia in permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) and transient neonatal DM (TNDM)
Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate receptors
Activation of highly sodium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Activation of highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Activation of highly calcium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
ITPR3 transports Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol
CRAC translocates calcium from the extracellular region to the cytosol
SCNN channels transport extracellular Na+ to cytosol
MacA:MacB:TolC transports azithromycin from the periplasm to the extracellular region
AcrA:AcrB:TolC transports antibiotics from the periplasm to the extracellular region
MdtE:MdtF:TolC exports beta-lactams to extracellular space
HlyB:HlyD:TolC transports HlyA from periplasm to extracellular space
SLC22A4 cotransports ERGT, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
OAT2 and OAT4 mediate transport of sulphate conjugates
SLCO2B1 has a narrow substrate specificity
SLCO3A1 isoform 1 has a broad substrate specificity
SLCO4C1 mediates the transport of digoxin
SLCO1B1 transports BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
BMG, BDG translocates from ER lumen to cytosol
SLCO2B1-3 transports BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
SLCO1B3 transports BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte)
SLC22A7 transports ASA-,ST from extracellular region to cytosol of hepatocytes
SLCO2B1-1 transports ASA- from extracellular region to cytosol of GI cells
SLCO1B1,1B3,2B1-3 transport ATV from extracelluar region to cytosol
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport
FyuA transports Ybt:Fe/Cu from extracellular space to the periplasm
YbtPQ transports Ybt:Fe/Cu to the cytosol
FecA:TonB:ExbB:ExbD imports Fe3+-citrates to periplasm
SLCOs, SLC16A2 transport T3,T4 from extracellular region to cytosol
SLCO1B1 transports T3,T4 from extracellular region to cytosol
NaDC1 co-transports dicarboxylic acids and a sodium ion
NaDC3 co-transports the dicarboxylic acid succinate and three sodium ion
SLC25A11 exchanges malate and alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) across the inner mitochondrial membrane
K+-independent Li+/Ca2+ exchanger transport
LETM1 exchanges protons (mitochondrial intermembrane space) for calcium (mitochondrial matrix)
SLC5A10 cotransports Na+ with Man, Fru from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC6A5,9 cotransport Gly, Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC6A5 does not cotransport Gly, Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC12A3 cotransports Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC12A3 does not cotransport Cl-, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC12A4,5,6,7 cotransport K+, Cl- from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective SLC12A6 does not cotransport K+, Cl- from cytosol to extracellular region
NaS2 co-transports sulphate and two sodium ions
NaS1 co-transports sulphate and a sodium ion
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane)
Defective SLC9A6 does not exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane
Defective SLC9A9 does not exchange Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane
ATP13A1 transports Mn2+ from cytosol to ER lumen
ABCC1 transports cytosolic RCbl to extracellular region
ABCD4:LMBRD1 transports RCbl from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (gut mucosal cells)
Defective ABCD4:LMBRD1 does not transport Cbl from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
ABCD4:LMBRD1 transports RCbl from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
ABCB9 transports peptides from cytosol to lysosomal lumen
ABCB11 transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC3 transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCB11 does not transport bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region
Translocation of antigenic peptides back to phagosomes via TAP
ABCB6 transports porphyrin from cytosol to mitchondrial matrix
ABC7, mABC1 and mABC2 mediate heme transport
Defective ABCB6 does not transport porphyrin from cytosol into mitochondria matrix
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
Defective SLC17A5 does not cotransport Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol
FecBCDE imports Fe3+-citrates to cytosol
FepA:TonB:ExbB:ExbD transports ferrienterobactin from the extracellular region to the periplasmic space
FepC:FepD:FepG transports ferrienterobactin from the periplasmic space to the cytosol
SLC25A44 transports Leu, Ile and Val from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
Transport of glycerol from adipocytes to the liver by Aquaporins
Uptake of dietary cobalamins into enterocytes
PI and PC transport between ER and Golgi membranes
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
SLBP independent Processing of Histone Pre-mRNAs
tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA or tRNA-related fragment, tRF) biogenesis
urocanate + H2O => 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate
IP6 is dephosphorylated to I(1,2,4,5,6)P5 by MINPP1 in the ER lumen
FLT3 ITD- and NOX4-dependent H2O2 production
Alkalization of the phagosomal lumen by NOX2
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen
NOX1 complex:pp-DVL:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen
Endosomal Sorting Complex Required For Transport (ESCRT)
COMT transfer CH3 from AdoMet to 3,4DHBNZ
PYGM dimer, b form + 2 AMP => PYGM b dimer:AMP complex
PYGB dimer, b form + 2 AMP => PYGB b dimer:AMP complex
kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate => 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid + glutamate
PXLP-KYAT1 dimer transaminates L-KYN to KYNA
PXLP-KYAT3 (CCBL2) dimer transaminates L-KYN to KYNA
Desaturation of alpha-linoleoyl-CoA to Stearidonoyl-CoA
Desaturation of Linoleoyl-CoA to gamma-linolenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
beta-alanine + pyruvate => 3-oxopropanoate + alanine
Mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
CHST10 transfers SO4(2-) from PAPS to GlcA-LacN on NCAM1
SGSH hydrolyses Heparan sulfate chain(2)
SGSH hydrolyses Heparan sulfate chain(7)
Defective SGSH does not hydrolyse Heparan sulfate chain(7)
Defective SGSH does not hydrolyse Heparan sulfate chain(2)
C1GALT1 transfers Galactose to the Tn antigen forming Core 1 glycoproteins (T antigens)
Defective C1GALT1C1 does not bind C1GALT1
Loading and methylation of Sm proteins onto SMN Complexes
PRMT1,PRMT6 methylate arginine-4 of histone H4
PRMT6 methylates arginine-4 of histone H2A (H2AR3)
CARM1 methylates arginine-18 (H3R17) of histone H3
CARM1, PRMT6 methylate arginine-3 of histone H3 (H3R2)
PRMT1 methylates arginine-12 of histone H2A (H2AR11)
PRMT5:WDR77, PRMT7 methylate arginine-3 of histone H3 (H3R2)
CARM1 methylates arginine-27 of histone H3 (H3R26)
PRMT6 methylates histone H2A arginine-30 (H2AR29)
PRMT1,PRMT6 methylate methyl-lysine-4 of histone H4
PRMT3 transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to RPS2
PRC2 trimethylates histone H3 at lysine-27
SETD6 methylates RELA in the NFkB complex
ETFBKMT transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to ETFB
N6AMT2 transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to EEF1A
METTL21A transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to HSPA8
EEF2KMT transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to EEF2
METTL22 transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to KIN
VCPKMT (METTL21D) transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to VCP
METTL10 transfers 3xCH3 from 3xAdoMet to EEF1A1
EHMT1,EHMT2 trimethylates lysine-16 of ATF7IP
DHAP is converted to 1-acyl GO3P by GNPAT
palmitoyl-CoA + DHAP => 1-palmitoylglycerone phosphate + CoASH
Hydrolysis of choloyl-CoA to cholate and CoASH
OLAH hydrolyzes decanoyl-FASN dimer to DECA and FASN dimer
diacylglycerol + H2O -> 2-acylglycerol + fatty acid
cholesterol ester + H2O -> cholesterol + fatty acid
PI3K-containing complexes phosphorylate PIP2 to PIP3
PI is phosphorylated to PI3P by PIK3C2A/3 at the early endosome membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI3P by PIK3C2A/3 at the Golgi membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI3P by PIK3C2A/3 at the late endosome membrane
BCAP Signalosome phosphorylates PI(4,5)P2 forming PI(3,4,5)P3
KIT mutants:PI3K catalyze synthesis of PIP3
CSF1R-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylates PI(4,5)P2
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(4,5)P2 by PIP5K1A-C at the plasma membrane
DVL-associated PIP5K1B phosphorylates PI4P to PI(4,5)P2
PIP5K1C phosphorylates PI(4)P to PI(4,5)P2
PI5P is phosphorylated to PI(4,5)P2 by PIP4K2 dimers at the plasma membrane
PI5P is phosphorylated to PI(4,5)P2 by PIP4K2 dimers in the nucleus
I(1,3)P2 is dephosphorylated into I1P by MTMR7
I(1,3)P2 is dephosphorylated into I1P by MTMR7:MTMR9
PTEN cancer mutants do not dephosphorylate PIP3
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by INPP4A/B at the early endosome membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by INPP4A/B at the plasma membrane
Type II receptor phosphorylates type I receptor
ACOX2:FAD, ACOXL:FAD oxidise (2S)-pristanoyl-CoA to trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA
(2S)-pristanoyl-CoA + O2 => trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + H2O2 (ACOX3)
PGD2/E2/F2a is oxidised to 15k-PGD2/E2/F2a by HPGD
HPGD dimer oxidises 18(S)-RvE1 to 18-oxo-RvE1
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1
benzoate + Coenzyme A + ATP => benzoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate
ACSM2B-like proteins transform ST to ST-CoA
phenylacetate + Coenzyme A + ATP => phenylacetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate
ACSM2B-like proteins transform 2,5-DHBA to 2,5-DHB-CoA
BRD7 promotes EP300-mediated acetylation of TP53
KAT5 acetylates ATM at shortened telomeres
ZDHHC2 transfers PALM from PALM-CoA to CKAP4
phenylacetyl-CoA + glutamine => phenylacetyl glutamine + Coenzyme A
LIPT1 transfers lipoyl group from lipoyl-GCSH to DBT/DLST
LIPT1 transfers lipoyl group from lipoyl-GCSH to DLAT
2-MAG and DAG are transacylated to TAG by PNPLA2/3
2-MAG is transacylated to DAG by PNPLA2/3
LRAT esterifies RBP1:atROL and FACYLs to atREs
Defective LRAT does not esterify RBP1:atROL and FACYLs to atREs
NSUN2 methylates cytidine-34, cytidine-48 of unspliced tRNA(Leu)(CAA)
TRDMT1 (DNMT2) methylates cytidine-38 of tRNA(Asp)
NSUN2 methylates cytidine-48 and cytidine-49 of tRNA(Asp)(GUC)
NSUN2 methylates cytidine-40, cytidine-48, cytidine-49, cytidine-50 of tRNA(GLY)(GCC)
NSUN6 methylates cytidine-72 in tRNA(Cys) and tRNA(Thr)
Incretin synthesis, secretion, and inactivation
Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin
SUMF1 mediates the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine, producing active arylsulfatases
Arachidonate is oxidised to 5S-HpETE by ALOX5
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD6
