http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 ?Y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
Any fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest.
Any sensory receptor cell that is a(n) neuron and is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the germ layers is complete.
Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis.
Male germ cells are specialized cells that give rise to the male gametes and are therefore crucial for sexual reproduction in males. Through a complex process called spermatogenesis in the testes male germ cells undergo several stages of development, each with distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics, eventually differentiating into mature spermatozoa (sperm). Male germ cells are responsible for transferring genetic material from male to offspring as part of sexual reproduction. In the initial stage of their life cycle, they exist as spermatogonial stem cells, which multiply by mitotic division to self-renew and to produce daughter cells. The daughter cells then undergo meiotic division, a process that reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half, from diploid to haploid – the formation of spermatids. This is critical for maintaining genetic stability from generation to generation, as it ensures that when an egg and sperm cell unite during fertilization, the resulting offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes. The final phase of spermatogenesis is called spermiogenesis, during which spermatozoa - mature and motile sperm cells – are produced from round spermatids. The matured male germ cells or sperm cells are highly specialized, having a streamlined shape designed for efficient movement towards the female egg. A sperm cell is divided into three main parts, namely the head, midpiece, and tail. The head contains the genetic material, the midpiece contains mitochondria that provide energy, and the tail, termed as the flagellum, propels the sperm cell forward. Each of these parts play significant roles in fertilization. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A stem cell that is the precursor of male gametes.
A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
Sperm cells, also known as spermatozoa or male gametes, are highly specialized cells that are pivotal for sexual reproduction in animals. Produced in the male reproductive organs, specifically the testes, sperm cells play an important role in the process of fertilization, where they fuse with a female gamete or egg cell (ovum) to form a zygote, which marks the beginning of a new organism. Sperm cells hold several unique traits that set them apart from other body cells. Structurally, a sperm cell possesses two main structures: the head, containing the nucleus carrying the paternal genetic information, and the flagellum, which generates energy and grants the sperm cell mobility The process of fertilization occurs when one sperm cell successfully penetrates the egg, delivering its genetic information, and ultimately leading to the formation of a new individual combining both paternal and maternal genetic materials. Notably, while hundreds of millions of sperm cells may be released during ejaculation, only one has the opportunity to successfully fertilize the egg, underscoring the highly competitive nature of this biological process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization.
A germline cell that contributes to the development of the oocyte by transferring cytoplasm directly to oocyte.
A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest.
Any neuron that develops from some migratory neural crest cell.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that develops from the neuroectoderm. Glioblast has the potential to differentiate into various types of glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Glioblasts are primarily found in the central nervous system and are an integral part of the developing and mature brain tissue. They are primitive progenitor cells with the ability to self-renew and can differentiate into neuroglia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, two primary cells involved in neurotransmission and protection of brain tissue. When glioblast multiplication is dysregulated, it can lead to harmful manifestations, most notably in the form of an aggressive brain tumor known as Glioblastoma multiforme, one of the most malignant types of neural cancers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.
A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Stem cells are a unique type of cell that has the remarkable ability to divide and develop into many different types of cells in the body. These cells are undifferentiated, meaning they haven't yet developed into a specific cell type, and they can renew themselves through cell division. As a result, stem cells have the potential to replace damaged or diseased cells in the body, making them a valuable tool in medicine and research. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and can develop into any type of cell in the body. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, are found in various tissues and organs throughout the body and can only develop into certain types of cells. Stem cells have numerous potential applications in medicine, including the treatment of various diseases and the repair of damaged tissues. For example, they could be used to replace damaged heart tissue after a heart attack or to repair spinal cord injuries. Stem cells also have potential uses in drug development and disease research, as they can be used to model diseases and test potential therapies in vitro. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type.
Single fate stem cells, or unipotent stem cells, constitute a distinctive subtype among the diverse range of stem cells, exhibiting significant biological roles and applications. These cells possess the inherent ability to self-renew and generate a single, specialized cell lineage exclusive to their nature, reflecting their unipotent or single fate characteristic. Engaged in the maintenance and regeneration of specific tissues or organs, these stem cells play a crucial role as pivotal contributors to the body's self-maintenance and repair mechanisms. Single fate stem cells play a crucial role in the body's diverse tissues by ensuring the appropriate renewal and repair mechanisms specific to their respective tissues. For example, the human skin, where basal cells located at the base layer of the epidermis act as single fate stem cells. These basal cells continuously generate new keratinocytes, replacing the older ones shed from the skin surface. This perpetual cycle of renewal exemplifies the fundamental function of single fate stem cells—specialized cellular regeneration to uphold tissue homeostasis and function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
single fate stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A somatic stem cell that is committed to an epithelial fate, possessing the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into one or more distinct mature cell types of the epithelial lineage. This cell is crucial for the development, homeostasis, repair, and regeneration of epithelial tissues.
Epithelial fate stem cells, also known as epithelial stem cells, possess remarkable abilities for self-renewal and the generation of diverse cell types constituting epithelial tissues. The epithelium, derived from these cells, acts as the body's frontline defense against external threats and facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste materials within the internal environment. Epithelial fate stem cells contribute to tissue development, homeostasis, and repair, maintaining the structural and functional stability of epithelial tissues throughout the human body, including the skin, organs, and glands. Through a delicate balance of quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation, these cells ensure the continuous turnover of epithelial cells. Furthermore, these cells serve a critical role in cellular differentiation, where initially unspecialized stem cells mature into specialized entities that perpetuate the functionality of epithelial tissues. This process is intricately regulated by a network of gene expression patterns and external signaling cues to guarantee a coordinated and balanced cellular turnover. Hence, epithelial fate stem cells, with their unique attributes of self-renewal and differentiation, are central to the physiological and reparative functions performed by epithelial tissues in the human body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial fate stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent cells, capable of differentiating into a wide variety of specialized blood cells. During embryonic development hematopoietic stem cells emerge from the hemogenic endothelium, a specialized subset of endothelial cells with hematopoietic potential. HSCs can be found in several organs, in particular in bone marrow, as well as peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. These stem cells have a distinctive ability to self-renew, and to differentiate into all lymphoid and myeloid cell types that together form the blood and immune systems including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. Their primary function is to ensure the continuous replenishment of the blood and immune system throughout an individual's lifespan. In response to various signals, hematopoietic stem cells can either remain dormant or actively divide and differentiate. Under normal conditions, the majority of these stem cells exist in a quiescent (inactive) state, making them somewhat resistant to chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the treatment of various diseases such as leukemia. However, when the body encounters stress such as infection, bleeding, or disease, hematopoietic stem cells can rapidly become active in order to replenish the affected cells and maintain homeostasis. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cells are extremely important in the field of regenerative medicine and transplantation. Regarded as lifesaving in the field of oncology, they are often extracted, purified, and reinfused back into the same (autologous transplantation) or different (allogeneic transplantation) individuals to reestablish a healthy, functioning hematopoietic and immune system after high-dose chemotherapy or to replace dysfunctional bone marrow. Understanding and manipulating the behavior of these stem cells has immense potential in treating various blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. HSCs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-negative, CD150-positive, CD133-positive, and CD244-negative.
hematopoietic stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage.
Erythroid progenitor cells play a key role in the hematopoietic system, specifically in the process of erythropoiesis – the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Found within the bone marrow, these cells are dedicated precursors to erythrocytes, and ensue in the hematopoietic lineage from multipotent progenitors. They represent a transitional cell type that bridges the gap between the early-stage erythroid precursors and the maturing red blood cell population. The earliest committed erythroid progenitor cell is thought to be the burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) cell, which after several cell divisions gives rise to another erythroid progenitor, the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) cell. Erythroid progenitor cells are primarily responsible for responding to the demand for new red blood cells during conditions of physiological stress like infection, blood loss, or illness. This responsive behavior is regulated by a glycoprotein hormone known as erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys. Erythropoietin interacts with the receptors on the erythroid progenitor cells, prompting them to proliferate and differentiate into erythroblasts. The erythroblasts then further mature, eventually producing new, functional red cells. The role of erythroid progenitor cells extends beyond their main function of erythrocyte production, as they also participate in maintaining the balance of iron in the body. Upon erythroid differentiation, they increase their uptake of transferrin-bound iron for hemoglobin synthesis, a vital component of red blood cells which allows them to transport oxygen. A deficiency or excess of erythroid progenitor cells can lead to extensive health issues such as anemia or polycythemia respectively, emphasizing their crucial role in human health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
erythroid progenitor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.
Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children.
A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus.
Morphology: mononuclear cell, diameter 12-20 _M, non-granular, N/C ratio 3/1 - 4/1; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; fetal: liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A myeloblast committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1 positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, c-myb-positive and has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor.
These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, lactotransferrin-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction.
A fully differentiated basophil, a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation.
Mature basophils are also capable of producing IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-25, CCL22, tslp, vegf, and LTC4.
An undifferentiated neural cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple central nervous system neuronal and glial cell types.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) is a multipotent cell that serves as a crucial intermediary within the overall framework of hematopoietic cell differentiation, which is the process of blood cell production. This part of the hematopoiesis process leads to the formation of myeloid lineage cells, which includes granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, erythrocytes (red blood cells), and megakaryocytes (platelet-forming cells). The primary function of common myeloid progenitors is differentiation and proliferation into various types of mature blood cells, thereby providing a critical contribution to maintaining homeostasis within the body's immune and circulatory systems. Single-cell analyses have shown that the CMP cell population is heterogeneous with at least two distinct subpopulations, characterized by different cell surface markers and likely already committed to downstream differentiation into either the granulocyte/macrophage lineage or the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte lineage-restricted progenitor. The destiny of a CMP is influenced by numerous cytokines and growth factors in its environment that promote differentiation along specific lineages. For example, IL-3 and GM-CSF stimulate the production of eosinophils, which are essential for the body’s defense against allergens and help fight fungal and parasitic infections. By being able to differentiate into a wide range of different immune cells, common myeloid progenitors play a crucial role in the body's ability to respond to injuries, infections, and other physiological challenges. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate common myeloid progenitor. For mammalian CMP known to be CD34-positive, please use the term 'common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive' (CL_0001059).
common myeloid progenitor on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
The megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP) cell belongs to the multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells, which can give rise to multiple different cell types. They are found in the bone marrow, the primary organ where new blood cells are generated. MEPs are specially programmed to develop into two distinct blood cell lineages, namely megakaryocytes, which go on to produce platelets for blood clotting, and the erythroid lineage which consists of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport in the body. The MEP cells are the result of a decision-making process within the hematopoietic stem cell population. Hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into multiple types of progenitor cells, including myeloid progenitor cells. A further subdivision within this myeloid lineage generates the MEP cells. Therefore, these megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors represent a key juncture between hematopoietic stem cells and mature blood cell types in the myeloid lineage. Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells play a crucial role in the homeostasis of some of the most crucial constituents of blood. The megakaryocytes produced from these bipotent progenitor cells contribute to hemostasis by producing platelets - small anucleated fragments that are pivotal for blood clotting and preventing bleeding. Similarly, the erythroid lineage from MEP cells gives rise to erythrocytes, which harbor hemoglobin, the molecule that transports oxygen from lungs to every nook and corner of the body. An imbalance or malfunction in MEP function thus can significantly impact human health, leading to diseases like thrombocytopenia or anemia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte
MEPs are reportedly CD19-negative, CD34-negative, CD45RA-negative, CD110-positive, CD117-positive, and SCA1-negative and reportedly express the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2.
megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.
The common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) arises from the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells have the unique capability of developing into any type of blood cell depending on the body's requirements. In contrast, common lymphoid progenitors are already committed to the lymphoid lineage but are still oligopotent with the capability to further differentiate into various types of lymphoid cells. In mice, cells in the common lymphoid progenitor population in the bone marrow can be identified by their Lin- IL7rα+ c-Kit+ Sca-1+ cell surface phenotype. The IL-7 receptor is first expressed on common lymphoid progenitor cells and distinguishes them from primitive common myeloid progenitors, and IL-7 is thought to play a critical role in the downstream development and homeostasis of immune cells. CLPs give rise to B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, all of which play a crucial and distinct role in immune responses. B and T lymphocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity, allowing the body to recognize and remember specific pathogens to fight them off more effectively in the future. B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, while T lymphocytes either help regulate immune responses or directly kill infected cells. Natural Killer cells are part of the body’s innate immune response, providing immediate, nonspecific defense against pathogens. They are able to interact with infected or malignant cells and induce controlled cell death, or apoptosis, effectively eliminating the threat to bodily health. Dendritic cells link the innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to T cells, promoting an adaptive response. Thus, common lymphoid progenitors provide the basis for the body's strategic and layered defense against varied and evolving external threats, making them an essential part of the immune system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CLP are CD7-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-negative, CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD79a-negative, CD127-positive, AA4.1-positive, RAG-negative, Sca-1-low, sIgM-negative, sIgD-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Expression of transcription factors include E2A-positive, EBF-positive, Ikaros-negative, PU.1-negative, and Pax5-negative.
common lymphoid progenitor on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is committed to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.
A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.
These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, MMP-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative.
Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.
Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell.
non-encoded relationship from VSAO produces VSAO:0000066
Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell.
legacy def: One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell.