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD5
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD6
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD5
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S),14(S)-diHp-DHA to 7-epi-MaR1
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to RvD5n-3DPA
Lipoxygenase dehydrogenates 7(S),17(S)-diHp-DHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA
Hydroperoxy reducatase reduces 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 14(S)-HDHA
Unknown sepiapterin synthase transforms PTHP to sepiapterin
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin
Metallochaperone inserts Cu2+ into MT-CO1
MT-CO1 and MT-CO2 complexes associate, installing heme moieties
Metallochaperone inserts 2Cu2+ into MT-CO2
CDK4 in CCND1:CDK4:PRMT5:WDR77 phosphorylates WDR77
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 7-HDPAn-3 to 7-oxo-DPAn-3
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 7-HDHA to 7-oxo-DHA
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 5-HEPE to 5-oxo-EPA
MscR reduces nitrosomycothiol to ammonia
BCKDHA:BCKDHB tetramer decarboxylates KIC, KMVA, KIV
BCKDHA or BCKDHB loss-of-function mutants don't synthesize BCAA-CoA
An unknown oxidase oxidises D-UBGN to UBN
Defective SRD5A3 does not reduce pPNOL to DCHOL
An unknown reductase reduces D-UBGN to STBN
Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA
Reduction of disulphide bonds in MHC II antigens
MPST and TXN2 enable the synthesis of disulfanide from CysS248-MPST
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2
ALOX5 oxidises 18(S)-HEPE to 5(S)-Hp-18(S)-HEPE
ALOX5 oxidises 5(S)-Hp-18(S)-HEPE to 5S,6S-epoxy-18(S)-HEPE
ALOX5 oxidises 18(R)-HEPE to 5(S)-Hp-18(R)-HEPE
ALOX5 oxidises 5(S)-Hp-18(R)-HEPE to 5S,6S-epoxy-18(R)-HEPE
ALOX5 oxidises 17(R)-HDHA to 7(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA
ALOX5 dehydrogenates 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17S-HDHA
ALOX5 dehydrogenates 7(S)-Hp-17R-HDHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17R-HDHA
ALOX5 oxidises 17(R)-HDHA to 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA
Ac-PTGS2 dimer oxidises DHA to 17(R)-Hp-DHA
ALOX5 oxidises 17(S)-HDHA to 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA
ALOX5 dehydrogenates 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to 4S(5)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA
ALOX5 dehydrogenates 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to 4S(5)-epoxy-17(R)-HDHA
ALOX5 oxidises 17(S)-HDHA to 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA
ALOX5 oxidises 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 7(S),14(S)-diHp-DHA
ALOX5 dehydrogenates 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to 7,8-epoxy,17-HDPAn-3
ALOX5 oxidises 17(S)-Hp-DPAn-3 to 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3
ALOX5 dehydrogenates 17(S)-Hp-DPAn-3 to 16(S),17(S)-epoxy-DPAn-3
ALOX5 oxidises 14(S)-Hp-DPAn-3 to MaR3n-3 DPA
Ac-PTGS2 dimer oxidises DPAn-3 to 17-HDPAn-3
Ac-PTGS2 dimer oxidises DHA to 17-HDHA (macrophages)
ALOX5 oxidises 15R-HETE to 15epi-LXA4/B4
BCO2:Fe2+ cleaves betaC to APO10al and bION
Ac-PTGS2 dimer oxidises EPA to 18(R)-HpEPE or 18(S)-HpEPE
ALOX12:Fe2+ oxidises DHA to 14(S)-Hp-DHA
PTGS2 dimer oxidises DPAn-3 to 13(R)-HDPAn-3
Lipoxygenase oxidises 17(S)-Hp-DHA to 7(S),17(S)-diHp-DHA
MeSebGalNac is oxidatively cleaved to MeSeO2H and 2-acetamidoglucal
Cytosolic HIF1AN (FIH1) hydroxylates asparagine residues of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha (HIF1A,HIF2A)
TYW5 hydroxylates yW-72 yielding OHyW-72 at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
GSSeH combines with bGalNAc derivative to form GSSebGalNac
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Cytosolic chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA or choloyl-CoA are conjugated with glycine or taurine
Choloyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycocholate or taurocholate
Chenodeoxycholoyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycochenodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate
HRASLS transfer acyl group from PC to PE to form NAPE
DBT loss-of-function mutants don't synthesize BCAA-CoA
B3GALTL transfers glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Defective B3GALTL does not transfer glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Bcs complex synthesizes cellulose from UDP-Glc
thymidine or deoxyuridine + orthophosphate <=> thymine or uracil + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate [TYMP]
thymine or uracil + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate <=> thymidine or deoxyuridine + orthophosphate [TYMP]
DHDDS:NUS1 elongates E,E-FPP with (n)IPPP to form pPPP
Defective DHDDS does not elongate E,E-FPP
TRMT12 transforms yW-187 yielding yW-86 at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
dc-Adenosyl methionine + Spermidine => Spermine + 5'-methylthioadenosine
BcsG transfers pEtN from PE onto cellulose
abacavir + AMP => abacavir monophosphate + adenosine
THG1L transfers GMP to 5' end of tRNA(His)
(ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI -> (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-2) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + phosphatidylethanolamine -> (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI (acyl-GPI) + diacylglycerol
FKTN transfers RboP to GalNAc-GlcNAc-ManP-DAG1
FKRP dimer transfers RboP to matriglycan chain
Persulfide sulfur is transferred onto sulfite
CTU1:CTU2:URM1 thiolates uridine-34 in tRNAs
MPST transfers sulfur atom from 3MPYR to HSO3- to form S2O3(2-) and PYR
MPST transfers sulfur from 3MPYR to HCN to form HSCN
MPST transfers sulfur from sulfanegen to HCN to form HSCN
MPST transfers sulfur atom from 3MPYR to form CysS248-MPST
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
QNG1 hydrolyzes queuosine 5'-monophosphate yielding queuine and ribose 5'-monophosphate
uPAR-acyl-GPI + H2O -> uPAR + long-chain fatty acid
Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Unknown pPPP phosphatase dephosphorylates pPPP to pPNOL
SAMHD1:Zn2+ tetramer hydrolyzes dNTP to nucleoside and triphosphate
MeSebGalNac is hydrolysed to MeSeH and bGalNac
DPEPs hydrolyse glycine from AFXBO-CG, AFNBO-CG
NAAA hydrolyses NAEs to FAs and ethanolamine
PM20D1 transforms oleoyl-phe from oleate and phe
4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + H2O => N-formiminoglutamate
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP
PXLP-K278-PHYKPL tetramer hydrolyses 5PHL
TYW1:FMN:4Fe-4S transforms 1-methylguanosine yielding yW-187 (4-demethylwyosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA => pristanal + formyl-CoA
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates CSA to HTAU
2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde => 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde + CO2
Unknown enzyme(s) process 4-HMA to 4-Hbz
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + glycine <=> tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate (THF polyglutamate) + serine
SHMT1 tetramer transfers hydroxymethyl group to THFPG to form 5,10-methylene-THFPG
SHMT1 tetramer cleaves HTMLYS to yield TEABL and Gly
Excess homocysteine yields homolanthionine and H2S
Excess cysteine yields lanthionine and H2S
Cysteine is degraded to pyruvate and H2S
GFUS dimer epimerises GDP-DHDMan to GDP-KDGal
Isomerization of 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA to form trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA
NXF1:NXT1 (TAP:p15) binds capped mRNA:CBC:EJC:TREX (minus DDX39B)
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to synapse
SPRTN:VCP-mediated release of POLH from monoUb:K164-PCNA
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at cis-Golgi
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at the ER
ATP hydrolysis by RHOBTB3 promotes PLIN3 dissociation
ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN
NSF-dependent ATP hydrolysis disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN
ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the Golgi membrane
HSPA8-mediated ATP hydrolysis promotes vesicle uncoating
HSP90-dependent ATP hydrolysis promotes release of ESR:ESTG from chaperone complex
Progesterone stimulation promotes PGR:P4 binding to ESR1:ESTG
Tail-anchored protein:SGTA:BAG6:GET4:UBL4A:ASNA1:ATP dissociates and ASNA1 hydrolyzes ATP yielding Tail-anchored protein:ASNA1:ADP
VPS4 mediates disassembly of ESCRTIII subunits to promote sealing of holes in the nuclear envelope
ATP-dependent release of CDT1 from the OCCM complex
RQT complex:K63polyUb-80S ribosome dissociates yielding K63polyUb-40S subunit and 60S subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with nascent peptide
VCP hexamer extracts K48 polyubiquitinated alanine-tailed nascent peptide from VCP hexamer:UFD1:NPLOC4:LTN1:NEMF:TCF25:60S ribosome subunit:K48polyUb-nascent peptide
ABCE1:PELO:80S Ribosome:non-stop mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA with elongating peptide dissociates yielding ABCE1:40S ribosomal subunit, PELO, and 60S ribosomal subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with nascent peptide
SPO11 hydrolyzes DNA forming double-strand breaks
Acetylcholine binds Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3
GLRA:GLRB:Gly transports extracellular Cl- to cytosol
ASAH2 hydrolyzes ceramide (plasma membrane)
ACER1 hydrolyzes ceramide (endoplasmic reticulum)
Translocation of Influenza A virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1A) into the nucleus
NPC transports GCK1:GCKR from cytosol to nucleoplasm
NPC transports Hikeshi:HSP70s:ATP from cytosol to nucleoplasm
Defective NPC does not transport GCK1:GKRP from cytosol to nucleoplasm
tRNA:XPOT:RAN:GTP translocates from the nucleus to the cytosol
PGLS hydrolyzes D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate
FUT3 transfers Fuc to Type 1 chains to form LeA
glutamate + ATP + NADPH + H+ => L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde + NADP+ + ADP + orthophosphate [P5CS]
GLTP transports GSL from plasma membrane to ER membrane
Rv1410c transports LprG:LM,LAM from cytosol to the cell wall
CLN3 transports GalCer to plasma membrane
PLEKHA8 catalyzes transport of GlcCer to plasma membrane
HS6STs sulfate GlcN at C6 in heparan sulfate/heparin
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA
FEN1 bound to PCNA and APEX1 cleaves flap ssDNA
Removal of RNA primer and dissociation of RPA and Dna2 from the C-strand
Removal of remaining Flap from the C-strand
FEN1 bound to POLB cleaves displaced DNA strand (flap)
FEN1 cleaves displaced ssDNA flaps during MMEJ
MGME1 cleaves 5' DNA flap from nascent mitochondrial DNA
NTPDase1 hydrolyzes nucleoside diphosphates
NTPDase3 hydrolyzes nucleoside diphosphates
NTPDase4 hydrolyzes nucleoside diphosphates
NTPDase5 hydrolyzes nucleoside diphosphates
NTPDase6 hydrolyzes nucleoside diphosphates
NTPDase8 hydrolyzes nucleoside diphosphates
NTPDase1 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase2 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase3 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase4 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase7 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase8 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+
REV1 inserts dCMP opposite to AP sites in DNA
DUS2:EPRS reduces uridine to dihydrouridine in tRNAs
Vanin hydrolyses pantetheine to PanK, 2AET
I(1,3,4)P3 is dephosphorylated to I(1,3)P2 by INPP4A/B in the cytosol
CDO1:Fe2+ oxidises L-Cys to 3-Sulfinoalanine
GNMT tetramer transfers methyl group from AdoMet to Gly to form AdoHyc and SARC
Gamma-carboxylation, transport, and amino-terminal cleavage of proteins
NAT8L transfers acetyl group from Ac-CoA to L-Asp, forming NAASP
KAMKMT transfers 3xCH3 groups from 3xAdoMet to CALM1
Hydration of delta2-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
Dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + H2O => 3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA
HSD17B4 hydrates trans-2,3-dehydrohexacosanoyl-CoA
PTPLs dehydrate VLC3HA-CoA to VLCTDA-CoA
EHHADH hydrates trans-2,3-dehydrohexacosanoyl-CoA
RPP14 (HTD2) dehydrates 3HA-CoA to t2E-CoA
Nef-mediates down modulation of cell surface receptors by recruiting them to clathrin adapters
Transport of HA trimer, NA tetramer and M2 tetramer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus
Fusion of the Influenza Virion to the Host Cell Endosome
Entry of Influenza Virion into Host Cell via Endocytosis
Assembly of Viral Components at the Budding Site
Viral RNP Complexes in the Host Cell Nucleus
Synthesis And Processing Of GAG, GAGPOL Polyproteins
Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication
Cleavage of ethenocytosine by TDG glycosylase
Cleavage of adenine mispaired with 8-oxoguanine by MUTYH
Cleavage of 3-methyladenine by MPG glycosylase
Cleavage of ethenoadenine by MPG glycosylase
Cleavage of hypoxanthine by MPG glycosylase
NEIL1 cleaves thymine glycol from damaged DNA
NEIL3 cleaves 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh) from damaged telomeric DNA
NEIL3 cleaves spiroiminodihydantoin from damaged telomeric DNA
NEIL3 cleaves thymine glycol from telomeric DNA
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A
dA, dG, or dI + ATP => dAMP, dGMP, or dIMP + ADP (DGUOK)
POMK 6-phosphorylates mannose in GalNAc-GlcNAc-Man-DAG1
DECR2 reduces a (2E,4E)-dienoyl-CoA to a 4,5-saturated-(3E)-enoyl-CoA
PECR reduces 2E-phytenoyl-CoA to phytanoyl-CoA
STAT3 is phosphorylated by TSLP:IL7R:CRLF2:STAT3 complex
JAK3 in IL7:p-Y449-IL7R:JAK1:IL2RG:JAK3 is phosphorylated
EPM2A dimer dephosphorylates phosphoglycogen-GYG2
EPM2A dimer dephosphorylates phosphoglycogen-GYG1
Defective EPM2A does not dephosphorylate phosphoglycogen (type 2A disease)
deoxyadenosine or deoxyguanosine + ATP => dAMP or dGMP + ADP (DCK)
deoxycytidine, thymidine, or deoxyuridine + ATP => dCMP, TMP, or dUMP + ADP [TK2]
cytidine or uridine + ATP => CMP or UMP + ADP [UCK2]
(d)ADP or (d)CDP + ADP <=> (d)AMP or (d)CMP + ATP
AK5,7,8,9 phosphorylates (d)NMPs to (d)NDPs
(2'-deoxy)cytidine + ATP => (d)CMP + ADP (DCK)
cytidine or uridine + ATP => CMP or UMP + ADP [UCK1]
thymidine + ATP => TMP (deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate) + ADP [TK1]
glucokinase (GCK1) + glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) <=> GCK1:GKRP complex
Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP)
Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha
Signaling by CSF1 (M-CSF) in myeloid cells
ADA catalyzes the deamination of (deoxy)adenosine
Defective ADA does not deaminate (deoxy)adenosine
Synthesis of 12-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET)
ZDHCC8 transfers PALM from PALM-CoA to ABCA1 tetramer
S-farn Me-HRAS, -NRAS and -KRAS4A are palmitoylated
The acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to NAT2
The acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to NAT1
Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation
ATG10 transfers ATG12 from ATG7 to ATG10
COP9 signalosome deneddylates cytosolic CRL E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes
COP9 signalosome deneddylates nuclear CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
Regulation of protein ISGylation by ISG15 deconjugating enzyme USP18
USP43 deISGylates ISG:K164,ISG:K168-PCNA
SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 deISGylates ISGylated IRF3
SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 deISGylates ISGylated IFIH1
ATG16L1 complex transfers LC3 from ATG3 to PE
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1
AcM-UBE2F transfers NEDD8 to CRL5 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
AcM-UBE2M transfers NEDD8 to CRL1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
AcM-UBE2M transfers NEDD8 to CRL2 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
AcM-UBE2M transfers NEDD8 to CRL3 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
AcM-UBE2M transfers NEDD8 to CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
Transfer of SUMO3 from E1 to UBE2I (UBC9)
Transfer of SUMO1 from E1 to UBE2I (UBC9)
Transfer of SUMO2 from E1 to UBE2I (UBC9)
PML, TRIM27, PIAS1,2-1 SUMOylate MDM2 with SUMO1
UBC9 (UBE2I) SUMOylates RANGAP1 with SUMO, which targets RANGAP1 to RANBP2
SMC5-SMC6 Complex SUMOylates Cohesin with SUMO1
TRIM28 SUMOylates TRIM28:ZNF350 with SUMO1
UBE2I (UBC9), PIAS1 SUMOylate FOXL2 with SUMO1
PIAS1 SUMOylates NR3C2 (Mineralcorticoid Receptor) with SUMO1
SUMOylation of RPA1 (RPA70) with SUMO2,3
CDKN2A (p14-ARF) SUMOylates WRN with SUMO1
CBX4 (Pc2) SUMOylates CETN2 with SUMO2,3
RANBP2 (NUP358) SUMOylates HNRNPC with SUMO1
RANBP2 SUMOylates CDCA8 (Borealin) and PIAS3 SUMOylates AURKB (Aurora-B)
HDAC4 SUMOylates NR1H2 (LXRbeta) with SUMO2,3
HDAC4 SUMOylates NR1H3 (LXRalpha) with SUMO2,3
PIAS4 SUMOylates HERC2 with SUMO1 at DNA DSBs
Collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase converts 4-Hyp collagen to 3,4-Hyp collagen
ASPA deacetylates NAASP to acetate and L-aspartate
ATP13A4,5 transport divalent ions from extracellular region to cytosol
ATP13A2 transports cations from cytosol to lysosomal lumen
L-type Calcium Channels close in pancreatic beta cells
ER calcium channels open in response to activated PKA
Potassium voltage-gated channels close in reponse to PKA
DARPP-32 phosphorylated on T34 binds to PP1, inhibiting its function
Diacylgycerol activates Protein kinase C, alpha type
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade
HTR3A pentamer:5HT transports Na+,K+,Ca2+
HTR3 pentamers:5HT transport Na+,K+,Ca2+
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Growing HA is extruded from the cell by ABCC5
abacavir [extracellular] => abacavir [cytosol]
OCT1 transports organic cations into hepatic cells
OCT2 mediates tubular uptake of organic cations in the kidney
OCT3 mediates renal clearance of organic cations
OCT1 transports organic cations out of hepatic cells
OAT1,2,3 transport organic anions with antiport of dicarboxylic acids
OCT2 mediates tubular secretion of organic cations in the kidney
OCT3 mediates renal uptake of organic cations
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
NAASP translocates from mitochondrial matrix to cytosol
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol
SLC22A1 transports Cipro into renal cell
SLC22A8 transports Cipro into renal cell
SLC22A1 transports Cipro into hepatic cell
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in WNT signaling
MGAT5B transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to GlcNAc-Man-DAG1
Addition of GlcNAc to position 5 by MGAT5
Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate metabolism
Caveolin-1 dissociates from eNOS:CaM:HSP90 complex
glyoxylate + NADPH + H+ => glycolate + NADP+
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG
PSAP(195-273) dimer:PE binds and mobilizes ligands
Heparanase (HPSE) cleaves heparan sulfate from its proteoglycan (lysosome)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it
Defective CYP24A1 does not 24-hydroxylate CALTOL
Defective CYP2R1 does not 25-hydroxylate vitamin D
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is dephosphorylated to I(1,4,5,6)P4 by MINPP1 in the ER lumen
Sulfhydrylation and ring cleavage of precursor Z
PXLP-K56-SRR dimer isomerises L-Ser to D-Ser
N-formiminoglutamate + tetrahydrofolate => glutamate + 5-formiminotetrahydrofolate
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis
3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O => 3-hydroxyanthranilate + alanine + H+
Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling
cAMP induces dissociation of inactive PKA tetramers
PKA:AKAP79:IQGAP1 complex dissociates to active PKA subunits in response to cAMP
EPM2A dimer binds PPP1R3C:phosphoglycogen-GYG1 complex
EPM2A dimer binds PPP1R3C:phosphoglycogen-GYG2 complex
p-Y389,400-RUFY1 binds RAB4A:GTP, RAB5:GTP, RAB14:GTP
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA
AS3MT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to methylarsonite
AS3MT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to arsenite(3-)
Transcriptional regulation of granulopoiesis
FXN:NFS1:ISD11:ISCU assembles 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster
PXLP-K198-NFS1 transfers sulfur from cysteine onto MOCS3
Processing of Capped Intronless Pre-mRNA
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Cyclin B
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Securin
Cdc20:Phospho-APC/C mediated degradation of Cyclin A
ChREBP activates metabolic gene expression
OGFOD1:Fe2+ hydroxylates a proline residue of RPS23
Nuclear PHD1,3 hydroxylates proline residues on HIF3A
Nuclear PHD1,3 hydroxylates proline residues on EPAS1 (HIF2A)
Cytosolic PHD2,3 hydroxylates proline residues on HIF3A
Cytosolic PHD2,3 hydroxylates proline residues on HIF1A
Cytosolic PHD2,3 hydroxylates proline residues on EPAS1 (HIF2A)
Nuclear PHD1,3 hydroxylates proline residues on HIF1A
Proline hydroxylases hydroxylate Polyprotein
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA
SLC27A2-mediated ligation of peroxisomal fatty acid and CoASH
Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion
Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis
SLC52A1,2,3 transport RIB from extracellular region to cytosol
KDM1A, KDM1B demethylate MeK5-histone H3
KDM2A, KDM2B, KDM4A demethylate MeK37-histone H3
KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM4D demethylate Me2K10-histone H3
KDM3A, KDM3B, KDM7A, PHF2:ARID5B, PHF8 demethylate MeK10-histone H3
KDM6A, KDM6B, KDM7A demethylate Me2K28-histone H3
KDM4C demethylates Me3K-10-H3 associated with KLK2 and KLK3 promoters
KDM1A demethylates dimethylated H3K9 (Me2K-10-H3) at KLK2 and KLK3 promoters
KDM1A demethylates monomethylated H3K9 (MeK-10-H3) at KLK2 and KLK3 promoters
KDM2A, KDM2B, KDM4A demethylate Me2K37-histone H3
KDM3A, KDM3B, KDM7A, PHF2:ARID5B, PHF8 demethylate Me2K10-histone H3
KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM4D, MINA demethylate Me3K10-histone H3
KDM6A, KDM6B, KDM7A demethylate Me3K28-histone H3