Osteoblasts are a type of bone cell primarily responsible for bone formation. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts under the influence of various growth factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). These multipotent cells play a critical role in the bone formation process known as ossification. The primary function of osteoblasts is to synthesize and deposit bone matrix, a mixture of organic substances and inorganic materials. This included producing a mix of collagen and non-collagenous proteins, which they secrete to create the organic portion of the extracellular bone matrix. The osteoblasts also initiate the mineralization process by depositing calcium and phosphate ions onto this organic matrix, generating a material that is incredibly strong and resilient, which we recognize as bone. Furthermore, osteoblasts are intricately involved in bone remodeling. They communicate with other specialized bone cells, like osteoclasts (involved in bone resorption) and osteocytes (derived from osteoblasts and important for bone maintenance), helping to maintain skeletal health and homeostasis. Dysregulation of osteoblast function can lead to various bone diseases, illustrating the importance of these cells in skeletal health and development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
non-encoded relationships from VSAO - capable_of_producing VSAO:0000020
A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.
A neuroepithelial glial cell, derived from a radial glial cell originating from the neuroectoderm, lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. This cell is characterized by the presence of cilia on its apical surface, which can be motile or non-motile.
Ependymal cells are ciliated neuroepithelial cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, forming a single-layered epithelium, known as the ependyma. Together with astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes, they are one of the four main types of neuroglia found in the nervous system. Ependymal cells are equipped with multiple functions that support the brain and spinal cord. Key amongst these functions are the secretion, circulation, and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain, distributes neuroendocrine factors, and disposes of neural waste. The cilia on the apical surface of ependymal cells vigorously beat in a coordinated fashion to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. Additionally, these cells may also function in aiding the migration of neuroblasts during brain development. Ependymal cells form a barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the adjacent nervous tissue in the central nervous system, which appears to be particularly important during development. In response to injury, ependymal cells have been observed to proliferate and have the potential to transform into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, suggesting stem cell-like functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
An epithelial cell that is part of a duct.
Duct epithelial cells are distinctly specialized cells that predominantly form the lining of glandular ducts. These cells play a crucial role in the secretion, absorption, and transport of fluids depending on the organ they inhabit. They are typically organized in a tubular structure, forming collectively the conduit for the transport of substances. These cells exhibit tight junctions, enabling the careful regulation of the passage of substances and ensuring that no unwanted particles seep through. They are predominantly characterized by their polarized nature, having distinct apical and basolateral surfaces that support its functions of secretion and absorption. The apical surface, exposed to the duct lumen, is specialized for secretion and interaction with the luminal environment, while the basolateral surface is oriented towards the underlying tissue, facilitating interactions with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix. The ducts serve as the bridge between the gland and the site of secretion, allowing the substances produced by the gland to exit into the body. Thus, duct epithelial cells have a sweeping role in various physiological functions, ranging from defense against pathogens in the respiratory and digestive tracts, to secretion of digestive enzymes, to milk production in mammary glands. As a result of their specialized function, any impairment in the function of duct epithelial cells to function properly often leads to certain diseases or disorders. Studies have identified potential correlation between malfunctioning duct epithelial cells and conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and certain cancers, particularly breast and pancreatic. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
duct epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.
Blood vessel endothelial cells, also known as vascular endothelial cells, form the delicate inner lining of the complex circulatory system, including arteries and veins. These cells form a single, continuous monolayer inside every blood vessel, acting as a crucial biomolecular barrier between the blood, and the rest of the body tissues. They perform various fundamental biological functions, ranging from maintenance of vessel integrity to blood clotting regulation. Additionally, they control the transportation of fluids, molecules, and blood particulate matter from and into the bloodstream. One of the primary functions of blood vessel endothelial cells is to maintain vascular homeostasis - a stable environment within the blood vessels. They accomplish this through several methods: they control vasomotor tone, i.e. the degree of contraction and dilation of blood vessels, by secreting vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide and endothelin; mediate responses to inflammatory stimuli; and they also regulate angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formations. Blood vessel endothelial cells play a significant role in preventing blood clot formation by generating a slick, non-thrombogenic surface that disallows platelets or coagulant proteins from adhering to it. Blood vessel endothelial cells are sensitive to various stimuli, including shear stress caused by blood flow, and they can respond by altering their morphology, function, and gene expression. This ability to adapt enables blood vessels to remodel and ensure the adequate delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all tissues, regardless of physiological demand variations. Conversely, endothelial dysfunction, often associated with a reduction in the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, can lead to the development of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and even aging-related diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
blood vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
An epithelial cell that has a flattened morphology.
A flat, squamous-like epithelial cell of mesodermal origin. It forms the mesothelium, which lines the body's serous cavities including the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial spaces. This cell plays a crucial role in synthesizing and secreting lubricants, such as glycosaminoglycans and surfactants, which minimize friction between adjacent tissues during movement.
Mesothelial cells are crucial components of the mesothelium, a protective layer that lines the body's internal cavities, including pleural cavity (around the lungs), the pericardial cavity (around the heart), and the peritoneal cavity (within the abdomen). Derived from the embryonic mesoderm layer, these cells exhibit a squamous-like epithelial morphology, usually appearing as a single layer of flat, pavement-like cells in their healthy state. Mesothelial cells play a vital role in various physiological processes, such as intraperitoneal immunity, fibrinolysis, tissue repair, and tumor suppression. Their primary function is to provide a slippery, non-adhesive and protective surface to reduce friction and eases the movements of the organs within the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities, and they participate in the transport and movement of fluid and various molecules across the so-called serosal cavities. These cells have adaptive capabilities that facilitate their role in many pathological processes. In response to injury or inflammation, mesothelial cells can undergo morphological and functional changes, such as mesothelial-mesenchymal transitions, aiding in wound healing and tissue repair. Dysfunctions of mesothelial cells, however, can lead to serious health conditions, including adhesions, fibrosis, and malignancies such as peritoneal and pleural mesotheliomas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mesothelial cells, which morphologically resemble squamous epithelial cells, express both epithelial markers (cytokeratins) and mesenchymal markers (vimentin), reflecting their mesodermal origin. They feature surface microvilli and apical-basal polarity. Under certain conditions, they can undergo mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These cells also produce extracellular matrix proteins, maintain serosal homeostasis, and facilitate fluid transport.
An epithelial cell, organized into multiple layers, with only the basal layer being in contact with the basement membrane.
Stratified epithelial cells form layers of cells stacked on top of one another, and they primarily function as a protective barrier. Their appearance can be cuboidal, columnar or squamous, and they offer a layer of defense against foreign bodies, harmful substances, pathogens, and prevent water loss and electrolyte imbalance within the body. Depending on the organ and its specific function, the topmost layer of these cells may be specialized as keratinized or non-keratinized. The skin, being constantly exposed to external physical stress, is composed of keratinized stratified epithelial cells that prevent desiccation and provide additional protection. In contrast, non-keratinized stratified epithelial cells line internally exposed surfaces like the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina, where lubrication is required. In addition to protection, stratified epithelial cells also contribute to tissue repair processes, referred to as epithelialization. Basal epithelial cells are capable of rapid division and migration to heal wounds and maintain the protective barrier function of the tissues they line. Despite having a limited lifespan, these cells ensure a constant replacement process, maintaining their population and the integrity of epithelial layers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stratified epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell found predominately in the blood.
A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
A specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. This cell has the following markers: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5-positive, PU.1-positive, c-fos-positive, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit-positive, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A-positive and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-positive.
Osteoclasts, derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage, play a crucial role in bone remodeling through bone resorption. They are distinguished from other cells by their large size and their unique ability to secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone. The formation of osteoclasts is influenced by two primary factors: macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the ligand-activated receptor (RANKL) of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Osteoclasts also collaborate with osteoblasts, responsible for new bone formation, to maintain bone health and adapt bone structure. Their coordinated actions allow continuous remodeling while preserving overall bone strength and integrity. Imbalances in osteoclast activity can lead to pathological conditions. For example, excessive activity may contribute to diseases like osteoporosis, periprosthetic osteolysis, bone tumors, and Paget's disease. Other the other hand, osteoclast deficiency ca result in conditions like osteopetrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Highly vesicular; markers: Surface: RANK, cFMS (MCSF receptor); Secreted: cathepsin K and TRAP (tartate resistant acid phosphatase); transcription factors: PU.1, cFOS, MITF, NFkB (p52); role or process: tissue remodelling: bone resorption; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm.
A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive.
Neutrophils are also capable of secreting GRO-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-12, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, VEGF, and anti-microbial peptides. They can positively influence the chemotaxis of basophils, T-cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and other neutrophils. Neutrophils are also CD35-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD184-positive, and fMLP receptor-positive Ly-6G-positive (mouse), TLR2-low, TLR4-low, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3, CD5, CD9, CD19, CD36, CD49d, CD56, CD61, CD235a (glycophorin-A)).
A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.
Mast cells, also known as mastocytes, are a type of innate immune cell. They originate from multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells within the bone marrow, after which they migrate into nearly all tissues throughout the body. In these tissues, mast cells undergo complete maturation, with the exception of the blood. They are most densely located in the interfaces between the internal and external environments, such as the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Mast cells are crucial players against pathogens and serve as first-line defense components. They contain numerous granules rich in histamine and heparin and are known primarily for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis. Upon encountering an allergen, pathogen, or even certain drugs and toxins, mast cells release these mediators via degranulation. Histamine induces vasodilation and vascular permeability, allowing for immune cells to rapidly reach the site of infection, while heparin prevents clotting in these areas to facilitate immune cell recruitment. Mast cells may also selectively secrete mediators without degranulation. These cells also play other functions beyond immune defense. They are involved in wound healing processes and maintenance of tissue integrity, angiogenesis, and even regulation of physiological functions in the gut. Consequently, because of their wide-ranging impacts, abnormalities in mast cell function can result in various disorders, including those related to allergies, inflammation, and autoimmune conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mast cells are generally integrin beta-7-negative and positive for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, C3aR, C5aR, CR3, CR4, VEGF, FGF2, and renin. They can express MHC Class I and II on their surface. Activated murine mast cells (IgE+Antigen) were capable of expressing the following co-stimulatory molecules: CD95 (Fas), CD120b, CD137 (4-1BB), CD153 (CD30L), CD154 (CD40L), GITR, ICOSL, OX40L, PD-L1, and PD-L2. Note that there was some mouse strain variation. Mast cells have also been demonstrated to produce bFGF, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-25, IL-18, MIP-1, prostaglandin D2, SCF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TSLP, VEGF, and XCL1. They express the transcription factors Transcription factors AP-1, GATA1, MITF, Notch2, PIAS3, PU.1, and STAT5.
A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710).
Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
Motor neurons, also known as motoneurons, are a type of neural cell that is fundamental to voluntary movement of muscles. Located within the central nervous system (CNS), motor neurons in the motor cortex travel to the brainstem and spinal cord. Motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord extend their lengthy axons out to muscles throughout the body. These specialized neurons are an inherent part of the so-called somatic division of the nervous system which mediates conscious control of skeletal muscles. The primary function of motor neurons is to relay signals from the CNS to the body's many muscles, controlling both their contraction and relaxation. In response to impulses transmitted from the brain or spinal cord, it creates an electrical signal (action potential), which travels along its axon to cause the controlled movement of specific muscles. Motor neurons can connect with skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, or glands, leading to three respective types: somatic motor neurons, autonomic motor neurons, and the neurons of the enteric nervous system. Key components of motor neurons include the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axons. The cell body houses the nucleus and is the site of the neuron's intrinsic functions. Dendrites are thin structures that branch from the cell body and receive messages (electrical signals) from other neurons. The axon, a long, single tail-like extension, carries these signals away from the cell body towards the targeted muscle. If a motor neuron is damaged or dies, the muscle or gland it controls can lose function, which can result in conditions like motor neuron disease, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.
The bipolar neuron is a type of nerve cell primarily found mainly in the sensory systems of the human body. These specialized cells possess two distinctive extensions or processes - one axon and one dendrite, emerging from the cell body on opposite ends, which gives them their bipolar appearance. These two extensions serve as conduits for electrical signals, with the dendrite primarily playing the role of receiving signals, and the axon transmitting them further. Functionally, bipolar neurons are crucial in facilitating the transmission of special senses, particularly in the senses of sight, smell, hearing, and balance. For example, the bipolar neurons in the retina convey information about light intensity, color, and movement from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells, forming part of the pathway for visual input to travel towards the brain. Similarly, in the olfactory system, the olfactory cells are bipolar neurons characterized by a peripheral process, called the olfactory rod, which projects fine cilia. These cilia are the sites of olfactory receptors which play a critical role in recognizing thousands of odorant molecules and transmit information about smell from the nose to the brain. Bipolar neurons are also involved in hearing. The vestibular ganglion contains thousands of bipolar neurons that receive sensory signals from hair cells in the inner ear. The nerve signals pass through the bipolar neurons and leave along the vestibular nerve. The morphology of bipolar neurons with their single dendrite and axon also subtly boosts their efficiency, maintaining a streamlined path for signal conduction. Their distinctive structuring allows for faster and more targeted relay of sensory information from the body's peripheries to the central nervous system. Loss or damage of these neurons would directly impact sensory reception and could lead to disorders related to vision, hearing, smell, or balance, underlining the significance of this cell type in the body's sensory capacity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.
A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus.