KDM1A, KDM1B demethylate Me2K5-histone H3
KDM5B demethylates histone H3 trimethyllysine-4 (H3K4me3)
KDM5A demethylates histone H3 trimethyllysine-4 (H3K4me3)
KDM4B demethylates H3K9me3 on estrogen-responsive target enhancers
KDM1A demethylates H3 on MYC and BCL genes in response to estrogen
JMJD1C demethylates H3K9 mono- and di-methylation
Regulation of innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA
Negative regulators of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling
Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA
nsp13 helicase melts secondary structures in SARS-CoV-1 genomic RNA template
nsp13 helicase melts secondary structures in SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA template
SAM50 complex inserts proteins into mitochondrial outer membrane
TIMM23 SORT inserts proteins into inner membrane
TIMM22 inserts proteins into inner membrane
COX18 inserts nascent MT-CO2 in COX20:TMEM77
Bam complex inserts Hbp into outer membrane
RUNX1 regulates estrogen receptor mediated transcription
SGMS2 transfers phosphocholine onto ceramide
SGMS1 transfers phosphocholine onto ceramide
Calcineurin binds and dephosphorylates NFAT
Calcineurin binds and dephosphorylates NFAT1 in response to WNT/Ca2+ signaling
IPs transport between ER lumen and nucleus
IPs transport between nucleus and cytosol
IPs transport between cytosol and ER lumen
IPs transport between nucleus and ER lumen
IP3 and IP4 transport between cytosol and nucleus
IPs transport between ER lumen and cytosol
IP6 and IP7 transport between cytosol and nucleus
SLC2A1,3 transports DeHA from extracellular region to cytosol
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
Unknown deacetylase deacetylates 7K-BACE1(46-501)
alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Disassociation of Telomerase RNP and the Chromosome End
MRSBs reduce L-methyl-(R)-S-oxide to L-methionine
Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3)
Glucosylation of collagen propeptide hydroxylysines
Defective LFNG does not transfer GlcNAc to Pre-NOTCH
Removal of the second glucose by glucosidase II
Removal of the third glucose by glucosidase II and release from the chaperone
Glucosidase II removes glucose residue from Glu2Man9GlucNAc2-CDH1
Glucosidase II removes glucose residue from Glu1Man9GlucNAc2-CDH1
ENGASE hydrolyses unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man(9-5)
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA) is hydrated to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA is hydrated to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine
ABCG5:ABCG8 transports sterols from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCG8 (in ABCG5:ABCG8) does not transport sterols from cytosol to extracellular region
Defective ABCG5 (in ABCG5:ABCG8) does not transport sterols from cytosol to extracellular region
TRNT1 polymerizes CCA at the 3' end of pre-tRNA
Deposition of new CENPA-containing nucleosomes at the centromere
Regulation of Homotypic Cell-Cell Adhesion
Response of EIF2AK4 (GCN2) to amino acid deficiency
Flipping of the N-glycan precursor to inside the ER
Defective RFT1 does not flip the N-glycan precursor
PXLP-K357-ABAT dimer:2Fe-2S transforms GABA to SUCCSA
Pellino ubiquitinates hp-IRAK1 upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation
SUPV3L1 unwinds double-stranded mitochondiral RNA
CSF1R-associated PLCG2 hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine
UST transfers sulfate to (2-)GlcA-GalNAc-6-sulfate
PI(3,4,5)P3 is dephosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by INPP5[2] at the plasma membrane
Unknown hydroxyproline carrier transports cytosolic HPRO into the mitochondrial matrix
PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SYNJ at the plasma membrane
PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the ER membrane
PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the Golgi membrane
PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 are dephosphorylated to PI5P, PI3P and PI(3,4)P by INPP5F at the endosome membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by TMEM55B in the nucleus
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
The cofactor BH4 is required for electron transfer in the eNOS catalytic cycle
ABCA4 transports NRPE from photoreceptor outer segment membrane to cytosol
Defective ABCA4 does not transport NRPE from disc membranes
SOAT1,2 transfer acyl group to CHOL forming CHEST
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PIK3C2A/G at the Golgi membrane
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PI3K3C[2] at the plasma membrane
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PIK3C2A at the early endosome membrane
Clathrin-associated PIK3C2A phosphorylates PI(4)P to PI(3,4)P2
Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells
Interaction With Cumulus Cells And The Zona Pellucida
Post-transcriptional silencing by small RNAs
Regulation of CDH11 mRNA translation by microRNAs
Defective LARGE does not transfer Xyl from UDP-Xyl to GlcA
LARGE1,2 elongates matriglycan chain with Xyl
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is phosphorylated to IP6 by IPPK (IP5-2K) in the nucleus
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is phosphorylated to IP6 by IPPK in the cytosol
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs
Sec-tRNA(Sec):EEFSEC:GTP binds to 80S Ribosome
AQP1 tetramer transports CO2 from extracellular region to cytosol
RHAG transports CO2 from extracellular region to cytosol
RHAG transports CO2 from cytosol to extracellular region
AQP1 tetramer transports CO2 from cytosol to extracellular region
RNA demethylases demethylate N6-methyladenosine RNA
Oxidative demethylation of 1-meA damaged DNA by ALKBH2
Oxidative demethylation of 1-meA damaged DNA By ALKBH3
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP
NUDT15 dimer dephosphorylates 6TdGTP to 6TdGMP
Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection
CDKAL1:4Fe-4S methylthiolates N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine-37 in tRNA yielding 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine-37
TICAM1-dependent activation of IRF3/IRF7
PLD6 dimer hydrolyses cardiolipin to PA and PG
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways
N6AMT1:TRMT112 transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to ETF1 dimer
O-glycosylation of TSR domain-containing proteins
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3
PGH2 is degraded to 12S-HHT and MDA by TBXAS1
RIOX2Fe2+ hydroxylates a histidine residue of RPL27A
RIOX1:Fe2+ hydroxylates a histidine residue of RPL8
RNR (M1M2) reduces nucleotide diphosphates to deoxynucleotide diphosphates (glutaredoxin)
RNR (M1M2B) reduces nucleotide diphosphates to deoxynucleotide diphosphates (glutaredoxin)
15k-LXA4 is reduced to dhk-LXA4 by PTGR1
Nitrosoglutathione gets cleaved to Cys(NO)-Gly
GGTs hydrolyse glutamate from AFXBO-SG, AFNBO-SG
Defective GGT1 does not hydrolyse glutamate from AFXBO-SG, AFNBO-SG
PSPH:Mg2+ dimer dephosphorylates O-P-Ser
CIA Targeting Complex transfers 4Fe-4S cluster to apoproteins
Formation of 4Fe-4S cluster on ISCA1:ISCA2
eNOS:Caveolin-1 complex binds to Nostrin
CD320-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
CUBN:AMN-mediated CBLIF:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
LRP2-mediated uptake of extracellular CUBN:GC:25(OH)D
LRP2-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation
Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis
Inhibition of Host mRNA Processing and RNA Silencing
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
COPRS:CCND1:CDK4:PRMT5:pT5-WDR77 methylates arginine-4 of histone H4 (H4R3)
PRMT5:pT5-WDR77 methylates arginine-4 of histone H2A (H2AR3)
METTL23 dimethylates histone H3.3 arginine-17 (arginine-18 in the preprotein)
FBP tetramers hydrolyze F1,6PP to Fru(6)P
UBE2L6:TRIM25 ISGylates monoUb:K164-PCNA
AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity
SGPP1,2 dephosphorylate sphingoid-1-phosphates
PLPP1 dephosphorylates extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate
PLPP1,2,3 dephosphorylate cytosolic sphingosine-1-phosphate
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT
Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase
The ABCC family mediates organic anion transport
ABCA8,B1,B5 transport xenobiotics from cytosol to extracellular region
abacavir [cytosol] + ATP + H2O => abacavir[extracellular] + ADP + phosphate
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA
Defective ABCC6 does not transport organic anion from cytosol to extracellular region
PEX1:PEX6:PEX26:ZFAND6 dissociates Ub:PEX5L and PEX7 from PEX14:PEX13:PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 and translocates PEX5L and PEX7 from the peroxisomal membrane to the cytosol
PEX1:PEX6:PEX26:ZFAND6:Ub:PEX5S,L:PEX14:PEX13:PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 dissociates yielding cytosolic Ub:PEX5S,L and membrane PEX14:PEX13:PEX2:PEX10:PEX12
ABCB1 transports xenobiotics out of the cell
ABCC4 transports TPMP substrates from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC5 transports TPMP substrates from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC2,ABCG2 transport APAP-GlcA, APAP-SO3
ABCC3,ABCC4 transport APAP-GlcA, APAP-SO3
ABCC1,4,5 transport APAP-Cys,APAP-Mer from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCB1 transports PREDN,PREDL out of kidney cells
ABCB1 transports PREDN,PREDL out of hepatic cells
ABCG2 transports Cipro from intestinal cell to extracellular space
ABCG2 transports Cipro from hepatic cell to extracellular space
Biosynthesis of DPAn-3-derived 13-series resolvins
Biosynthesis of electrophilic -3 PUFA oxo-derivatives
Formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling
RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes
WHSC1 dimethylates histone H4 on lysine K21 at DSBs
MLL2 complex trimethylates H3K4 at the MYC gene
KMT2A trimethylates nucleosomes at the SPI1 gene locus producing H3K4Me3 mark
Core MLL complex methylates H3K4Me2-Nucleosome at the ITGA2B gene promoter
Core MLL complex methylates H3K4Me2-Nucleosome at the GP1BA gene promoter
Core MLL complex methylates H3K4Me2-Nucleosome at the THBS1 gene promoter
Core MLL complex methylates H3K4Me2-Nucleosome at the MIR27A gene promoter
MLL4-ASCOM, (MLL3-ASCOM) complex monomethylates nucleosomes at PPARG:RXRA-bound enhancers
Trimethylation of CD274 gene chromatin by MLL1/3 complex
Vitamin B6 activation to pyridoxal phosphate
Defective SLC22A18 does not exchange extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+
AcrA:AcrB:TolC transports antibiotics from the cytosol to the periplasm
MdfA transports tetracyclines from the cytosol to the periplasmic space
MdtE:MdtF:TolC exports beta-lactams to the periplasm
Gdx dimer exports cationic aromatics to periplasm
EmrE dimer exports xenobiotics to periplasm
EntS transports enterobactin from cytosol to periplasmic space
Efflux pump complexes transport enterobactin from periplasmic space to extracellular region
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus
Regulation of PAK-2p34 activity by PS-GAP/RHG10
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation
Polyubiquitinated NRIF binds to p62 (Sequestosome)
PGP:Mg2+ dimer hydrolyses G3P to glycerol
Formation of the Flap Intermediate on the C-strand
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Opening: First Transition
Unwinding of DNA for the nascent HIV-1 transcript: Second Transition
Unwinding of DNA for the Nascent Transcript: Second Transition
Unwinding DNA for the nascent transcript
Unwinding of DNA for the nascent HIV-1 transcript
ERCC3-facilitated RNA Pol II backtracking in TC-NER
ERCC2-facilitated RNA Pol II backtracking in TC-NER
TWNK (PEO1) unwinds double-stranded mitochondrial DNA at the replication fork
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D
PG and CDP-DAG are converted to CL by CRLS1
Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 mRNA Binding Proteins (IGF2BPs/IMPs/VICKZs) bind RNA
Regulation of mRNA stability by proteins that bind AU-rich elements
AKT phosphorylates targets in the cytosol
AKT phosphorylates targets in the nucleus
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by SYNJ at the plasma membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the Golgi membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the late endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the early endosome membrane
GALNS oligomer hydrolyses sulfate from Gal6S in keratan sulfate
Defective GALNS does not hydrolyse sulfate from Gal6S in keratan sulfate
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport
FASTK family proteins regulate processing and stability of mitochondrial RNAs
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP
Chromatin modifications during the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT)
Replacement of protamines by nucleosomes in the male pronucleus
Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA)
Class I peroxisomal membrane protein import
Insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P
CHST1 transfers sulfate to Gal on keratan chain
PIPs transport between early and late endosome membranes
PIPs transport between late endosome and Golgi membranes
PIPs transport between Golgi and plasma membranes
PIPs transport between plasma and early endosome membranes
PIPs transport between early endosome and Golgi membranes
Desaturation of eicosatetraenoyl-CoA to eicosapentaenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of dihomo-gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA to arachidonoyl-CoA
Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
RUNX1 and FOXP3 control the development of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs)
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of keratinocytes
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of myeloid cells
RUNX1 regulates genes involved in megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet function
Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry
PTK6 Regulates RTKs and Their Effectors AKT1 and DOK1
p75NTR negatively regulates cell cycle via SC1
Negative epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression
Positive epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression
FBXL7 down-regulates AURKA during mitotic entry and in early mitosis
SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription
TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of other transcription factors
Activation of the TFAP2 (AP-2) family of transcription factors
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation
PNKP hydrolyzes the terminal 3'Pi at the NEIL1,NEIL2-generated single strand break (SSB)
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
Methylthio-ribose-P => Methylthio-ribulose-P
Methylthio-ribulose-P => Methylthio-ribose-P
B4GALT7 transfers Gal group to xylosyl-unit of the tetrasaccharide linker
Defective B4GALT7 does not transfer Gal to xylosyl-unit of the tetrasaccharide linker
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose
HNMT transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to Hist
SPNS2,MFSD2B transport S1P from cytosol to extracellular region
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
Antimicrobial action and antimicrobial resistance in Mtb
Fusion and Uncoating of the Influenza Virion
Listeria monocytogenes entry into host cells
Adenylate Kinase 3 is a GTP-AMP phosphotransferase
FUT4,5,9 transfer Fuc to Type 2 chains to form LeX
FUT3 transfers Fuc to Type 1 MSGG to form sLeA
FUT3 transfers Fuc to Type 1 DSGG to form dsLeA
FUT3,5,6,7 transfers Fuc to Type 2 MSGG to form sLeX
POFUT2 transfers fucose to TSR domain-containing proteins
Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3 by PI3K bound to ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants
Conversion of PIP2 into PIP3 by PI3K bound to p-ERBB4cyt1 homodimers
PIP2 to PIP3 conversion by PI3K bound to phosphorylated heterodimer of ERBB2 and ERBB3
PIP2 to PIP3 conversion by PI3K bound to GRB2:GAB1 in complex with phosphorylated heterodimer of ERBB2 and EGFR
PIP2 to PIP3 conversion by PI3K bound to phosphorylated heterodimer of ERBB2 and ERBB4 CYT1
PI(4,5)P2 is phosphorylated to PI(3,4,5)P3 by PIK3C[1] at the plasma membrane
PI3K converts phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)
Cytosolic FGFR1 fusion protein-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
BCR-FGFR1-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
PI3K catalyses the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3
PI3K produces PIP3 and other phosphatidyl inositides
PI3K bound to TRAT1 phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
CD19 Signalosome phosphorylates PI(4,5)P2 forming PI(3,4,5)P3
PI3K gain of function mutants phosphorylate PIP2 to PIP3
CD28 bound PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
G beta:gamma activated PI3Kgamma converts PIP2 to PIP3
PI3K alpha, beta, gamma convert PIP2 to PIP3
VEGFA dimer:p-6Y-VEGFR2 dimer:PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3 by PI3K bound to phosphorylated EGFRvIII
FGFR1-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR1- and PTPN11- associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR2- and PTPN11- associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR2-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR3-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR3- and PTPN11-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR4- and PTPN11-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
FGFR4-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
Activated FGFR4 mutant-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutant-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
Activated FGFR1 mutant-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
Activated FGFR2 mutant-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
EPOR-associated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
Activated NTRK3 stimulates PI3K activity
PI3K bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and ERBB3 converts PIP2 to PIP3
PI3K bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR converts PIP2 to PIP3
PI3K bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR converts PIP2 to PIP3
PI3K catalyses the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3 downstream of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
PI3K catalyses the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3 downstream of mutant PDGFR
PI3K synthesizes PIP3 downstream of ALK mutants
Phospho-PI3K in p-Y713-PECAM1:CDH5:PIK3CA,B,D:p-Y464-PIK3R2:p-Y801,Y1054,Y1175-KDR:p-Y1063,Y1230-FLT4:CTNNB1 phosphorylates phosphoinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to yield phosphoinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Exchange of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate across the peroxisomal membrane
SLC35B2,3 exchange cytosolic PAPS with Golgi PAP
SIRT6 deacetylates histones at NOTCH1 and NOTCH4 gene promoters
TTF1:rRNA promoter:ERCC6:EHMT2 complex dimethylates histone H3 at lysine-9
eNoSC dimethylates histone H3 at lysine-9
PRC2-EZH2 trimethylates nucleosomes associated with CDKN2A promoter
PRC2 (EZH2) core complex methylates nucleosomes at CDH1 gene promoter
Trimethylation of CD274 gene promoter by EZH2
15S-HETE is oxidised to 15-oxoETE by 15-HEDH
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST
VKORC1 reduces vitamin K epoxide to MK4 (vitamin K hydroquinone)
VKORC1L1 reduces vitamin K epoxide to MK4 (vitamin K hydroquinone)
GPX4-2 reduces 18(S)-HpEPE to 18(S)-HEPE
GPX4-2 reduces 18(R)-HpEPE to 18(R)-HEPE
GPX4-2 reduces 17(R)-Hp-DHA to 17(R)-HDHA
GPX4-2 reduces 17(S)-Hp-DHA to 17(S)-HDHA
2-aminomuconate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O => aminomuconate + NADH + H+
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT
lysine + alpha-ketoglutarate +NADPH + H+ => saccharopine + NADP+ + H2O
saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+
2-acyl LPG is acylated to PG by CRLS1 (IM)
BHMT tetramer transfers CH3 group from BET to HCYS to form DMGLY
LRAT esterifies RBP2:atROL and FACYLs to atREs
CL and 1-acyl LPC are converted to MLCL and PC by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
AWAT1 transfers acyl group from acyl-CoA to ARACOH, forming wax esters
AWAT2 transfers PALM from PALM-CoA to HXOL, forming palmityl palmitate ester
Unknown NAT transfers COCH3 to AFXBO-C, AFNBO-C
B3GALT6 transfers Gal to the tetrasaccharide linker
Defective B3GALT6 does not transfer Gal to the tetrasaccharide linker
Defective POMGNT1 does not transfer GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to Man-O-Ser-DAG1
CSGALNACTs transfer GalNAc to CS linker glycan
Chondroitin polymerase complex transfers GalNAc to CS chain
Defective CHSY1 does not transfer GalNAc to chondroitin
B3GALNT1 transfers GalNAc to Gb3Cer to form Gb4Cer
NAMPT transfers PRIB to NAM to form NAMN
DT fragment A ADP-ribosylates target cell EEF
ST3GAL1-4 transfers sialic acid to the T antigen at the alpha 3 position
ST6GALNAC3/4 transfers sialic acid to the sialyl T antigen to form the disialyl T antigen
(R)-3-aminoisobutyric acid + pyruvate => 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + alanine
phenylalanine + pyruvate => keto-phenylpyruvate + alanine
BCKDK loss-of-function mutations do not phosphorylate BCKDH
I(3,4,5,6)P4 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
I(1,3,4,6)P4 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by IPMK in the nucleus
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc
CRPPA dimer transfers cytidylyl to Rbt5P
2-MAG is hydrolyzed to fatty acid and glycerol by MGLL
2-acylglycerol + H2O -> glycerol + fatty acid
Digestion of triacylglycerols by extracellular PTL:colipase
Digestion of monoacylglycerols by extracellular CEL (bile salt-dependent lipase)
Digestion of triacylglycerols by extracellular CEL (bile salt-dependent lipase)
Digestion of diacylglycerols by extracellular PTL:colipase
Digestion of triacylglycerols by extracellular pancreatic lipase-related protein 2