Mononuclear phagocytes are immune cells that form a critical part of the body's innate immune system, the body's first line of defense against infections. Mononuclear phagocytes are characterized by the presence of a single, large nucleus. The ‘Mononuclear Phagocyte System’ nomenclature was introduced to distinguish mononuclear monocytes and macrophages from other cells with multiple nuclei. However, the cells within the mononuclear phagocyte system represent a highly heterogeneous group, all of which are able to perform highly efficient phagocytosis - engulfing and digesting microbes and cellular debris to fight infections and to maintain normal tissue homeostasis. In addition to phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocytes also secrete chemical compounds to recruit other immune cells to a site of infection. These cells produce different types of signaling molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, triggering a cascade of responses to ensure rapid and efficient containment and neutralization of invading pathogens. These cells are also involved in antigen presentation, a process essential for stimulating an adaptive immune response. They can process and present antigens to T cells, thereby linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. Mononuclear phagocytes play key roles in tissue repair and remodeling. After infection or injury, these cells help in the clearance of dead cells and debris, a crucial step in the initiation of tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation. Overall, mononuclear phagocytes are versatile cells that have tailored their functions to meet the unique challenges of different tissues within the body. They are pivotal in homeostasis, immunity, and inflammation, making them important aspects in a range of human diseases including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mononuclear phagocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An ectodermal cell that is part of the external ectoderm, forming the outermost layer of the developing embryo. It is characterized by its polarized nature, with distinct apical and basal surfaces (Ferrante Jr., Reinke, & Stanley, 1995). Surface ectodermal cell gives rise to the epidermis, hair follicles, nails, sensory organs, and specialized structures like the apical ectodermal ridge crucial for limb development (Skoufa et al., 2024).
Surface ectoderm cells give rise to external structures such as the epidermis, hair, nails, and sweat glands. They are critical during the early stages of embryonic development, where they delineate and create the organism's exterior body plan. Beyond forming the organism's physical exterior, surface ectodermal cells have other significant roles. For instance, these cells lead to the development of the anterior pituitary gland and the enamel of the teeth. They are also integral to the formation of the sensory organs, including the eyes and the ears. In the eyes, they form the cornea and lens epithelium. In the ears, they form the external ear canal and certain parts of the inner ear. Therefore, these cells are instrumental in the development of various sensory systems in an organism. Certain abnormalities or mutations in surface ectodermal cells could lead to medical conditions known as ectodermal dysplasias. These are a group of inherited disorders affecting the development or function of teeth, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Therefore, understanding the formation and function of surface ectodermal cells is also important in identifying and addressing certain genetic disorders and conditions. In summary, surface ectodermal cells are essential in embryonic development, contributing to the creation of the external physical appearance and the sensory organs of an organism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
surface ectodermal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.
From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classification is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard].
Large intrinsic neuron located in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell ramifies densely in the granule layer and enters into a complex arrangement with mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites to form the cerebellar glomerulus. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004.
Cerebellar Golgi cells are a specific type of inhibitory interneuron found within the granular layer of the cerebellum, a major part of the vertebrate brain responsible for motor control, learning, and cognitive functions. Named after the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi, these cells play a unique and important role in modulating electrical signals in the complex cerebellar neural network. The distinctive feature of the cerebellar Golgi cells is their dendritic arbor that extends throughout the molecular layer of the cerebellum, in line with the axons of the granule cells. The axons of Golgi cells primarily synapse with the dendrites of granule cells, generating a synaptic feedback loop that plays a vital role in regulating the intensity and timing of signal transmission. They also form synapses with mossy fiber terminals, which provide primary input to the cerebellar cortex. Functionally, cerebellar Golgi cells serve as "gatekeepers" of the cerebellar cortex. They have a strong inhibitory influence on granule cells, modulating the information flow to the Purkinje cells, the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Thus, Golgi cells play a critical role in controlling the input-output relationship within the cerebellum, shaping the timing and strength of signals originating from various sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. This regulatory function is instrumental for the fine-tuning of motor coordination, timing and learning. Thus, alterations in Golgi cell functions can contribute to a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as ataxias and cognitive deficits. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebellar Golgi cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuron of the vertebrate central nervous system that is small in size. This general class includes small neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex neurons that are not pyramidal cells and small neurons without axons found in the olfactory bulb.
Granule cells are a class of small neurons found significantly in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the human central nervous system. Their name derives from the presence of internal granular structures and they are one of the most abundant cell types in the entire brain, with estimates suggesting they likely comprise over half of all neurons. Due to their location, these cells play a vital role in the modulation of motor coordination, the olfactory system, and some aspects of memory and learning. Structurally, granule cells differ depending on their location. They have unmyelinated, very thin, T-shaped axons and a few short dendrites in the cerebellum. These dendrites receive information from a variety of sources, while their axons transmit the information to other parts of the brain. In granule cells of the cerebellum, the axons form parallel fibers that run into the molecular layer and synapse onto Purkinje cells, stellate, and basket cells, setting up a neuronal circuit critical for generating precise and fluid movements. Functionally, granule cells receive excitatory input from mossy fibers, which deliver sensory and motor information to the cerebellum, and this interaction is fundamental for the timing and coordination of body movements. In the olfactory bulb, granule cells process and modify olfactory information before passing it to the cerebral cortex, thereby aiding smell perception. Meanwhile, in the hippocampus, these cells participate in the formation and sorting of memories, particularly episodic memories. Due to their number, location, and function, the granule cells have a significant influence on cognition and behavior. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An inhibitory neuron and the sole output neuron of the cerebellar cortex, the Purkinje cell's soma is located between the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellum. It is one of the largest neural cells in the mammalian brain, ranging from 50 to 80 micrometres in diameter. Purkinje cells have planar, fan-shaped dendrites that branch extensively with little overlap. This cell type receives synaptic input from parallel fibres, which modulate high-frequency spike activity known as "simple spikes," and climbing fibres, which modulate infrequent calcium spike activity known as "complex spikes". Purkinje cells are involved in motor coordination, particularly in correcting movements in progress.
Purkinje cells, named after the Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who discovered them, are unique inhibitory neurons in the cerebellar cortex. They are a critical part of the vertebrate nervous system as they provide the only signal output from the cortex to the cerebellar nuclei. They are one of the few types of neurons that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. The most distinct hallmark of Purkinje cells is their elaborate dendritic arbor, which forms a broad and intricately branching structure resembling a tree. These numerous branches each receive excitatory synaptic inputs from more than 100,000 parallel fibers; in addition, a single climbing fiber makes hundreds of synapses to the soma and proximal dendrites. A single long axon forms an inhibitory projection to the cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cells play key roles in the coordination of fine, voluntary motor movements and balance. As the sole output of all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex, they serve as a central relay in the cerebro-cerebellar loop. Each Purkinje cell receives two types of synaptic input: one from parallel fibers (which are axons of granule cells), and the other from climbing fibers (originating from the inferior olivary nucleus). The Purkinje cells process and integrate these diverse kinds of input signals to generate output that controls timing and coordination of movements. Purkinje neurons show considerable synaptic plasticity. Throughout life, these cells continue to undergo long-term potentiation and depression at parallel fiber synapses, which cause long-lasting increase or decrease, respectively, of synaptic transmission and have been proposed as mechanisms for motor learning. Purkinje cells are also known to be implicated in a variety of diseases. Their progressive loss is a prime feature in certain types of ataxia, a collective term used to describe conditions characterized by loss of muscular control and coordination. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the density of Purkinje cells has been reported in conditions such as autism and Huntington’s disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neurodegenerative disorders affecting Purkinje cells disrupt motor functions. Some of the neurodegenerative disorders that causes loss and degeration of Purkinje cells are Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) (Josef P Kapfhammer and Etsuko Shimobayashi 2023), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) (Kevin C Kemp et al., 2016), Fetal alcohol syndrome (Laurent Servais et al., 2016), Dandy-Walker malformation (Alexander Atamian et al., 2024).
A neuron that has dendritic processes radiating from the cell body forming a star-like shape.
Stellate neurons are a specialized type of interneurons found predominantly in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, two major components of the brain's central nervous system. These neurons are named for their distinct star-like shape, characterized by short dendrites that radiate from the cell body in multiple directions. They are a key component of the mammalian neural circuit due to their unique morphology and crucial functions in neural communication. Stellate neurons play a pivotal role in the processing and transmission of information within the brain. In the cerebellum, these neurons are predominantly inhibitory and release the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), effectively regulating the excitability of other neurons within the network and thus fine-tuning the neuron-to-neuron communication. Their extensive dendritic network allows for connections with multiple neurons allowing for the integration of synaptic inputs from various sources in the brain. This widespread connectivity places stellate neurons at the heart of information processing in the central nervous system. In addition to their important inhibitory role in regulating and processing information, the role of stellate neurons in the cerebellum differs slightly from their cortical counterparts. The cortical spiny stellate neurons are excitatory and release the neurotransmitter glutamate. They are involved in motor control and responsible for coordinating precise, voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance. Any dysfunction in these cerebellar neurons can lead to movement disorders, highlighting their significance in our daily activities. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata)
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that provide support and protection for neurons. They constitute approximately half of the total cells in the human brain and more than half in other parts of the nervous system. Glial cells perform several key functions including, but not limited to, maintaining homeostasis, forming the myelin sheath around the neuron axons, and providing support and nutrition to neurons. These different functions are performed by various glial cell types, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and other specialized types. Astrocytes, for example, are the most abundant glial cells and provide metabolic and nutrient support to neurons, help regulate the extracellular ion and neurotransmitter levels, and play a role in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, contributing to the overall homeostasis and functioning of the nervous system. Additionally, astrocytes are involved in synaptic communication and participate in processes such as synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system function to insulate neurons by producing a fatty substance known as myelin. The myelin sheath enhances the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse conduction along the axons. Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, protect neurons from pathogens and clear away dead neurons through phagocytosis, a process also known as cellular eating. They also contribute to the regulation of inflammation in response to signals of tissue damage or infection in the central nervous system by releasing cytokines and other signaling molecules that modulate the immune response. Despite their overarching function in the support and protection of neurons, glial cells have also been shown to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Disease and multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Not all glial cells develop from glioblasts, with microglia developing from the mesoderm instead. See https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1571
A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.
Astrocytes are reportedly CD68-negative, CD121a-positive, CD184-positive, CD192-positive, CRF-positive, EGFR-positive, GFAP-positive, GLUT1-positive, MBP-negative, and NGFR-positive.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes are reportedly MDP-positive and CD4-negative.
A transcriptomically distinct central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.
Microglial cells, sometimes referred to as microglia, are a type of glial cell that primarily exist within the central nervous system (CNS), notably in the brain and the spinal cord. Classified among the resident immune cells, microglial cells represent about 10% of all cells found within the CNS. These cells are derived from progenitor cells in the yolk sac, which differentiates them from other types of glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) that are derived from neuroectodermal cell lineages. The primary role of microglial cells is to act as the first and main active form of immune defense in the CNS. They express a vast repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, which allow them to sense and eliminate microbes invading the CNS parenchyma. They represent one of the macrophage populations of the CNS and are responsible for phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying cellular waste or pathogens) in the neural environment. Microglial cells are particularly responsive to pathogens and injuries and change their morphology in reaction to inflammation or insult: In the normal state they are characterized by a ramified shape with small processes; in response to stimuli, some microglia mature and change to an amoeboid shape. Beyond their macrophagic activity, they also perform synaptic pruning during brain development, eliminate unnecessarily produced neurons, and facilitate tissue regeneration and repair. they play integral roles in regulating neural development and supporting cell survival and are important for maintaining tissue homeostasis. While their protective role generally benefits the brain, their over-activation can occasionally lead to neuro-inflammatory diseases, underlining the importance of balanced microglial cell functions. They have been extensively studied for their association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Unlike macroglial cells, microglial cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the yolk sac during early embryogenesis that populate the central nervous system. They derive from embryonic mesoderm and are not from neuroectoderm where glioblast develops from. Markers: Mouse: CD11b+, F4/80+, CD68+. They represent ~12% of the cells in the CNS, but they are not uniformly distributed within the CNS. A normal adult mouse brain has approximately 3.5x10e6 microglia. Microglia are also reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-positive, CD8-negative, CD11b-positive, CD11c-high, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD45-low, CD56-negative, CD163-negative, CD200R-positive, CD281-positive, CD282-positive, CD283-positive, CD284-positive, CD285-positive, CD286-positive, CD287-positive, CD288-positive, CD289-positive, Gr1-negative, nestin-positive, and PU.1-positive.
An endothelial cell that lines the blood and lymphatic vessels of the digestive tract. This cell forms the gut–vascular barrier (GVB) through tight junctions and crosstalk with pericytes and enteric glial cells, regulating the passage of nutrients and immune cells while restricting microbial translocation into the bloodstream.
Gut endothelial cells are a crucial component of the endothelium, a thin layer of single cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, including those in the digestive system or "gut". These cells plays an integral role in various physiological and metabolic functions, actively participating in nutrient absorption, host defense, and vascular homeostasis in the gut. The primary function of gut endothelial cells lies in their ability to control the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. They achieve this through the formation of a semi-permeable barrier, in which permeability is regulated by tight junctions; complex structures that bring the cells together, sealing the space between them. This ensures a controlled, selective passage of nutrients, ions, and water from the bloodstream into the gut and vice versa, helping maintain homeostasis and overall health. Gut endothelial cells also play a significant role in angiogenesis and serve as a critical regulator of the gut immune responses playing a modulative role in gut immune homeostasis and inflammatory responses. In addition, they generate nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, which helps in maintaining vascular tonus, preventing platelet and leukocyte adhesion, and decreasing smooth muscle proliferation. These multi-faceted roles make gut endothelial cells indispensable for the normal functioning of the gut and overall health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
gut endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. These cells originate mainly from the mesoderm of the embryo, which forms connective tissues, muscle, and the circulatory and urinary systems. However, in adults, MSCs are found in multiple tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, the umbilical cord, and dental tissues. The primary function of MSCs is to maintain and repair the tissues in which they are found. When damage occurs, the MSCs are able to migrate to the site of injury, where they aid in regenerating the damaged tissue by differentiating into the required cell type and by secreting growth factors that enhance tissue repair and reduce inflammation. Furthermore, MSCs can also act as immunomodulators, suppressing immune reactions and reducing inflammation, both locally and systemically. Apart from their role in tissue maintenance and repair, MSCs are integral to the field of regenerative medicine and are being investigated for their therapeutic potential in various clinical settings. Owing to their multipotent nature, immunomodulatory activity, and the relative ease of isolation, these cells can be engineered and translated into therapies to treat a variety of diseases, including bone and cartilage defects, liver diseases, heart disorders, and autoimmune diseases, amongst others. They have also been used as vectors for anticancer agents and in cell and gene therapy applications. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2.
mesenchymal stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.
A fat cell, also known as an adipocyte, is a specialized type of connective tissue cell responsible for the storage of fat in the body. These cells can be found throughout the body, but are most densely located in adipose tissue, such as the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin and around organs, and act as the body’s energy storage units. The primary function of fat cells is to store energy in the form of fat, also known as triglycerides, for use during periods of caloric deficit. When we consume more calories than we use for energy, our bodies convert the excess energy into fat and store it in adipose tissue. Fat cells also play a role in regulating energy balance by secreting hormones, such as leptin and adiponectin, which help to regulate appetite and metabolism. Fat calls have also been implicated in the development of obesity-related diseases, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Finally, fat cells have been found to play a role in the immune system by secreting cytokines, which can either promote or inhibit inflammation depending on the type of cytokine produced. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A skeletogenic cell that secretes a specialized, avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.
Chondrocytes are specialized cells derived from the mesenchyme. They are the only cells found in healthy cartilage, and their primary function is the synthesis and maintenance of the extracellular matrix of cartilaginous tissues. They synthesize various molecules essential for biomechanical function, including collagen types II, IX, and XI, link proteins, and proteoglycans like aggrecan and decorin. Beyond structural integrity, chondrocytes also contribute significantly to the homeostasis of articular cartilage in joints. The chondrocyte lifecycle involves proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy, catering to growing, mature, and aging cartilage. Despite their typically low metabolic activity, conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can induce chondrocyte proliferation, leading to increased matrix production and the development of musculoskeletal issues. The unique extracellular matrix, rich in aggrecan, provides compression resistance, crucial for cartilage function in the musculoskeletal system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.
Professional antigen presenting cells, also known as APCs, are essential orchestrators of adaptive immunity. These cells possess the abilities to capture and process antigens and constitutively express MHC class II molecules to facilitate antigen presentation. These cells are able to deliver the three signals to activate naïve T cells, thereby initiating adaptive immunity. Professional APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Among these, dendritic cells are often considered the predominant APC as they have been demonstrated to activate naïve T cells. Macrophages and B cells also possess antigen-processing machinery and constitutively express MHC class II molecules. Dendritic cells and macrophages obtain antigens via phagocytosis of cells and cell debris, while B cells obtain antigens via the B cell receptor. APCs are responsible for stimulating an appropriate immune response. Following antigen presentation (signal 1), they deliver costimulatory signals (signal 2) and secrete mediators such as cytokines (signal 3) that shape the subsequent immune response. APCs can also induce tolerogenic responses to self-antigens. APCs play important roles in diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note change of name; nearly all somatic cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC Class I complexes leading to effector responses, but professional antigen presenting cells constitutively express MHC Class II as well as costimulatory molecules, and thus can initiate immune responses via T cells.
professional antigen presenting cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.
Melanocytes are specialized cells prevalently found in the skin, but also present in the hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, bones, heart, and brain. Their primary function is the synthesis of melanin, a pigment responsible for coloration of skin, hair, and eyes. The presence and distribution of this pigment play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism against harmful ultraviolet radiation. In addition to melanin production, melanocytes also engage in a variety of other biological functions. They play a fundamental role in the immune response, owing to their ability to present antigens to T cells. Furthermore, they contribute to the maintenance of the skin's homeostasis by regulating processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling and cytokine production. A balance in melanocyte function is pivotal, as dysfunctions often result in dermatological disorders. For instance, the loss of melanocytes or reduction in their function may lead to hypopigmentation conditions such as vitiligo, whereas an abnormal increase could result in hyperpigmentation disorders or melanoma, a dangerous type of skin cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell, located in a gland, that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules, such as hormones, or mucous.
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.
A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion.
A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung.
A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium.
Club cells, originally termed Clara cells, are specialized nonciliated epithelial cells primarily located in the bronchioles, or small airways, of the lungs. Compared to other cells in the lung epithelium, they are distinguished by their characteristic dome shape often marked by short, microvilli-like projections (but no cilia). Underneath their dome-like apex, they possess a large amount of cytoplasm containing numerous granules, and they have a round, centrally located nucleus. Their name 'club' was adopted to signify their appearance, which resembles a club or goblet. Club cells perform various crucial roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the respiratory tract. Among their functions is the production and secretion of a variety of proteins, including the club cell secretory protein (CCSP), which plays a role in the immune response of the lungs, particularly, in mitigating inflammation. The secretion of surfactant proteins by these cells also contributes to reducing surface tension in the alveoli, thus facilitating the process of gas exchange. Besides helping to defend against oxidative stress and inflammatory response, surfactants also aid in preventing the air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. Another vital role of club cells is their capacity to self-proliferate and differentiate into ciliated cells or basal cells, highlighting their regenerative capacity. This quality is especially critical for maintaining the integrity of the epithelial layer in the lung following any injury or inflammation, aiding the lung tissue to recover and restore its function. Furthermore, it is speculated that club cells might minimize the adverse impact of harmful substances in the air we inhale, thanks to a range of cytochrome P450 enzymes present in them. These enzymes assist in detoxifying harmful substances, a protective mechanism that helps preserve the overall health of the lungs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A specialized, columnar, mucus secreting epithelial cell shaped like a flask or goblet. A narrow basal end contains the nucleus while the apical end is swollen by the accumulation of mucus laden secretory granules. Short microvilli project from the apical plasma membrane.
Goblet cells are specialized, simple columnar, secretory epithelial cells that are mostly found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The term "goblet" refers to their shape, which resembles a flask or goblet, specially at their apical end which is swollen due to the accumulation of secretory granules. The primary function of goblet cells is to to protect and lubricate the underlying tissues by secreting large quantities of mucin, a complex glycoprotein, which forms mucus when hydrated. In the respiratory tract, the mucus secreted by these cells traps dust, bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful particles in the inhaled air, preventing them from reaching the delicate tissues of the lungs. In the intestines, the goblet cells secrete mucus that acts as a protective barrier shielding the intestinal epithelium from dietary antigens, pathogens and prevents the intestinal epithelium from being eroded by the actions of the digestive enzymes and the abrasive action of passing food material. Goblet cells are capable of rapidly altering their secretory output in response to stimuli. For example, irritants like smoke or dust can trigger an increased rate of mucus production, as the body attempts to flush out the harmful particles. Conversely, in conditions such as chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis, overactive goblet cells can create a thick accumulation of mucus that obstructs the airways and fosters bacterial growth. Lastly, goblet cells are not static, rather, they undergo a dynamic process known as goblet cell metaplasia-differentiation, wherein non-goblet cells in response to chronic injury or inflammation, can differentiate into goblet cells leading to an accumulation of these cells in the tissue, known as goblet cell hyperplasia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.
An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.
Enteroendocrine cells are a specialized subset of cells located within the epithelial lining of both the small and large intestines, as well as the stomach and pancreas. Constituting less than 1% of the total population of intestinal cells, they are differentiated from a common intestinal cell progenitor, thus sharing lineage with absorptive and goblet cells of the intestines. The distinct characteristic feature of an enteroendocrine cell is its inherent capacity to synthesize and secrete a plethora of gut hormones such as serotonin, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Integrated within this complex network of signaling agents, these substances control various aspects of the digestive system. Each enteroendocrine cell has its unique combination of hormones to release, determined by its position along the intestinal tract. Intriguingly, these hormones not only modulate local gut function, including motility, absorption and secretion, but also potentiate distant actions on other systems such as endocrine, nervous and immune and play a role in the feeling of satiety. The release of these hormones from enteroendocrine cells is a highly regulated and dynamic process. The cells are equipped with sensory receptors localized on its luminal side that respond to various stimuli, including changes in nutrient composition, chemical or mechanical changes in the gut lumen, or even signals arising from commensal microbiota. This sensory input stimulates a signaling cascade within the cell, culminating in the release of specific hormones into the interstitial fluid. These hormones then make their way into the bloodstream, acting on their respective target receptors to mediate their duties. The multifunctional characteristics of enteroendocrine cells make them crucial for maintaining gut homeostasis and the overall physiological well being of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals.
The neurosecretory cell is neither an ordinary neuron nor an endocrine cell, but a combination of both. Its neuronal features resemble those of ordinary neurons concerning both structure and function. The production of a visible secretory material marks the neurosecretory neuron as a gland cell, and the fact that extractable cellular products act in the manner of hormones places it in the realm of endocrine elements. The modern definition of neurosecretion has evolved to include the release of any neuronal secretory product from a neuron.
A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
Chromaffin cells, also known as pheochromocytes, are neuroendocrine cells that are typically located in the adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, which is situated on top of each kidney. Chromaffin cells are also found in small clusters, known as paraganglia, in various locations throughout the body, including the sympathetic nervous system. They derive their name from their ability to stain a brownish-black color upon exposure to chromic salts, a feature made possible due to their high content of granules rich in catecholamines and catecholamine-related neurotransmitters. The primary function of chromaffin cells is the synthesis and release of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These neurotransmitters are vital stress hormones that, when released by the adrenal chromaffing cells into the bloodstream, prepare the body for the 'fight or flight' response. This response can enhance the body's performance in a dangerous situation by increasing heart rate, elevating blood sugar, and increasing blood flow to the muscles. The chromaffin cells in paraganglia are responsible for the local release of catecholamines and play a role in regulating blood pressure and other autonomic functions. In addition to their role in stress response, chromaffin cells also contribute to the body's immune response. They secrete several peptides including antimicrobial peptides, and the discovery of LPS and cytokine receptors on chromaffin cells suggests that the adrenal medulla may participate in some aspects of the immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any secretory cell that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some insulin secretion.
A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.
Type B pancreatic cells, also known as beta cells, are one of the endocrine cell types located in the pancreas. They represent 70-80% of the cells in the islets of Langerhans, the endocrine part of this organ. Unique to mammals, Type B pancreatic cells are the predominant cell type in the pancreatic islets (50–80% of all islet endocrine cells) and play a crucial role in the body's metabolic regulation and glucose homeostasis. The primary function of type B pancreatic cells is the production, storage, and release of insulin, accounting for almost all insulin production in the human body: each cell contains about 20 pg insulin. Insulin has a critical function in regulating blood sugar levels: whenever glucose levels in the blood are high, such as after a meal, type B pancreatic cells secrete insulin to promote glucose uptake into cells, transforming it into usable energy or storing it for later use. Additionally, insulin also inhibits glucose production by the liver, therefore lowering blood glucose levels. Impaired function of the type B cells is associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune response leads to the attack of the body’s own type B cells, resulting in the insufficient production and secretion of insulin. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, and type B cells are unable to compensate by producing more insulin. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression.
type B pancreatic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A type A enteroendocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.
Pancreatic A cells, also known as alpha cells, are one of the main endocrine cell types found within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Functionally, these cells are pivotal in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, accounting for about 20% of the total population of cells in the islets. Their primary role involves the synthesis, storage, and secretion of the peptide hormone glucagon, which is critical in energy regulation throughout the body. In response to a decrease in blood glucose levels, the pancreatic A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the bloodstream. Glucagon acts on its target cells, mainly in the liver, to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis processes, thereby increasing blood glucose levels back to normal. In this way, pancreatic A cells play an integral role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing hypoglycemia. Pancreatic A cells also participate in the local regulation of islet activities as glucagon acts through glucagon receptors on A, B and D type cells within the islets. Recent studies have also shown that Pancreatic A cells play a role in the generation and regeneration of B type cells. Following beta cell injuries pancreatic A cells increase in numbers and produce Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which increases the proliferation and cytoprotection of beta cells. In response to extreme injury of B type cells pancreatic A cells can transform (transdifferentiate) into functioning B type cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic A cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any secretory cell that is capable of some somatostatin secretion.
A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.
Pancreatic D cells, also known as delta cells, are one of the main cell types found in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. They represent a minor fraction of the islet cells, comprising about 5% to 10% of the total islet cell population. Their main function is to produce and secrete the peptide hormone somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone that regulates the endocrine system. Their complex morphology, coupled with their distinctive function, sets the pancreatic D cells apart from other cells in the islets of Langerhans. They have long, neurite-like processes which allow them to make contact with other pancreatic endocrine cells at some distance from the cell body and create an extensive paracrine network. The somatostatin secreted by the pancreatic D cells has a variety of inhibitory effects on the secretory activity of other cells within the pancreas and the gastrointestinal system. In the pancreas, one of the principal roles of somatostatin is to inhibit both insulin and glucagon secretion, thereby playing a potent role in the regulation of blood glucose levels. The processes of pancreatic D cells can be >20μm long and may make contact with multiple pancreatic A and B type cells, potentially explaining the secretion of both glucagon and insulin observed in the presence of somatostatin receptor antagonists. The dual inhibitory role makes somatostatin a key player in preventing the excessive action of these hormones and maintaining metabolic balance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic D cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any secretory cell that is capable of some steroid hormone secretion.