NREH hydrolyses atREs (HSPG:apoE) to atROL and FAs
ENPP6 hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine
ITPA dimer dephosphorylates RBV-TP to RBV-MP
GLCE epimerises more GlcA to IdoA as sulfate content rises
Phospho-cPLA2 translocates to membranes when intracellular calcium levels increase
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine
PLA2G15 hydrolyses LPC to GPCho and LCFA(-)
15k-PGE2/F2a is reduced to dhk-PGE2/F2a by PTGR1
alpha-ketoadipate + glutamate <=> alpha-aminoadipate + alpha-ketoglutarate
alpha-aminoadipate + alpha-ketoglutarate <=> alpha-ketoadipate + glutamate
(S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + FAD => 2-oxoglutarate + FADH2
PXLP-K279-GOT2 dimer transaminates 4-OH-L-glutamate to 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate (HOG)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol
Peroxisomal ACOT4,6,8 hydrolyse MCFA-CoA, LCFA-CoA
Cytosolic ACOTs hydrolyse MCFA-CoA, LCFA-CoA
ACOT2,9,THEM4,5 hydrolyse MCFA-CoA, LCFA-CoA
Cytosolic NUDT5 hydrolyses ADP-ribose to R5P and AMP
Mitochondrial NUDT9 hydrolyses ADP-ribose to R5P and AMP
ADPRM hydrolyses ADP-ribose to R5P and AMP
ADRB2 in ADRB2:GRK complex is phosphorylated
Defective extracellular BTD does not hydrolyse BCTN
Defective mitochondrial BTD does not hydrolyse BCTN
CARNS1 transforms ATP, L-His, b-Ala to CARN
CHST11,12,13,9 transfer sulfate to (4-)GalNAc
GOT2 dimer transfers amino group from L-Cys to 2OG to form 3MPYR and Glu
KGPDC decarboxylates 3-dehydro-L-gulonate to L-xylulose
DMGDH:FAD oxidatively demethylates DMGLY to SARC
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate
glutamine + pyruvate => 2-oxoglutaramate + alanine
benzoyl-CoA + glycine => benzoyl glycine (hippuric acid) + Coenzyme A
GLYAT-like proteins transfer glycine to ST-CoA to form SUA
GLYAT-like proteins transfer glycine to 2,5-DHB-CoA to form gentisuric acid
HXA3/B3 is hydrolysed to TrXA3/B3 by HXEH
Homocysteine is degraded to oxobutanoate and H2S
(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + succinate semialdehyde <=> 2-oxoglutarate + 4-hydroxybutyrate
2-oxoglutarate + 4-hydroxybutyrate <=> (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + succinate semialdehyde
Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
UXS1 tetramer decarboxylates UDP-glucuronate to UDP-xylose
Inhibition of DNA recombination at telomere
phytanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 => 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2
Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization
RYR tetramers transport Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen to cytosol
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol
Defective DCXR does not reduce L-xylulose to xylitol
malonyl-CoA is decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA in peroxisome
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate
Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates myosin regulatory light chain
NDST1-4 N-deacetylates GlcNAc residues in heparan
RENBP isomerises ManNAc, ManNGc to GlcNAc, GlcNGc
NANP dephosphorylates Neu5Ac-9-P to Neu5Ac
carbovir monophosphate + ATP => carbovir diphosphate + ADP
(d)CMP or UMP + ATP <=> (d)CDP or UDP + ADP (CMPK1)
dUMP or TMP + ATP <=> dUDP or TDP + ADP [DTYMK]
(d)CDP or UDP + ADP <=> (d)CMP or UMP + ATP (CMPK1)
dUDP or TDP + ADP <=> dUMP or TMP + ATP [DTYMK]
carbovir + IMP => carbovir monophosphate + inosine
phytanate + CoA-SH + ATP => phytanoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate
Galactosylation of collagen propeptide hydroxylysines by procollagen galactosyltransferases 1, 2
Galactosylation of collagen propeptide hydroxylysines by PLOD3
Prostaglandin E synthase isomerizes PGH2 to PGE2
An atROL isomerase isomerises atROL to 11cROL
AWAT2 transfers PALM to 11cROL forming 11cRPALM
AWAT2 transfers PALM from PALM-CoA to atROL, forming atR-PALM
PNLIP:CLPS hydrolyses RPALM to atROL and PALM
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid
beta-estradiol + PAPS => beta-estradiol 3-sulfate + PAP
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) + PAPS => DHEA sulfate + PAP
Thiosulfate can transfer its sulfur atom to glutathione
TMLHE dimer dioxygenates TMLYS and 2OG to form HTMLYS and SUCCA
DAK dimer phosphorylates D-glyceraldehyde to form D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules
Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript
PXLP-K278-ETNPPL tetramer hydrolyses PETA
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15S-HpETE by ALOX15/15B
ALOX15 oxidises 18(R)-HEPE to 18(R)-RvE3
ALOX15 dehydrogenates 17(R)-Hp-DHA to 17R(16)-epoxy-DHA
ALOX15 oxidises 18(S)-HEPE to 18(S)-RvE3
ALOX15 dehydrogenates 17(S)-Hp-DHA to 16S,17S-epoxy-DHA
ALOX15 oxidises DPAn-6 to 17(S)-HDPAn-6 and 10(S),17(S)-diHDPAn-6
ALOX15 oxidises DPAn-3 to 17(S)-Hp-DPAn-3
AGMO cleaves alkylglycerol into fatty aldehyde and glycerol
HAS1,2,3 mediate the polymerization and export of HA
EXT1:EXT2 transfers GlcNAc to the heparan chain
Defective EXT2 (in EXT1:EXT2) does not transfer GlcNAc to the heparan chain
Defective EXT1 (in EXT1:EXT2) does not transfer GlcNAc to the heparan chain
Defective EXT1 (in EXT1:EXT2) does not transfer GlcA to heparan
Defective EXT2 (in EXT1:EXT2) does not transfer GlcA to heparan
Chondroitin polymerase complex transfers GlcA to CS chain
Defective CHSY1 does not transfer GlcA to chondroitin
GSTO1 dimer reduces methylarsonate to methylarsonite
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [LBR]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2]
TM7SF2 reduces 4,4-diMeCholesta-8,14-dien-3-ol to 4,4-diMe5-cholest-8-en-3-ol
Thiolysis of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA yields choloyl-CoA (3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA) and propionyl CoA
Thiolysis of 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA yields chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA) and propionyl CoA
Formation of DHA-CoA catalysed by sterol carrier protein X (SCPx)
3-ketopristanoyl-CoA + CoASH => 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoA + propionyl-CoA
CHST15 transfers sulfate to (6-)GalNAc-4-sulfate
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs)
Axonal growth inhibition (RHOA activation)
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell
MPC1:MPC2 imports PYR, H+ to mitochondrial matrix
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in BCR signaling
Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation
Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
Exportin complex translocates pre-miRNA to cytosol
GLUT7 and GLUT11 transport glucose and fructose
SLC45A3 transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC50A1 transports Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Synthesis of Hepoxilins (HX) and Trioxilins (TrX)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages
Oxidative demethylation of 3-meC damaged DNA by ALKBH2
Oxidative dealkylation of 1-etA damaged DNA By ALKBH2
Oxidative demethylation of 3-meC damaged DNA By ALKBH3
Oxidative dealkylation of 1-EtA damaged DNA by ABH3
mannose(a1-4)glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + phosphatidylethanolamine -> (ethanolamineP) mannose(al1-4)glucosaminyl-acyl-PI + diacylglycerol
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Anti-inflammatory response favouring Leishmania parasite infection
I(1,3,4,5)P4 is dephosphorylated to I(1,4,5)P3 by MINPP1 in the ER lumen
I(1,3,4,5)P4 is dephosphorylated to I(1,4,5)P3 by PTEN in the cytosol
DNMT1 methylates cytosine in hemimethylated DNA
DNMT3B:DNMT3L methylates cytosine in DNA
DNMT3A:DNMT3L methylates cytosine in DNA
DNMT3A:DNMT3L in nascent RNA transcript:MeR-PIWIL4:2'-O-methyl-piRNA:SPOCD1:DNMT3A:DNMT3L methylates cytosine in DNA
DPH7 hydrolyzes a methyl group on Me-diphthine EEF2
SLC25A51 mediates mitochondrial uptake of NAD+
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK
Dissociation of cytosolic HSF1:HSP90:HDAC6:PTGES3 upon sensing protein aggregates
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by PTEN at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by TPTE2 at the Golgi membrane
PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling
Erythropoietin activates Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)
Presynaptic depolarization and calcium channel opening
Peroxynitrite is reduced to nitrite by AhpC
Peroxynitrite is reduced to nitrite by Tpx
(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + FAD => 2-oxoglutarate + FADH2
2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H+ => (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + NADP+ [mutant IDH1]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene
Two FAPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate
Tolerance of reactive oxygen produced by macrophages
TRIT1 transfers dimethylallyl group to adenosine-37 of tRNAs
TRIT1 transfers dimethylallyl group to adenosine-37 of tRNA(Ser)
Latent infection - Other responses of Mtb to phagocytosis
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTM proteins at the late endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTM proteins at the early endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by SYNJ/MTMs at the plasma membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTMR9-bound MTMR6 or MTMR8 at the plasma membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTMR2:SBF1
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by the MTMR2:SBF2 tetramer at the plasma membrane
Defective RDH12 does not reduce atRAL to atROL
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL
I(1,4,5)P3 is dephosphorylated to I(1,4)P2 by INPP5(4) in the cytosol
I(1,4,5)P3 is dephosphorylated to I(1,4)P2 by INPP5A/B at the plasma membrane
I(1,3,4,5)P4 is dephosphorylated to I(1,3,4)P3 by INPP5B at the plasma membrane
I(1,3,4,5)P4 is dephosphorylated to I(1,3,4)P3 by INPP5[3]/ITPK1 in the cytosol
CES3 hydrolyses CHEST to CHOL and LCFA(-)
I(1,3,4)P3 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,6)P4 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
ITPK1 converts Ins-1,3,4-P3 to Ins-1,3,4,6-P4
I(1,3,4)P3 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5)P4 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
ITPK1 converts Ins-1,3,4-P3 to Ins-1,3,4,5-P4
PCho is dephosphorylated to Cho by PHOSPHO1
PETA is dephosphorylated to ETA by PHOSPHO1
PI(3,4)P2 is phosphorylated to PI(3,4,5)P3 by PIP5K1A-C at the plasma membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI5P by PIP5K1A/B at the plasma membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI5P by PIKFYVE at the late endosome membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PIP4K2/5K1 at the plasma membrane
I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is dephosphorylated to I(3,4,5,6)P4 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
I(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to I3P by INPP4A/B in the cytosol
I(1,3,4)P3 is dephosphorylated to I(3,4)P2 by INPP1 in the cytosol