A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum. The large luteal cells develop from the granulosa cells. The small luteal cells develop from the theca cells.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some ecdysteroid secretion.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some testosterone secretion.
A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
Leydig cells are a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area in the testes of males. They are named after Franz Leydig, a German anatomist who discovered these cells in 1850. Uniquely situated within the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells form an integral part of the male reproductive system. They are usually polygonal cells characterized by well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, high lipid content and a large round nucleus. They are found across mammalian species, including humans. The primary function of Leydig cells is the production of androgens, the male sex hormones, the most notable of which is testosterone. Leydig cells synthesize testosterone from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions. The production and release of testosterone are mainly regulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH) released by the anterior pituitary gland. In response to LH, Leydig cells convert cholesterol into testosterone, which then plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics. These include the formation and maturation of male reproductive organs, onset of spermatogenesis, and the presentation of male secondary sexual traits such as the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, development of muscles, and a broadening of shoulders. Apart from testosterone production, Leydig cells also secrete insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) that is essential for testicular descent during embryonic development in males. Dysregulation or loss of Leydig cells can lead to numerous conditions like testosterone deficiency, infertility, and certain forms of testicular cancer. Although not typical, Leydig cells can regenerate if they are damaged, ensuring the continuous production of testosterone and maintaining male reproductive health. They provide an excellent model to study cell differentiation and hormone regulation, thereby enhancing our understanding of reproductive biology and associated disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note that the Amphibian Anatomy Ontology (AA) has a class 'leydig cells' but this is unrelated
Any secretory cell that is capable of some progesterone secretion.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes estradiol.
The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.
Hepatocytes are the major cell type constituting 70-80% of the liver's cytoplasmic mass, playing crucial roles in maintaining the body's metabolic homeostasis. Dimensions of mature hepatocytes typically range from 20 to 30 μm in humans, but size may vary depending on their location within the liver lobule. Hepatocytes are characterized by high biosynthetic, enzymatic, and endocytic activity. They contain abundant mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and a large nucleus that is often binucleate. The liver consists of three zones - the periportal Zone 1, midzone 2, and pericentral Zone 3 - which have differential nutrient and oxygen status, and damage susceptibility; hepatocytes in the different zones show signifcant functional heterogeneity ('hepatocyte functional zonation'). Hepatocytes are involved in a multitude of critical functions including the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, the synthesis of serum proteins (e.g., albumin, transferrin, and lipoproteins), the detoxification and excretion of endogenous and exogenous substances, the storage of vitamins and minerals, and the production and secretion of bile. Heterocytes demonstrate a remarkable regenerative capacity, which enables the liver to recover from injury and loss of tissue mass. Notably, hepatocytes perform biotransformation with both phase I and phase II enzymes, which modify drugs, xenobiotics, and various substances for elimination from the body. Phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, catalyze both oxidative and reductive reactions of many xenobiotics; many of the products of phase I enzymes are substrates for the phase II enzymes, which catalyze conjugation reactions. Alterations in hepatocyte function have significant implications for overall human health and disease. Certain conditions, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, can profoundly affect hepatocyte structure and function, thereby disrupting the liver's ability to perform its vital roles within the body. As the primary site for drug metabolism, changes in hepatocyte function can also impact the effectiveness and toxicity of pharmaceuticals. The regenerative ability of hepatocytes makes them valuable cells for liver regenerative medicine and bioartificial liver support systems, and their study has provided significant insights into liver biology and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Hepatocytes are reportedly MHC Class I-positive and MHC Class II-positive.
A cell whose primary function is to shorten.
An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.
Myofibroblasts are specialized cells predominantly found within the connective tissues of the body, most notably in areas of injury or wound healing. They carry out a crucial role in many biological processes, including tissue repair and fibrosis, wound contraction, and organogenesis. Though similar to fibroblasts, myofibroblasts can be differentiated by their unique morphological features and the presence of specialized protein bundles called stress fibers. Myofibroblasts originate from several cell types based on the physiological condition or the injury context, including local fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, shedding light onto their plasticity. Upon tissue injury or wound creation, myofibroblasts activate and undergo a transformation process whereby they develop contractile features. They express a type of protein called alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), allowing them to contract and aid in wound closure. These cells also produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily collagen, to support and provide structural integrity to the healing tissue. However, while myofibroblasts play a critical role in normal wound healing, their function can be detrimental in certain pathological conditions. For instance, in chronic diseases such as fibrosis or scarring, the extended presence or overactivity of myofibroblasts can lead to the excessive production of ECM and fibrous tissues, leading to hardened, rigid tissues and organ dysfunction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Myofibroblasts are alpha-SMA-positive, CD34-negative, CD45-negative. They are reportedly capable of secreting IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
myofibroblast cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle cells, or myocytes, are essential for the musculoskeletal system, featuring a striated appearance from tightly packed sarcomeres. These elongated, multi-nucleated cells convert ATP into mechanical energ and are key for voluntary movement and posture. They also are responsible for maintaining body temperature, storing nutrients, and stabilizing joints. Skeletal muscle cells organize themselves tightly into bundles to form muscle fibers. Embedded within each of these cells are thousands of myofibrils, which are made up of the contractile proteins, actin (the thin filament), and myosin (the thick filament). Contraction of a skeletal muscle cell occurs when these myofibrils shorten, a process driven by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments over each other in a mechanism famously known as the sliding filament theory. Additionally, skeletal muscle cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity, which allows for their adaptation in response to alterations in functional demands or damages. They have an innate regenerative capacity due to the presence of satellite cells—quiescent muscle stem cells that reside within the muscle fibers. Upon muscle injury, these satellite cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into new muscle cells, thereby contributing to the repair and growth of injured skeletal muscle. With this, skeletal muscle cells serve not only a pivotal biomechanical function but also possess a great capacity for self-healing and regeneration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cell of skeletal muscle on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber.
Slow muscle cells, as the name implies, are a type of muscle cell well known for their slow contractile speed. They are also referred to as type I, slow-twitch, or red muscles because of their high myoglobin content which gives them a dark, reddish appearance. These cells are predominantly found in the postural muscles of the body, such as those in the back and lower limbs. A defining characteristic of slow muscle cells is their significant resistance to fatigue. This is largely due to their efficient oxidative metabolism, which allows them to continuously contract over extended periods without succumbing to fatigue. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by a high concentration of mitochondria, which enables the efficient use of oxygen for energy production, and capillaries, which supplies the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Additionally, these cells have an abundant supply of myoglobin, a protein that stores and transports oxygen within the muscle cell, further supporting their aerobic metabolism. The primary role of slow muscle cells in the human body is to provide sustained, low-intensity contractions over a prolonged period. They are responsible for maintaining posture and providing stability, rather than delivering short, powerful bursts of activity. They play a pivotal role in supporting various physical activities such as standing, walking, or any form of exercise that requires endurance over speed. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).
Smooth muscle cells are a specialized type of muscle cells that are primarily found within the walls of hollow organs such as the intestine, stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. These cells are an essential component of the autonomic nervous system controling involuntary movements within the body. Smooth muscle cells play a vital role in many physiological processes due to their unique functionality. They can contract and relax in a slow, sustained, and controlled manner to help modulate the size and shape of the lumens of the organs they surround. For example, in the digestive system, coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells propels food along the gastrointestinal tract - a process known as peristalsis. In the blood vessels, the smooth muscle cells, by contracting or relaxing, either constrict or dilate the vessels, which in turn, help regulate blood flow and pressure. On a cellular level, smooth muscle cells possess a single, centrally located nucleus and contain an arranged network of actin and myosin filaments, which are the proteins responsible for muscle contraction. Unlike their counterparts in skeletal or cardiac muscles, these cells lack specific contact points for these filaments, hence the lack of visible striations. Furthermore, the contraction of smooth muscle cells is regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, adding an additional layer of complex regulation to these highly specialized cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
A mechanoreceptor cell of the auditory or vestibular system that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
In mammals these cells are located in the organ of Corti.
Any neuronal receptor cell that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A cellular receptor which mediates the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptor cells in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and pain receptor cells which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.
A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell.
A specialized cell involved in gustatory sensory perception.
Taste receptor cells, also known as gustatory receptor cells, are specialized epithelial cells that are responsible for detecting taste stimuli. They also play a role in regulating feeding behavior and nutrient intake by signaling the presence of nutrients or toxins in food. These cells are located in taste buds, which are small structures found on the tongue, palate, and throat. Each taste bud is composed of 50-100 taste receptor cells, as well as supporting cells and basal cells. Taste receptor cells are involved in the transduction of taste stimuli into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain. They detect five primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty, umami (savory), and bitter. Each taste receptor cell is specialized to detect one or more of these tastes, depending on the expression of specific taste receptors on their membrane. For example, sweet taste receptors bind to sugars and artificial sweeteners, while bitter taste receptors recognize many toxins and alkaloids. Mechanistically, when a taste receptor cell is stimulated by a tastant, it depolarizes and releases neurotransmitters that activate sensory nerve fibers, which then transmit the information to the brain. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
taste receptor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell specialized in detecting light stimuli that are involved in visual perception.
Photoreceptor cells are specialized types of neurons found in the retina, responsible for the vital task of converting light into signals that can stimulate a visual response. These cells are called photoreceptor cells because they are light-sensitive, enabling vision in conditions ranging from extremely dim to very bright light. There are two main types of photoreceptor cells in the human eye: rods, which are highly sensitive to light and allow for vision in low-light conditions, and cones, which are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light. The photoreceptor cells function by absorbing light rays and converting them into electrical signals. These signals are then sent to the brain via the optic nerve and are interpreted as visual images. This process begins when the photopigment (a light-sensitive compound) found in photoreceptor cells absorbs light, which triggers a chemical reaction. This reaction leads to changes in the photopigment's configuration and, consequently, alters its electrical properties. This change initiates a signal that is transmitted through the cell and onwards to connecting neurons. Furthermore, photoreceptor cells exhibit a unique and highly specialized structure that reflects their function. Rods, named because of their elongated, rod-shaped structure, consist of an outer segment filled with disks containing rhodopsin, the photopigment responsible for detecting light. Cones, on the other hand, are more conical and have three different types of photopigments, each one sensitive to a different range of wavelengths, allowing for the perception of color. Given the importance of photoreceptor cells in vision, damage or degeneration to these cells can lead to vision impairment or blindness, highlighting their key role in visual perception. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
photoreceptor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.
A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.
Sertoli cells, also known as sustentacular cells, are epithelial cells that play a crucial part of the male reproductive system and are situated within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Functionally, Sertoli cells play diverse and pivotal roles in supporting spermatogenesis, the intricate process of sperm production. To scaffold the developing sperm cells, Sertoli cells morphologically change, interacting directly with the germ cells to provide nutritional support, metabolic regulation, and waste removal, thereby creating an environment conducive to the development of germ cells. In addition to their structural function, Sertoli cells also secrete several bioactive molecules with crucial implications for spermatogenesis. These include anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) during fetal life, inhibin, and androgen binding protein (ABP), as well as several growth factors and transport proteins. They also contribute to the immune-privileged status of the testes by forming the blood-testis barrier, safeguarding sperm antigens from the systemic immune response. Given their extensive roles in maintaining testicular function, impairments in Sertoli cell function can lead to male infertility and are implicated in a range of related disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.
A cell that moves by its own activities.
A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.