I(1,3,4,6)P4 is dephosphorylated to I(1,3,4)P3 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
I(1,3,4,6)P4 is dephosphorylated to I(3,4,6)P3 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
I3P is dephosphorylated to Ins by IMPA1/2 in the cytosol
I4P is dephosphorylated to Ins by IMPA1/2 in the cytosol
I(3,4,6)P3 is phosphorylated to I(1,3,4,6)P4 by ITPK1 in the cytosol
5-PP-IP5 is phosphorylated to 5-PPP-IP5 by IP6K1/3 in the cytosol
5-PP-IP5 is phosphorylated to 5-PPP-IP5 by IP6K1/2 in the nucleus
1-PP-IP4 is phosphorylated to 1,5-(PP)2-IP3 by IP6K1/3 in the cytosol
5-PP-IP4 is phosphorylated to 1,5-(PP)2-IP3 by IP6K1/2 in the nucleus
PP-IP4 is dephosphorylated to I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by NUDT4 in the cytosol
(PP)2-IP4 is dephosphorylated to 5-PP-IP5 by NUDT(1) in the cytosol
(PP)2-IP4 is dephosphorylated to 1/3-PP-IP5 by NUDT(1) in the cytosol
5-PP-IP5 is dephosphorylated to IP6 by NUDT(1) in the cytosol
1/3 PP-IP5 is dephosphorylated to IP6 by NUDT(1) in the cytosol
APOA1BP dimer epimerises R-NAD(P)HX to S-NAD(P)HX
Iron is reduced and separates from mycobactin
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL
TRMT10C:HSD17B10 (TRMT10C:SDR5C1) of mitochondrial RNase P methylates guanosine-9 in tRNA yielding 1-methylguanosine-9
TRMT5 methylates guanosine yielding 1-methylguanosine at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
SLC2A6,8,10,12 transport Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT2 (SLC2A2) transports Glc from cytosol to extracellular region
Transport of Extracellular Glucose to the Cytosol by GLUT1 and GLUT2
GLUT1 (SLC2A1) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC2A1 tetramer does not transport Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
Defective SLC2A10 does not transport Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
SLC2A1 tetramer transports Glc from cytosol to Golgi lumen
GLUT14 (SLC2A14) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT3 (SLC2A3) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT4 (SLC2A4) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
GLUT2 (SLC2A2) tetramer transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol
Miscellaneous transport and binding events
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
Disassembly of the destruction complex and recruitment of AXIN to the membrane
4Fe-4S cluster assembles on NUBP2:NUBP1 scaffold
phosphorylated HSL dimer + FABP4 -> phosphorylated HSL dimer:FABP4 complex
Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
Cell recruitment (pro-inflammatory response)
Activated PKN1 stimulates transcription of AR (androgen receptor) regulated genes KLK2 and KLK3
Specification of the neural plate border
Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs
SLC7A4 exchanges G6P for Pi across the ER membrane
Defective SLC37A4 does not exchange G6P and Pi across the ER membrane
SLC37A1, SLC37A2 exchange G6P for Pi across the ER membrane
GYS2 catalyzes the incorporation of phosphoglucose into glycogen-GYG2
GYS1 catalyzes the incorporation of phosphoglucose into glycogen-GYG1
TNFAIP3 (A20) deubiquitinates K63polyUb-RIPK1
BRCA1-A complex deubiquitinates K63polyUb-histone H2A
TNFAIP3 in OTUD7B:TNFAIP3:ZRANB1 deubiquitinates K63polyUb-TRAF6
CYLD mediated deubiquitination of DDX58 (RIG-I)
SARS-CoV-1 nsp3 deubiquinates K63-linked pUb oligo-TRAF6 (TLR7/8 signaling)
SARS-CoV-1 nsp3 deubiquinates K63-linked pUb-STING
CYLD hydrolyses K63polyUb on RIPK1 within the TNFR1 complex
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin
Defective ALDOB does not cleave Fru 1-P to GA and DHAP
ALDOB tetramer cleaves Fru-1-P to GA and DHAP
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS
Inefficient ubiquitination of ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants by p-Y371-CBL
DVL is ubiquitinated by CUL3:KLHL12:RBX1
Ubiquitination of stimulated EGFR (CBL:GRB2)
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation controls basal levels of R-Smad1/5/8
RNF146 ubiquitinates ADP-ribosylated AXIN
ZNRF3 autoubiquitinates to promote its internalization
ZNRF3 ubiquitinates FZD to promote its downregulation
MAPK6 is ubiquitinated at the N-terminal
ERCC8:DDB1:CUL4:RBX1 ubiquitinates ERCC6 and RNA Pol II
RNF34 or RFFL ubiquitinates phosphorylated TP53
NEDD4, WWP2, CHIP and XIAP polyubiquitinate PTEN
Phosphorylated Orc1 is ubiquitinated while still associated with chromatin
Cytoplasmic phosphorylated Cdc6 is ubiquitinated by the anaphase-promoting complex
MYLIP dimer ubiquitinates VLDLR on Lys-839
RNF5 and RNF185 ubiquitinate misfolded CFTR
RNF5 and RNF185 ubiquitinate CFTR F508del
OS9:SEL1:ERAD E3 ligase:DERL2 ubiquitinates unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)9-5
CBLL1 ubiqutinates the InlA-bound CDH1 complex
RNF20:RNF40 monoubiquitinates Histone H2B
SHPRH polyubiquitinates monoubiquitinated PCNA
HLTF polyubiquitinates monoubiquitinated PCNA
TMEM129 polyubiquitinates HLA (MHC class I heavy chain) bound to cytomegalovirus US11
PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 monoubiquitinates PEX5S,L at cysteine-11
PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 monoubiquitinates PEX5L at cysteine-11
Phosphorylated SPRY2 is ubiquitinated by CBL
Negative regulation of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling by RNF216
FBXW7 promotes ubiquitination of p-NICD4
SOCS1,3 ubiquitinates CSF3R in SOCS1,3:p-4Y-CSF3R:CSF3 dimer:LYN:p-Y-JAK1:p-JAK2:p-SYK:p-HCK:p-TYK2:CUL5:ELOB:ELOC:RNF7
FBXL17 ubiquitinates BACH1 (in BACH1:FBXL17:SCF (SKP2))
p-Y-CBL autoubiquitinates and multiubiquitinates p-Y561-CSF1R in CSF1 dimer:p-Y561-CSF1R dimer:p-Y-CBL
KEAP1:NEDD8-CUL3:RBX1 complex ubiquitinates NFE2L2
KEAP1:CUL3:RBX1 ubiquitinates p-S349 SQSTM1 oligomer
NFE2L2 is ubiquitinated by BTRC:SKP1:CUL1:RBX1
Recruitment of ITCH and K48 ubiquitination of MAVS
CD274 ubiquitination by SPOP:CUL3:RBX1 complex
MIB2-mediated K63-ubiquitination of CD274
BTRC:CUL1:SKP1:RBX1 (SCF-beta-TrCP1) ubiquitinylates phosphorylated PER1,2,3
FBXL3:CUL1:SKP1:RBX1 ubiquitinylates phosphorylated CRY1,2
LTN1 K48 polyubiquitinates the nascent peptide in NEMF:60S ribosomal subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with nascent peptide
RCHY1 K48 polyubiquitinates alanine-tailed nascent peptide
ISGylation of protein phosphatase 1 beta (PP2CB)
TRIM28 in TRIM28:KRAB-ZFP:retroelement chromatin autoSUMOylates with SUMO2
SREBP1A,1C,2:Importin beta-1 dissociates
TRMU (MTO2, MTU1) transfers a sulfur atom to 5-taurinomethyluridine-34 in tRNA
YRDC synthesizes threonylcarbamoyladenylate
KEOPS (EKC) complex threonylcarbamoylates A37 of tRNAs
OSGEPL1 threonylcarbamoylates adenosine-37 in tRNA
KAT2B,EP300 acetylate FOXO3 under oxidative stress
BST1 hydrolyzes NAD+ to yield NAM and ADP-ribose
CD38 hydrolyses NAD+ to NAM and ADP-ribose
CYLD hydrolyses M1polyUb on RIPK1 within the TNFR1 complex
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-1472 of MT-CO1 mRNA
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-371 of MT-ND1 mRNA
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-333, adenosine-458, and adenosine-707 of MT-CO3 mRNA
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-185 of MT-CO2 mRNA
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-616 and adenosine-617 of MT-CYB mRNA
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-252 of MT-ND4L mRNA
NPM2 dissociates p-S9-PRM1 from HIRA:NPM2:p-S9-PRM1:dsDNA
ASPH:Fe2+ hydroxylates an aspartate residue of F9
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine
abacavir monophosphate + H2O => carbovir monophosphate + cyclopropylamine
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine
EMG1 of the SSU processome methylates pseudouridine-1248 of 18S rRNA yielding N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248
MRM3 (RNMTL1) methylates guanosine-1370 of 16S rRNA yielding 2'-O-methylguanosine-1370
MRM1 methylates guanosine-1145 of 16S rRNA yielding 2'-O-methylguanosine-1145
WBSCR22:TRMT112 methylates guanosine-1639 of 18S rRNA yielding 7-methylguanosine-1639
SQR oxidizes sulfide to bound persulfide
pristanate + CoA-SH + ATP => pristanoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell
AGO2:endosiRNA hydrolyzes maternal mRNA in the zygote
The TRAMP:RNA exosome oligoadenylates pre-rRNA 5' external transcribed spacer (5'ETS) fragment
ACE:Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(25-33) (Angiotensin-(1-9)) to AGT(25-31) (Angiotensin-(1-7))
ACE:Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8))
Secreted ACE:Zn2+ hydrolyzes AGT(25-34) (Angiotensin-(1-10)) to AGT(25-32) (Angiotensin-(1-8))
TET1,2,3 oxidizes 5-formylcytosine to 5-carboxylcytosine
TET1,2,3 oxidizes 5-hydroxymethylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine
TET1,2,3 oxidizes 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
TET3 oxidizes 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in chromatin containing histone H3.3
adenylosuccinate => adenosine 5'-monophosphate + fumarate
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine
XDH oxidizes hypoxanthine to form xanthine
TTLL3, TTLL8, TTLL10 polyglycylate tubulin
Polyglutamylase complex (TTLL1) polyglutamylates alpha subunits of tubulin
JMJD6 dimer hydroxylates lysine residues of U2AF2
Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair (GG-NER)
Cellular responses to mechanical stimuli
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand
Response of endothelial cells to shear stress
KDM6B demethylates H3K27me3 on p16INK4A promoter
KDM6B (JMJD3) demethylates histone H3 trimethyllysine-27 (H3K27me3)
KDM6A (UTX) demethylates histone H3 trimethyllysine-27 (H3K27me3)
SLC27A1 transports arachidonate across the ER membrane
Plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling, and clearance
TPCN1/2 transport lysosomal Ca2+ to cytosol
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG
Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus
Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus
Membrane binding and targetting of GAG proteins
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids
Negative regulation of TCF-dependent signaling by WNT ligand antagonists
Transcriptional regulation of brown and beige adipocyte differentiation
SLC22A13 exchanges extracellular NCA for cytosolic urate
SLC25A19 transports ThDP from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
ACSL3,4 ligates coenzyme A (CoA-SH) to a long chain fatty acid yielding fatty acyl-coenzyme A
DPH2 transfers a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group from AdoMet to residue 715 of nascent EEF2
Defective GAA does not hydrolyze lysosomal glycogen
Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE
Caspase activation via extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
Caspase activation via Dependence Receptors in the absence of ligand
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by ALDH
5S-HETE is oxidised to 5-oxoETE by 5-HEDH
Synthesis of (16-20)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE)
Caspase activation via Death Receptors in the presence of ligand