Mesodermal cells are pluripotent and the most abundant in the human body. They contribute to the development of several structures such as the skeletal muscles, bones, heart and blood vessels, kidneys, gonads, connective tissues, and certain layers of the skin. Hence, the mesoderm is often regarded as an active and diverse layer due to its role in forming many bodily structures. In embryonic development, these cells are instrumental, contributing to the body's structures through a carefully coordinated sequence of morphogenetic movements. This process forms the complex multicellular architecture of tissues and organs from a simple ball of cells. Without the function of mesodermal cells, the body's integral structures and systems would cease to form correctly, leading to developmental disorders such as axial mesodermal dysplasia complex (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
Any cell that has characteristic some binucleate.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are a type of specialized cell that make up the largest percentage of cells in the human body. Erythrocytes are biconcave in shape and lack nuclei and organelles, allowing them to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream more efficiently. The main function of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs, and to transport carbon dioxide from the body's tissues to the lungs, where it can be exhaled out of the body. Hemoglobin, a protein located inside erythrocytes, is responsible for binding to oxygen. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days before they are broken down and recycled by the body. Erythrocytes are regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels in the body, thereby stimulating erythrocyte production . In addition to their role in oxygen transport, erythrocytes also play a key role in regulating the body's pH levels. Without erythrocytes, oxygen would not be able to be transported efficiently throughout the body and tissues would not receive the necessary oxygen to function properly. Overall, erythrocytes are essential for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are a type of specialized cell whose main function it is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs, and to transport carbon dioxide from the body's tissues to the lungs, where it can be exhaled out of the body. In humans, erythrocytes make up the largest percentage of cells in the body. Human erythrocytes are biconcave in shape and lack nuclei and organelles, allowing them to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream more efficiently. Most mammals have enucleated erythrocytes, while other animals such as birds and reptiles have nucleated erythrocytes. Hemoglobin, a protein located inside erythrocytes, is responsible for binding to oxygen. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days before they are broken down and recycled by the body. Erythrocytes are regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels in the body, thereby stimulating erythrocyte production . In addition to their role in oxygen transport, erythrocytes also play a key role in regulating the body's pH levels. Without erythrocytes, oxygen would not be able to be transported efficiently throughout the body and tissues would not receive the necessary oxygen to function properly. Overall, erythrocytes are essential for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, disc-shaped cell fragments devoid of a nucleus, yet remarkably intricate and multi-functional. They originate from the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow via a process called thrombopoiesis. Platelets are central to hemostasis, a process that prevents bleeding from broken or damaged blood vessels and facilitates wound healing. In their resting state, platelets are inactive but become quickly activated when an injury occurs. Platelets function in the initiation and regulation of coagulation or clotting, which is a complex process involving several bioactive molecules. When a blood vessel is injured, the inner lining of the vessel, the endothelium, gets disrupted, exposing the underlying tissue matrix. This leads to platelet activation and adhesion to the injury site, initiating the clotting cascade. Platelets release granules packed with clotting factors, proteins, enzymes, and more platelets, which further propagates the clotting process. When activated, platelets also change their shape from discoid to a spherical form with protruding pseudopods that enables them to adhere more readily to the site of injury and mesh with one another to form a 'platelet plug'. Additionally, platelets serve other physiological roles. They release growth factors enhancing tissue regeneration and wound healing. They also play a significant role in inflammation, innate immunity, and antimicrobial host defense, as they interact with leukocytes and may sequester microbes. Platelets are involved in maintaining the integrity of the blood vessels and angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. Proper functioning of platelets is critical for maintaining homeostasis, while dysregulation can lead to conditions such as thrombosis or bleeding disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Platelets are reportedly CCR1-positive, CCR2-negative, CCR3-positive, CCR4-positive, CCR5-negative, CCR6-negative, CCR7-negative, CCR8-negative, CCR9-negative, CCR10-negative, CD16-positive, CD23-positive, CD32-positive, CD40-positive, CD41-positive CD42-positive, CD61-positive, CD62P-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD102-positive, CD147-positive (activated platelets), CD154-positive (activated platelets), CD162-positive, CD209, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD181-negative, CD182-negative, CD183-negative, CD184-positive, CLEC2-positive, GPVI-positive, JAMC-positive, PAR1-positive, PAR2-negative, PAR3-positive, PAR4-positive, TSP1-positive, and TXA2R-positive. Platelets can reportedly produce CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17, CD40L, CXCL1, CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, EGF, factor V, factor VII, factor XI, factor XIII, bFGF, histamine, IGF-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, PDGF, plasminogen, protein S, serotonin, TGF-beta, TFPI, VEGF, and vWF.
Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis.
Phagocytes are a heterogeneous group of white blood cells that have the capability to ingest, or ‘phagocytose’, foreign substances, pathogens, and cellular debris with high efficiency, thereby playing a vital role in the immune response. Phagocytes circulate throughout the body, patrolling and guarding against the invasion of pathogens. They are one among many types of cells that originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Upon detection of an invading microorganism, phagocytes are mobilized by inflammatory mediators (such as bacterial proteins or complement proteins) to the infection site. They recognize surface molecules, specifically antigens, on harmful bacteria or other foreign substances with the help of opsonins, which are proteins that bind to the pathogen and make them more susceptible to phagocytosis. The process of phagocytosis involves the extension of the phagocyte's membrane around the microorganism, completely enclosing it within a microbicidal vacuole, the phagolysosome, which contains various microbicidal chemicals and digestive enzymes such as cathepsins, proteases, lysozymes, and lipases that may be employed to degrade the pathogen. Phagocytes are predominantly neutrophils or monocytes. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte and are usually the first to arrive at the site of infection. Monocytes are derived from the bone marrow and can circulate to tissues and mature into local macrophages. Macrophages arrive later at sites of infection and are longer-lived than neutrophils. The process of phagocytosis must be tightly regulated to avoid host tissue damage. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
Macrophages are specialized white blood cells involved in immune responses, inflammation, and tissue repair. Tissue-resident macrophages can be self-renewing and arise from embryo-derived populations. Macrophages can also originate from circulating monocytes that differentiate into macrophages upon migration into body tissues. Macrophages are involved in the detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other pathogens. They are also responsible for engulfing and removing dead cells and debris. Macrophages are also one of the cells that present pathogenic antigens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized and killed, or so that an antibody response may be mounted. They can also secrete cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes that further orchestrate the immune response. Tissue-resident macrophages are diverse and heterogenous, likely as a result of the signals received from the tissue environment. The functions of these macrophages are specific to each tissue and contribute to tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of macrophage functioning may also contribute to the development of various disease processes, such as fibrosis, chronic inflammation, or cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Diameter 30_M-80 _M, abundant cytoplasm, low N/C ratio, eccentric nucleus. Irregular shape with pseudopods, highly adhesive. Contain vacuoles and phagosomes, may contain azurophilic granules; markers: Mouse & Human: CD68, in most cases CD11b. Mouse: in most cases F4/80+; role or process: immune, antigen presentation, & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B cell mediated immunity.
An epithelial cell characterized by the presence of a brush border on its apical surface, which increases the surface area for absorption.
All brush border cells are columnar-cuboidal. The formal logical definition of this term asserts this. Brush border epithelial cells are predominantly found lining the small intestine and the proximal tubules of the kidneys.
A stratified epithelial cell that is part of squamous epithelium, characterized by multiple layers of cells. The basal layer is directly attached to the basement membrane and the apical layer consists of flattened squamous cells. This provides a protective barrier, commonly found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin, oral cavity, and esophagus.
Stratified squamous epithelial cells are a specific type of epithelial cell that form layers and have a flat shape. These cells are part of the outermost layer of the skin, called the epidermis, and are also found lining surfaces of the body that are subjected to physical or chemical wear and tear, such as the mouth, esophagus, and vagina. The primary role of these cells is to create a barrier that protects underlying tissues from dehydration, abrasion, and infection. The stratified squamous epithelium is able to provide a strong, force-resistant barrier due to the stratified arrangement of the cells; it consists primarily of keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation: The basal layer contains cells that continuously divide and push older cells towards the surface. As the cells move up through the layers, they gradually flatten and become filled with a protein called keratin. In high-abrasion areas like the skin, the outer layers of these cells can become so filled with keratin that they die (they become 'keratinized'), providing an even more robust barrier; eventually, they are shed off in a process known as desquamation. In addition to forming a protective barrier, stratified squamous epithelial cells also play a part in the immune response. They can recognize pathogens, and in response, release chemical signals that attract immune cells to the site of potential infection. Moreover, they also carry out a variety of interactions with the immune system to ensure that invading pathogens cannot penetrate into deeper layers of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stratified squamous epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium.
Type of neuron that is a primary mechanosensory cell, with peripheral neurites innervating the skin with free nerve endings.
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some eye.
Eye photoreceptor cells, also commonly known as photoreceptors, are specialized types of cells found in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. They are integral to the complex process of vision, as they are directly involved in converting light into electrical signals. This process is known as phototransduction. There are two primary classes of photoreceptor cells; rods, which function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision, and cones, which function in brighter light and allow for the perception of color. Rods and cones carry out their roles through sophisticated biochemical reactions. The main component of these reactions is a protein called opsin, which binds to a small molecule known as retinal. In the presence of light, retinal changes its shape, leading to a series of chemical reactions that result in changes to the cell’s electrical potential, thus creating an electrical signal that travels to the optic nerve. Rod cells possess only one kind of opsin, called rhodopsin, which only allows them to distinguish between light and dark. Conversely, cone cells have three types of opsins, allowing for the differentiation of various colors. The spatial distribution of these cell types throughout the retina also contributes to their function. Rod cells are more numerous and are distributed more at the periphery of the retina, contributing to peripheral and night vision. On the other hand, cone cells are concentrated in the macula, a tiny central region in the retina, and with the highest density in the fovea, a small pit in the macula. This distribution of cones lies at the base of fine detail and color vision in the central visual field. In summary, eye photoreceptor cells carry out the primary function of transforming light into visual signals, a role that is crucial for the overall process of vision. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
eye photoreceptor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Gametes are reproductive cells essential for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms, including humans, animals, and many plants. These cells are haploid, containing half the genome or only one set of chromosomes, which is a contrast to the diploid state (two sets of chromosomes) found in most cells in a multicellular organism. This reduction in genetic material is crucial since it allows for the re-establishment of the diploid number of chromosomes when two gametes merge to form a diploid zygote during fertilization. There are two major types of gametes in animals: sperm cells in males and egg (or ova) in females. These gametes contribute equally to the genetic makeup of the offspring but are morphologically and functionally distinct. Sperm cells (or spermatozoa) are characterized by their motility, small size, and large quantities; they are produced continuously in vast numbers through a process called spermatogenesis in the male gonads or testes. Female gametes are much larger, fewer in numbers, and are not motile; they undergo a development process known as oogenesis, which takes place within the ovaries. The egg also contributes most of the cytoplasm and organelles (including mitochondria) to the zygote that are required for initial cell division stages after fertilization. Gametes have a primary role in sexual reproduction and genetic variation, which aids in evolution. The formation of gametes involves a special type of cell division called meiosis that introduces genetic diversity via the process of recombination and independent assortment. Following the fusion of male and female gametes, the combination of paternal and maternal genetic material in the zygote allows for genetic recombination, which is a fundamental source of genetic variation and, thus, evolution. Therefore, gametes not only are critical to the inception of new individuals but also contribute to species survival and evolution. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A primordial germ cell of insects. Such cells form at the posterior pole of the early embryo.
An epithelial cell found in the trachea.
This class is for the vertebrate tracheal structure. For the analagous insect cell type, see 'respiratory tube epithelial cell'
Keratin-accumulating cells, primarily known as keratinocytes, are a distinctive type of epithelial cells predominantly found in the skin's outermost layer known as the epidermis. These cells are responsible for the production of a unique type of protein called keratin. Keratin is a crucial part of the biological structure and functionality of these cells and is essential in creating a protective barrier for the body. These cells form a protective shield against environmental damage such as UV radiation, harmful microbes, and physical injuries. The primary function of keratinocytes is the synthesis and accumulation of keratin, which undergoes minor modifications such as desquamation and cornification resulting in the formation of a solid and stable protein-rich protective layer on the body's surface. The production of keratin is a highly coordinated and regulated process. The cytoskeleton of these cells is primarily composed of keratin intermediate filaments. During keratinocyte maturation and differentiation, keratin-accumulating cells transit from the basal layer to the outermost layer of the skin during which they synthesize different types of keratins sequentially creating a stratified and structured epidermal layer. Moreover, keratinocytes produce cytokines and chemokines that have defensive roles against pathogenic intruders. Additionally, these cells partake in the inflammation process by signaling immune cells to the area of the injury. Furthermore, keratinocytes play crucial roles in wound healing and skin regeneration. In addition to having a protective and barrier-centric role, keratinocytes are also involved in regulating the rate of water loss from the body, maintaining body temperature, and facilitating sensory perception. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
keratin accumulating cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of stratified squamous tissues, including skin, oral mucosa (Hiroshima et al., 2011), and esophagus (Whelan et al., 2018), that produces keratin proteins and secretes antimicrobial peptides to form a resilient barrier against environmental damage, dehydration, pathogens, and microbial invasion. It undergoes successive stages of differentiation marked by changes in keratin expression, supporting tissue integrity, wound repair, and contributing to immune defense.
An epithelial cell that is part of a sebaceous gland. This cell produces and secretes sebum, an oily, lipid-rich substance, through holocrine secretion where the entire cell ruptures to release its contents.
Any cell that is capable of some mucus secretion.
An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.
A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s).
Any cell that is capable of some oxygen transport.
A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.
A neural precursor of the central nervous system.
neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.
pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Any cell that is part of some extraembryonic structure.
Any extraembryonic cell that is part of some amnioserosa.
An extraembryonic cell that develops from a trophectodermal cell. This cell is found in the outer layer of the blastocyst and can invade other structures in the uterus once the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall. A trophoblast cell is involved in the implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall, placental formation, remodelling of maternal vasculature in the uterus, nutrient and gas exchange, hormone production, and immune modulation to support fetal development.
Trophoblast cells, originating from the blastocyst's outer layer, are highly specialized and pivotal for embryo development. Their crucial roles include facilitating implantation and contributing to the formation of the placenta, an essential organ for fetal nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal during pregnancy. These cells play a crucial role in implantation by adhering to the uterus lining. Post-implantation, some trophoblast cells differentiate, forming syncytiotrophoblasts. These multi-nucleated cells absorb nutrients, release waste, and secrete hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), sustaining pregnancy. Trophoblast cells also play a crucial role in immune tolerance, preventing the maternal immune system from treating the fetus as foreign. This balance is vital for a healthy pregnancy. Dysfunctional trophoblast cells may lead to complications like miscarriages or preeclampsia, emphasizing their importance in both embryology and reproductive medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.
Multi-potency demonstrated ex vivo. At the time of writing, it is unclear whether the endogenous population differentiates into multiple cell types in vivo.
A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature.
Vascular associated smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are specialized cells that constitute a major component of the blood vessel wall in the circulatory system. They derive their name from the predominantly smooth appearance under microscopic examination, as opposed to the striated appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. A principal function of VSMCs is to regulate vascular tone, which directly dictates blood pressure and blood flow distribution across various body parts. This is achieved through coordinated contraction and relaxation of the muscles in response to a variety of extracellular signals. When a blood vessel is exposed to stimuli like pressure or injury, VSMCs contract, resulting in vasoconstriction and ultimately, an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, in response to vasodilators, these cells relax, leading to vasodilation and a consequent decrease in blood pressure. VSMCs are also involved in vascular remodeling, a process where blood vessels adapt their structure to long-term changes in hemodynamic conditions or disease states. In diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension, an aberrant proliferative and synthetic phenotype of VSMCs contributes to the formation of plaques, leading to vessel hardening or even occlusion. Recent research has further implicated these cells in immune responses, recognizing their function in leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, factors that are largely instrumental in vascular pathologies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vascular associated smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
Epidermal cells constitute the outermost layer of the skin in animals and have a multifaceted role in maintaining the body's overall homeostasis. They originate from the ectoderm and form the epidermis, a stratified squamous epithelium that mostly consists of keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation. The primary role of these cells is to act as a physical barrier, shielding the internal organs, tissues, and system from dehydration, infection, and other external influences such as UV radiation. The thickness and stratification of the epidermis vary with its location in the body, depending on the specific demand for protective function. One notable characteristic of epidermal cells is their continuous cycle of renewal. The cells are produced in the deepest layer of the epidermis, known as the basal or germinative layer, where they undergo cell division. As new cells form, they gradually push the older cells towards the skin surface. While ascending, these cells undergo a process known as keratinization, where they become filled with keratin, a protein that provides strength and rigidity. By the time they reach the surface, they are essentially dead and filled with keratin, forming a tough, resistant layer that is regularly shed and replaced by newer cells beneath. This entire process, from cell generation to shedding, usually takes around a month. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.
A progenitor cell found in the larval epidermis of insects and that gives rise to the adult abdominal epidermis.
prohemocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A blood cell of the circulatory system of arthropods.
An elongated fibroblast that is part of a tendon. Its cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon, and it possesses a central nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Tendon cell has a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and it is responsible for the synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.
Tendon cells are specialized elongated fibroblasts that are predominantly found in tendons, the fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. These cells are biologically unique and essential for the formation and repair of tendons. Tendon cells possess elongated cell bodies and have a spindle or stellate-like shape with thin and long cytoplasmic extensions. They are predominantly positioned longitudinally along the collagen fibers. Their primary function is to produce and maintain the extracellular matrix of tendons, which comprises primarily of collagen, proteoglycans, and other non-collagenous proteins. Tendon cells are actively involved in tendon homeostasis and adaptation to mechanical loading. When tendons are regularly subjected to mechanical strain, these cells react by synthesizing more matrix proteins, thus strengthening the tendon structure. In response to tendon injury or degenerative changes, tendon cells can proliferate and increase their matrix synthesis to repair and regenerate the damaged tissue. However, excessive mechanical loading or aging can result in abnormal responses, leading to pathologic changes in tendon structure and function. In addition, tendon cells also have immunomodulatory functions. They can orchestrate local immune responses by producing a variety of cytokines and chemokines, and by interacting with immune cells that infiltrate the tendon tissue under pathologic conditions. Moreover, tendon cells are capable of expressing genes related to nociception and have a potential role in tendon pain mechanisms. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
blood cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A hemocyte that synthesizes and secretes melanins as part of the antimicrobial immune response. It is characterized morphologically by crystal inclusions of phenoloxidases in its cytoplasm, hence its name.
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
A phagocytic hemocyte, responsible for the engulfment of small particles, microbes, and apoptotic tissue debris. It may also secretes antimicrobial peptides and contribute to the production and secretion of proteins of the hemolymph.
A hemocyte found in immuno-stimulated larvae.
Any interneuron that has its soma located in some ganglion.
Ganglion interneurons, sometimes classified under 'relay neurons,' are complex cellular structures prominently found in the nervous system across various organisms. These cells serve as intermediaries or connectors, conducting impulses between afferent (or sensory) neurons and efferent (or motor) neurons within the body. They have specialized roles in sensory-motor integration within the nervous system and play a pivotal part in defining the complexity and precision of the nervous system. These highly specialized neurons are predominantly located in the spinal cord and brain, particularly abundant in the gray matter of these regions, forming complex neural networks. The increased presence of glial cells around interneurons acts as an insulator enhancing the speed of impulse transmission. Ganglion interneurons receive informational input through dendrites from sensory neurons; this information is then converted into electrical impulses, which are processed and transmitted to other neurons or effectors, such as muscles or glands, through axons. Furthermore, these ganglion interneurons have significant roles in the formulation and execution of motor reflexes and serve as integral components of reflex arcs. They also participate in the modulation and filtration of relevant sensory information, ensuring that signals reaching the late-stage processing units (like the brain) are refined and critical to the organism's survival. Consequently, these neurons significantly influence the organism's behavior based on the incoming sensory information. Overall, they are responsible for creating connections amongst various neural circuits, making them pivotal in producing integrated responses and maintaining the proper functioning of the nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ganglion interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
Any male germ cell that has characteristic some haploid and is capable of some fertilization.
The male gamete, also known as a sperm cell, is a highly specialized cell type critical to sexual reproduction. Sperm are produced during a process called spermatogenesis within the male reproductive organ, specifically the testes. They are haploid cells, carrying the genetic material from the male parent, and fuse with the ovum, the female gamete, to form a diploid zygote during fertilization, thereby initiating gestation and the development of a new organism. The male gamete is distinguished by its morphology, notably its elongated shape which is geared towards locomotion. One of the primary characteristics of a male gamete is its flagellum, or tail, which propels the cell towards the female gamete. It additionally contains an elongated head region housing the nucleus, where the genetic material is stored. The anterior section of the head, the acrosome, releases enzymes essential for penetrating the protective layers of the ovum during the fertilization process. The function of male gametes does not cease upon fertilization. In addition to delivering the paternal set of chromosomes, fusion of the sperm cell with the ovum causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ which then activates the female egg cell to undergo the so-called cortical reaction during which the egg’s zona pellucida is changed so fusion with additional sperm is prevented. The Ca2+ signal also initiates the development of the zygote and eventual formation of an embryo. Male gametes also contribute towards forming the placenta, which supplies nutrients and removes waste products during gestation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that contains more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.
A polyploid cell is a unique type of cell characterized by the possession of more than two sets of chromosomes. This is much higher than the typical diploid nature of other somatic cells. This cellular phenomenon known as polyploidy results from errors during cell division leading to the generation of non-standard polyploid cells, a property that is common to both plant and animal cells. These cells occur naturally and can also be formed through genetic manipulation. Polyploid cells play a critical role in the overall growth and development of organisms. In plant cells, polyploidy often contributes to speciation and diversity. A notable characteristic of many plant species is their ability to tolerate polyploidy, a trait that often leads to increased cell size, altered gene expression, and may enhance the physiological and adaptive traits of a plant. In animals, polyploidy is less common but still plays a significant role in liver function and injury repair. Polyploidization in hepatocytes aids in maintaining genetic stability and also allows for cellular adaptation to liver injury. Polyploid cells also play a potential role in cancer development. Some cancer cells are polyploid or aneuploid (having an abnormal number of chromosomes) indicating a relationship between chromosome status and cancer progression. Polyploidy in cancer cells may contribute to increased mutation rates, adaptation to adverse environments, and resistance to chemotherapy. Overall, polyploid cells may lead to pathological conditions like cancer, however, many are part of normal healthy biological systems, playing an integral role in the diversity and evolution of life. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.
A haploid cell is a unique class of cell characterized by having a single set of chromosomes. The formation of haploid cells occurs through meiosis, a process where a diploid cell, containing two sets of chromosomes, undergoes division, resulting in four haploid cells. Haploid cells play an important role in the sexual reproduction of various organisms. Serving as gametes, they transmit genetic information to successive generations, contributing to genetic diversity. Their single set of chromosomes results in unique trait combinations in offspring, enhancing adaptability to changing environments. Furthermore, haploid cells facilitate the study of recessive traits in genetic research, as each gene is present in a single copy, without the influence of a dominant gene. It's important to note that certain organisms, such as some fungi and algae, follow a haploid dominant life cycle, spending the majority of their life cycle in the haploid phase. This phase accelerates the generation of genetic diversity among offspring, proving advantageous in rapidly changing environments. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Endopolyploid cells are a specialized cell type characterized by having multiple complete sets of chromosomes, far exceeding the amount found in typical diploid cells. The process known as endoreplication results in variant cycles of DNA replication without subsequent cell divisions, leading to an increase in cell volume, an alteration in gene expression, and polyploidy. These cells are commonly found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, indicating their foundational role in organismal biology. Endopolyploid cells serve critical roles in maintaining an organism's biological system by regulating tissue growth and development, cellular differentiation, and physiological response to environmental stimuli. For instance, in plants, endopolyploidy serves as a mechanism for increased cell size leading to larger fruits and broader leaves. In animals, these cells are fundamental in liver regeneration. Therefore, their prominence in adaptive and developmental processes across diverse organisms reflects their evolutionary importance. Endopolyploid cells also play a role in pathological conditions, primarily cancer development, where endoreplication can lead to genomic instability resulting in malignant progression. However, these cells also possess inherent potential for therapeutic applications. For example, stimulating endoreplication in cancer cells can trigger senescence and reduction in tumor growth. Furthermore, endopolyploid cells can be harnessed for regenerative medicine purposes, as they have demonstrated potential for differentiation and tissue repair. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endopolyploid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell whose primary function is to cause growth by stimulating cell division in its immediate cellular environment.
A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains cartenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This gives an appearance ranging from a golden yellow to orange and red.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. The cell contains flat light-reflecting platelets, probably of guanine, in stacks called reflecting platelets or iridisomes. The color-generating components produce a silver, gold, or iridescent color.
A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone.
A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.
A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone.
melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell
A stem cell that gives rise to the follicle cells that surround the oocyte in female arthropods.
A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are specialized cells found in B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen. FDCs play a key role in the immune response by presenting antigens to B-cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. They accomplish this by acquiring antigens via multiple pathways and retaining them in non-degradative endosomal vesicles which cycle to the cell surface, allowing B-cells to encounter and recognize native antigens. In addition, FDCs secrete various cytokines and chemokines that direct immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation. FDCs are unique among immune cells in that they do not originate from hematopoietic stem cells, but rather from stromal cells in the lymphoid tissues. They are characterized by their distinctive shape, with long, branching processes that form a network within the follicle. FDCs are also distinguished by the presence of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and other molecules that enable them to capture and present antigens to B-cells. Because of their important role in antigen presentation and immune regulation, FDCs have been studied extensively in the context of infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. Notably, FDCs appear to function as a reservoir for HIV, contribute to autoimmune pathology by presenting autoantigens, and drive FDC sarcoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Due to its unique lineage and distinct function, this is not a type of dendritic cell; CL:0000451.
follicular dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any secretory cell that is capable of some calcitonin secretion.
An adipocyte with light coloration and few mitochondria. It contains a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.
White fat cells, also known as white adipocytes, are cells found primarily in the white adipose tissue, a specialized type of connective tissue that functions as the major storage site for energy in the form of lipids. This type of adipose cell is characterized by its large droplets of liquid fat, called triglycerides, which almost completely fill the cell pushing the nucleus and other organelles to the periphery. They appear white or yellowish in color due to their high cytoplasm lipid content. White fat cells are involved in lipogenesis, the metabolic process where excess glucose and other energy-rich compounds are converted into neutral fats for storage. Conversely, these cells also play a pivotal role in lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides to release glycerol and fatty acids, when required by the body. Moreover, these cells act as thermal insulators, helping to maintain the body's temperature. Importantly, white fat cells are crucial for the proper functioning of numerous physiological processes including appetite regulation, inflammatory response, and immunity. They are also known to secrete various hormones and cytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are instrumental in regulating metabolic activities and maintaining overall metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of these cells, along with an accumulation of excess white fat, has been linked to several health issues including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in many species, particularly in newborns and hibernating mammals, but also in lesser amounts in adults of other mammals including humans. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation.
Brown fat cells, also known as brown adipocytes, form a type of adipose tissue that regulates energy by thermogenesis (heat production). These cells are rich in mitochondria, which lends them their characteristic brown colouring. Mitochondria are crucial to the brown fat cell's function since they contain an integral protein called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This protein permits protons to leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane, disrupting the usual pathway of ATP production. Instead of generating ATP, the energy derived from glucose and fatty acids is dissipated as heat. This unique function makes brown fat cells an important biological tool for regulating body temperature, especially in infants and hibernating animals. While historically believed to be primarily relevant in newborns, recent findings highlight a role of brown fat cells in adults as well. They provide significant health benefits by metabolising excess glucose in the body and burning unwanted fat, and thereby raising the possibilities of using brown fat cells therapeutically for conditions like obesity or diabetes. Furthermore, stimulation of brown fat activity in adults is linked with improved overall metabolic health and lower risk of metabolic syndrome. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).