O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (TLR4 signaling)
High laminar flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and PECAM1:CDH5:KDR in endothelial cells
Turbulent (oscillatory, disturbed) flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and integrins in endothelial cells
Anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane
ESTG binding induces ESR depalmitoylation
Excess SeMet is cleaved into MeSeH by PXLP-K212-CTH
AdoSeMet is converted to AdeSeHCys by MetTrans(1)
AdeSeHCys is hydrolysed to SeHCys by AHCY
SeHCys and Ser are dehydrated into SeCysta by CBS
SeCysta is hydrolysed to Sec by PXLP-K212-CTH
MeSec is hydrolysed to MeSeH by PXLP-K212-CTH
MeSeH is hydrolysed to H2Se by methylselenol demethylase
MeSeH is methylated to Me2Se by MeSeH methyltransferase
H2Se is methylated to MeSeH by H2Se methyltransferase
APSe is phosphorylated to PAPSe by PAPSS1,2
tRNA(Met) is selenomethionylated to SeMet-tRNA(Met) by multisynthetase complex
tRNA(Sec) is serylated to Ser-tRNA(Sec) by SARS dimer
Ser-tRNA(Sec) is phosphorylated to Sep-tRNA(Sec) by PSTK
Sep-tRNA(Sec) is converted to Sec-tRNA(Sec) by PXLP-K284-SEPSECS tetramer
GSSeSG is reduced to GSSeH and GSH by GSR
PAPSe is reduced to SeO3(2-) by PAPSe reductase
PI4KB binds to ARF1/3:GTP at the Golgi membrane
Cellular response to mitochondrial stress
Low conductance potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells open in response to epinephrine
IP3 binds to the IP3 receptor, opening the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel
IP3R:I(1,4,5)P3 tetramer transports Ca2+ from ER lumen to cytosol
Decreasing cGMP concentration promotes intracellular Ca2+ release in response to WNT
CACNA1D:CACNA2D2:CACNB2 (Cav1.3 channel) transports Ca2+ into the cytosol of an inner hair cell
USP30 deubiquitinates ATM dimer:Ub-p-PEX5
PON1,2,3:Ca2+ dimers hydrolyse 5-HETEL to 5-HETE
TRMT13 2'-O-methylates adenosine-4 in tRNA
TRMT13 2'-O-methylates cytidine-4 in tRNA
FTSJ1 2'-O-methylates cytidine-32 in tRNA(Phe)
HPRT1 catalyzes the conversion of guanine or hypoxanthine to GMP or IMP
Defective HPRT1 does not convert guanine or hypoxanthine to GMP or IMP
HPRT1 tetramer transfers phosphoribosyl group to 6MP to form 6TIMP
JMJD7 dimer hydroxlates a lysine residue of DRG2
JMJD7 dimer hydroxlates a lysine residue of DRG1
JMJD4:Fe2+ hydroxylates a lysine residue of ETF1
KDM8:Fe2+ hydroxylates an arginine residue of RPS6
KDM8:Fe2+ hydroxylates an arginine residue of RCCD1
Arachidonate is converted to HXA3/B3 by ALOX12
p-S473-AKT1 phosphorylates ESR1 on serine-167
Phospho-AKT1 phosphorylates NOS3 (eNOS) on serine-1177
p-T816-PKN2 phosphorylates NOS3 (eNOS) on serine-1179
FTSJ1 2'-O-methylates guanosine-34 in tRNA(Phe)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP
CES1 trimer hydrolyses ACEI pro-drugs to ACEIs
CES1 hydrolyses sacubitril to sacubitrilat
TTPA transports alpha-TOH from lysosomal membrane to plasma membrane
mito-STARD7 transports Q10 to outer mitochondrial membrane
STARD7 transports Q10 to plasma membrane
ARV1 transports CHOL from ER membrane to plasma membrane
OSBPs transport 25OH-CHOL from ER membrane to plasma membrane
OSBP exchanges 25OH-CHOL with PI4P from ER membrane to Golgi membrane
CERT1-2 transfers CERA from the ER membrane to the Golgi membrane
PC:PITPNB is transported from the Golgi membrane to the ER membrane
STARD7 transports PC from ER membrane to mitochondrial outer membrane
4xPALM-C-p-2S-ABCA1 tetramer transports CHOL from transport vesicle membrane to plasma membrane
ABCG1-mediated transport of intracellular cholesterol to the cell surface
Defective ABCA1 does not transport CHOL from transport vesicle membrane to plasma membrane
TSPO:BZRAP1 transports CHOL from outer mitochondrial membrane to inner mitochondrial membrane
RXYLT1 transfers initial Xyl to matriglycan chain
Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
HRSP12 deaminates 2-iminobutanoate to 2OBUTA
STAR mediates CHOL translocation from cytosol to mitochondrial intermembrane space
MMADHC targets transport of cytosolic cob(II)alamin to mitochondria
cob(II)alamin is transferred from MMACHC:MMADHC:cob(II)alamin to MTRR:MTR
SERINC3,5,(1,2,4) transport L-Ser from cytosol to plasma membrane
Mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel transports cations from the extracellular region into the cytosol of stereocilia of inner hair cell
Mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel transports cations into the cytosol of stereocilia of cochlear outer hair cell
PIEZO1 trimer passively transports cations across the plasma membrane according to their electrochemical gradients
Cytosolic folate export across the plasma membrane
SLC46A1 transports FOLA from extracellular region to cytosol
Heparanase 2 (HPSE2) binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans
eNOS:Caveolin-1:NOSTRIN:dynamin-2 complex binds N-WASP
eNOS:Caveolin-1:NOSTRIN complex binds dynamin-2
eNOS:NOSIP translocation from caveolae to intracellular compartments
TCN1 binds correnoids in the circulation
M6PR transports activated ARSA to the lysosome
iRHOM2 transports ADAM17 from ER to the Golgi-network
iRHOM2 transports ADAM17:Zn2+ from Golgi to the plasma membrane
P-type ATPases type IV transport external-facing APLs to internal side of the plasma membrane
P-type ATPases type IV transport internal-facing APLs to external side of the plasma membrane
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents
VCP-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis promotes the translocation of Hh-C into the cytosol
Hh processing variants are translocated to the cytosol in a VCP-dependent manner
ABCC1 transports BIL from cytosol to extracellular region (blood)
ABCC2, ABCC3 transport salicylate metabolites from cytosol to extracellular region of hepatic cells
ATP7A transports cytosolic Cu2+ to phagosomal lumen
ATP7A transports cytosolic Cu1+ to extracellular region
ATP7B transports cytosolic Cu1+ to Golgi lumen
Monoiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
RAD52 promotes single strand annealing at resected DNA DSBs
HIRA and NPM2 assemble H3.3-containing nucleosomes on paternal DNA
DIT and MIT combine to form triiodothyronine
SUV39H1 (KMT1A), SUV39H2 (KTM1B), SETDB1 (KMT1E), SETDB2 (KMT1F) methylate dimethyl-lysine-10 of histone H3 (H3K9)
WHSC1 (KMT3G), NSD1 (KMT3B), SMYD2 (KMT3C) methylate lysine-37 of histone H3 (H3K36)
SETD3, SETD7 (KMT7), WHSC1L1 (KMT3F), Core MLL complex methylate lysine-5 of histone H3 (H3K4)
CCND1:CDK4:PRMT5:pT5-WDR77 methylates arginine-9 of histone H3 (H3R8)
Core MLL complex, SMYD3, PRDM9 methylate dimethyl-lysine-5 of histone H3 (H3K4)
EHMT1:EHMT2 (KMT1D:KMT1C) methylates methyl-lysine-10 of histone H3 (H3K9)
EHMT1:EHMT2 (KMT1D:KMT1C) methylates lysine-10 of histone H3 (H3K9)
MECOM (KMT8E), PRDM16 (KMT8F) methylate lysine-10 of replicative histone H3 (H3K9)
WHSC1L1 (KMT3F), Core MLL complex, SMYD3 (KMT3E) methylate methyl-lysine-5 of histone H3 (H3K4)
SETD2 (KMT3A) methylates dimethyl-lysine-37 of histone H3 (H3K36)
WHSC1 (KMT3G), NSD1 (KMT3B), SMYD2 (KMT3C), ASH1L methylate methyl-lysine-37 of histone H3 (H3K36)
PRC2 (EZH2) Core:AEBP2 methylates lysine-28 of histone H3 (H3K27)
WHSC1 (KMT3G) methylates lysine-28 of histone H3 (H3K27)
DOT1L (KMT4) methylates methyl-lysine-80 of histone H3 (H3K79)
DOT1L (KMT4) methylates dimethyl-lysine-80 of histone H3 (H3K79)
WHSC1L1 (KMT3F) methylates methyl-lysine-28 of histone H3 (H3K27)
DOT1L (KMT4) methylates lysine-80 of histone H3 (H3K79)
WHSC1L1 (KMT3F) methylates dimethyl-lysine-28 of histone H3 (H3K27)
CCND1:CDK4:PRMT5:pT5-WDR77 methylates methyl-arginine-9 of histone H3
PRMT6 arginine methylates H3K4me2-Nucleosome at the ITGA2B gene promoter
PRMT6 arginine methylates H3K4me2-Nucleosome at the GP1BA gene promoter
PRMT6 arginine methylates H3K4me2-Nucleosome at the THBS1 gene promoter
PRMT6 arginine methylates H3K4me2-Nucleosome at the MIR27A gene promoter
SETDB1 in ATF7IP:SETDB1:SUMO2-6K-TRIM28:KRAB-ZFP:retroelement trimethylates lysine-9 of histone H3 in nucleosomes
SETDB1 in me3-K16-ATF7IP:SETDB1:MORC2:HUSH complex:L1 RNA trimethylates lysine-9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3)
SETDB1 in me3-K16-ATF7IP:SETDB1:MORC2:HUSH complex:L1HS,L1PA2,3 heterochromatin trimethylates lysine-9 of histone H3 in adjacent nucleosome
SETD8 (KMT5A) methylates lysine-21 of histone H4 (H4K20)
SUV420H1 (KMT5B), SUV420H2 (KMT5C), (possibly SMYD3 (KMT3E)) methylate methyl-lysine-21 of histone H4 (H4K20)
SUV420H1, SUV420H2, (possibly SMYD3 (KMT3E)) methylate dimethyl-lysine-21 of histone H4 (H4K20)
Regulation of endogenous retroelements by Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs)
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA
Tolerance by Mtb to nitric oxide produced by macrophages
nucleoplasmic GCK1:GCKR complex => glucokinase (GCK1) + glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR)
TRMT44 2'-O-methylates uridine-44 in tRNA(Ser)
DPH5 transfers four methyl groups from AdoMet to aminocarboxypropyl EEF2
p-S207 KARS1 dimer synthesizes A(5')p4(5')A
TRMT11:TRMT112 methylates guanosine-10 in tRNA
TRMT1 (hTRM1) dimethylates guanosine-26 of tRNA(Tyr)
TRMT10C:HSD17B10 (TRMT10C:SDR5C1) methylates adenosine-9 in tRNA yielding 1-methyladenosine-9
TRMT6:TRMT61A methylate adenosine yielding 1-methyladenosine at nucleotide 58 of tRNA(Met)
TRMT61B methylates adenosine-58 in tRNA yielding 1-methyladenosine-58
ASIC trimers:H+ transport extracellular Na+ to cytosol
Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response
Activation and oligomerization of BAK protein
Activation, translocation and oligomerization of BAX
OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG
Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1
RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of HSCs
CPTP transports C1P from plasma membrane to Golgi membrane
The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint
Activation, myristolyation of BID and translocation to mitochondria
Recognition of DNA damage by PCNA-containing replication complex
Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man9/8/7GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
Regulation of glycolysis by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolism
Glutathione is taken up by the bacterium
Formation of the beta-catenin:TCF transactivating complex
Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase
DXO decaps incompletely capped RNA (GpppN-RNA)
SARS-CoV-1 nsp3 deubiquinates K48-linked pUb IkBA
Polyadenylation of respiratory syncytial virus subgenomic positive-sense mRNAs
PABPN1-stimulated PAPOL synthesizes polyA tail at distal 3'UTR PAS
PABPN1-stimulated PAPOL synthesizes polyA tail at proximal 3'UTR PAS
PABPN1-stimulated PAPOL synthesizes polyA tail at intronic PAS
Regulation of Expression and Function of Type II Classical Cadherins
Unblocking of NMDA receptors, glutamate binding and activation
RUNX1 regulates expression of components of tight junctions
BH3-only proteins associate with and inactivate anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members