Dendritic cells, named for their tree-like extensions called dendrites, are a type of immune cell that form a critical bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. They are derived from hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells and can be found throughout the body poised as sentinels in locations such as the skin, lungs, or liver, as well as immune organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes, or spleen. They can also be found in an immature state in the blood. Dendritic cells serve as antigen-presenting cells, with a primary function of processing and presenting antigens to T-cells to facilitate an immune response. Upon encountering an antigen, dendritic cells engulf the pathogen via phagocytosis and subsequently process the pathogen into antigens. These antigens are then presented on the surface of the dendritic cell in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The dendritic cell migrates to the lymph nodes, containing naive T-cells, and presents the antigens to them. This process triggers the activation of cognate T-cells into effector T-cells, which can then recognize and eradicate cells bearing the same antigen. Additionally, the dendritic cells can influence the type of immune response the body will mount. They communicate with T-cells through the use of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines. Depending on the type of co-stimulatory molecules used and the set of cytokines released, dendritic cells can promote the development of a cellular immune response, dominated by cytotoxic T cells effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, a humoral response, mediated by B cells and effective against extracellular bacteria and toxins, or a tolerogenic response. Thus, dendritic cells play a pivotal role in immunity, helping the body to effectively combat infections, prevent autoimmune diseases, and maintain tolerance to healthy self-tissues. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000021 )(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD1a-high, CD14-negative, CD207-positive (langerin), CD324-positive (E-cadherin), and DCIR-positive. They reside in the epidermis.
A cell capable of producing epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some mineralocorticoid secretion.
A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some glucocorticoid secretion.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell
adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell
A neural progenitor cell that is the daughter of a neuroblast (sensu arthopoda). The progeny of ganglion mother cells develop into neurons, glia and (occasionally) epithelial cells.
An insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel.
A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.
thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell
A somatic epithelial cell of the insect egg chamber.
An endocrine cell that secretes juvenile hormone.
Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent.
They are CD88-positive. The cytoplasmic granules contain high levels of histamine and heparin (mouse) or major neutral proteases, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A, and cathepsin G (humans). Reportedly, they cannot produce leukotrienes (LTC4) and IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype.
They are CD88-negative. The cytoplasmic granules contain low levels of histamine and high levels of chondroitin sulfate (mouse) or major neutral proteases and tryptase (humans). Additionally, they can produce leukotrienes (LTC4), IL-5, IL-6, and low levels of IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
A large binucleate cell that forms a 'garland' around the anterior end of the proventriculus (cardia) at its junction with the esophagus in both adults and larvae flies. Each cell is surrounded by a basement membrane and there are numerous micro-invaginations (lacunae) extending from the surface into the cytoplasm. At the mouth of each lacuna is a doubled filament forming a specialised filtration system (diaphragm). The filtrate is endocytosed from the lacunae.
A secretory cell of ectodermal origin. This cell may have important functions in fatty acid and hydrocarbon metabolism and is metabolically linked to the fat body and tracheae. This cell is exclusive of arthropods.
Oenocytes are highly variable in size, shape, cluster formation and anatomical location. In adults, oenocytes tend to be smaller but more numerous than in larvae. While oenocytes have been found in arachnids and crustaceans, they have been most abundantly described in insects.
A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.
The CD4-positive helper T cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes, which are part of the adaptive immune system. These cells play a vital role in establishing and maximizing the capability of the immune system to combat infections. Like all T lymphocytes, CD4+ helper T cells are uniquely characterized by the expression of a T-cell receptor (TCR) complex on their cell surface. The subset of CD4+ cells express the CD4 glycoprotein on their cell surface that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor. The CD4 co-receptor enables these cells to interact with antigen-presenting cells and perform their influential role in adaptive immune response. CD4+ helper T cells are primarily responsible for assisting other cells in the immunological processes. This involves recognition, interaction, and processing of antigens. Once an antigen-presenting cell presents a foreign antigen such as peptides derived from pathogens or transformed cells to the CD4+ helper T cell, it becomes activated, proliferates, and differentiates into subtypes such as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg, each with a specific role in the immune response. Th1 cells produces various cytokines. including IFN‐γ, IL-2 and TNF-β, and aid cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5 and IL13 and assist in antibody-mediated immune responses. Th17 cells release IL-17 and convey protective immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi as well as contributing to inflammation and autoimmunity, while Treg cells are immunosuppressive cells and maintain immune homeostasis and provide tolerance to self-antigens. Finally, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are thought to help B cells build up antibody responses by assisting germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and possibly immunoglobulin class switch recombination In addition to their critical role in immune response, CD4+ helper T cells are notably the main target of HIV infection, where the virus depletes the number of these cells, resulting in the deterioration of the immune system, characterized in the progression to AIDS. Thus, the presence and functionality of CD4+ helper T cells are not only necessary for a healthy immune response but also crucial in the context of immunodeficiency diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD4-positive helper T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A photoreceptor cell that detects ultraviolet light.
An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron or local circuit neuron) is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. Like motor neurons, interneuron cell bodies are always located in the central nervous system (CNS).
Inhibitory interneurons, often referred to as local circuit neurons, are integral components of the central nervous system where they play key roles in refining neural circuits and shaping network activity. Known for their inhibitory nature, these neurons form connections mainly within the same region of the brain or spinal cord where they are located. This localization allows them to impact the activities of nearby excitatory neurons by means of inhibitory networks to inhibit or reduce the likelihood of the firing of these excitatory neurons. Functionally, Inhibitory Interneurons serve as primary regulators and modulators of the output of nerve cells, orchestrating a balance between excitatory and inhibitory activities in neural networks. It is through their characteristic release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, that they manage to suppress postsynaptic potentials, preventing or reducing the propagation of action potentials. This regulation is not only essential for maintaining equilibrium within the nervous system, but also helps prevent conditions that arise from excessive neuronal activities, such as epilepsy. Inhibitory Interneurons, while relatively small in number compared to their excitatory counterparts, exhibit considerable diversity in their structure, function, and neurochemical expression. They are broadly categorized into multiple subtypes, each with its unique influence on neural circuit behavior and role in different behaviors or cognitive processes. For instance, certain subtypes are involved with timing and synchrony of neural activity, while others participate in contrast enhancement in sensory processing or in isolating specific activity patterns. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
inhibitory interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue.
Stromal cells constitute a significant portion of the structural cellular milieu (stroma) that supports the function of parenchymal (functional) cells within an organ. The stroma is the connective, supportive framework of biological tissues with various functions depending on the specific organ and cell type. Stromal cells, derived from the mesenchymal lineage, play crucial roles in creating, maintaining, and repairing the tissue microenvironment in virtually all mammalian organs, making these cells indispensable to biological function. Additionally, stromal cells secrete growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to constitute an interactive cellular network and ensure an optimal environment for the functional cells. Beyond mere structural support, these cells are instrumental in wound healing, inflammation, and maintaining tissue integrity. They may also influence the behavior of other cell types through direct cell-cell interactions or paracrine signaling. Clinically and in research, stromal cells often draw attention due to their interaction with tumors in the cancer microenvironment. Over the past years, the role of stromal cells as facilitators of tumor growth and metastasis has been recognized increasingly. They contribute to cancer progression not only by modulating the ECM but also through the secretion of various bioactive molecules and interacting with immune cells, thereby influencing the immunologic responses to tumors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte.
A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors.
Granulosa cells are a type of somatic cell most commonly known for their crucial role within the ovarian follicles of female mammalian species. Named for their grainy appearance, they are situated in the follicular epithelium, lining the inner part of the follicle and directly surrounding the oocyte. These cells stand as an integral part of the ovarian structure and function. One of the primary roles of granulosa cells is to aid in the production and secretion of sex hormones, particularly estrogen. They achieve this by working in tandem with theca cells, which stay attached to the external layer of the follicle. Theca cells produce androstenedione (a type of androgen) which granulosa cells then convert into estradiol, a form of estrogen, with the help of the enzyme aromatase. Moreover, granulosa cells participate in luteinization, transforming into luteal granulosa cells as a response to the luteinizing hormone during ovulation. This allows the formation of the corpus luteum, responsible for the secretion of progesterone necessary to maintain pregnancy. Granulosa cells also play a significant role in follicular development and oocyte maturation, involving close communication with the contained oocyte. They support the oocyte through the provision of nutrients and growth factors, control its meiotic cycle and ensure it is appropriately oriented and instructed for impending ovulation. Furthermore, granulosa cells contribute to the formation of the zona pellucida and the follicular fluid, providing an optimal environment for the oocyte's growth and maturation. These cells, thus, perform multiple vital roles, underscoring their importance in fertility and reproductive health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.
Type D enteroendocrine cells, also known as D or delta cells, are specialized hormone-releasing cells found in the pancreas and also scattered throughout the lining of the gastrointestinal tract in mammals, notably within the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine known as the duodenum. The primary role of D cells is to produce and secrete somatostatin, a potent paracrine inhibitor. In the gastrointestinal tract, somatostatin slows down digestion. It reduces gastric acid secretion and slows down the rate of gastric emptying, thereby prolonging and controling the digestive p. Functionally, these effects are aimed at sustaining nutrient absorption to optimize energy extraction from consumed food. In the pancreas, D cells maintain a vital role in endocrine regulation. D cells in the pancreatic islands secrete somatostatin to inhibit the release of both insulin and glucagon from type A cells and B cells, glucoregulatory hormones that control blood sugar levels. Hence, D cells contribute considerably to the homeostasis of the body's metabolic processes. It is also noteworthy that dysfunctional D cells or irregular somatostatin signaling has been associated with certain pathologies such as neuroendocrine tumors and gastric ulcers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type D enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin.
An endocrine cell found in the stomach and duodenum and is responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.
A precursor to the smooth muscle cell, the smooth muscle myoblast, is integral to various body systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. Smooth muscle myoblasts arise from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, a process tightly regulated by specific genetic factors and environmental signals. Their role extends to myogenesis, particularly in the formation of muscular tissue, especially during embryonic development. Smooth muscle myoblasts possess distinctive cellular characteristics. In contrast to skeletal muscle myoblasts, they do not fuse to create multinucleated fibers. Instead, they differentiate into individual, uninucleated smooth muscle cells. This differentiation unfolds in two distinct phases: proliferation, marked by rapid division to increase cell numbers, and differentiation, involving structural and functional transformation into mature smooth muscle cells. This intricate process is intricately mediated by various signaling molecules and transcription factors. Functionally, smooth muscle myoblasts and the mature muscle cells they generate play pivotal roles in various physiological processes. Smooth muscle cells orchestrate involuntary muscle responses and are integral to body systems that regulate blood flow, propel food along the digestive tract, and control airflow in the respiratory tract. These diverse functions underscore the significance of smooth muscle myoblasts in the body's growth, maintenance, and overall function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle myoblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.
A type of foam cell derived from a macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis.
A phagocyte from organisms in the Nematoda or Protostomia clades.
phagocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy.
A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.
primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma.
A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.
Derived from UBERON:0002342 neural crest.
A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Editors note: consider adding taxon constraint to vertebrata (PMID:18025161)
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
T-helper 1 (Th1) cells are a subset of mature T lymphocytes. These cells are integral parts of the adaptive immune system, and their primary function is in cell-mediated immunity. Th1 cells play a pivotal role in the immune response against intracellular pathogens. Activation of naive T lymphocytes produces different effector cell phenotypes based upon the cytokine signals they receive during activation. Th1 differentiation is favored by interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, type 1 interferons, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Th1 cells exert their immune function by producing and releasing certain types of cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-2. IFN-γ activates macrophages and enhances their ability to destroy intracellular pathogens, including viruses and certain bacteria. These cytokines also play a role in activating macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells, thus perpetuating the immune response. Release of cytokines by Th1 cells at the site of infection, dependent on the cell’s recognition of the antigen via MHC-II molecules, helps to direct the immune response. Some Th1 effector cells appear to develop into memory T cells. This enables them to react more swiftly and robustly if the same pathogen is encountered again. These cells Th1 cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of several types of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th1 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 1 T cells.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.
T-helper 2 cells (Th2 cells) are a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which play central roles in cell-mediated immunity. All T lymphocytes are uniquely characterized by the expression of a T-cell receptor (TCR) complex on their cell surface. Th2 cells express the CD4 co-receptor which enables the T-cell receptor to engage with antigen-presenting cells and perform their influential role in adaptive immune response. Th2 cells differentiate from naïve CD4+ T cells following TCR ligation and specific cytokine signaling. Th2 cell development and stabilization requires the master regulatory transcription factor GATA-3. Furthermore, IL-4-mediated activation of STAT6 is thought to play an important role in Th2 cell differentiation. The primary function of Th2 cells is to coordinate the immune response against extracellular pathogens, particularly parasitic helminths. They achieve this primarily through the secretion of their signature cytokines – the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. For instance, IL-4 promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulin E (IgE), a class of antibodies that mediate the immune response to parasites and are involved in allergic reactions. IL-5 promotes the activation and survival of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that is effective against certain parasites. IL-13 works alongside IL-4 but also influences mucus production in the respiratory tract, an important defense mechanism against parasites. Despite their critical roles in host defense, an overactive Th2 response can also lead to pathological outcomes such as allergy and asthma. These health issues are typically characterized by excessive IgE production, eosinophilic inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion, all hallmarks of a Th2 response. In these instances, the immune system reacts excessively to normally harmless substances like pollen, dust mites, or certain foods, with the Th2 cells driving this overreaction. As such, understanding the precise pathways and mechanisms through which Th2 cells operate not only provides insight into protective immune responses but also potential therapeutic targets for treating allergies and other related conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell' (see CL:0001051), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a T-helper 2 T cell.
An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated.
The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).
Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative.
A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release.
A megakaryocyte is a large, unique, and complex cell type found primarily in the bone marrow, the spongy, semi-solid tissue located in the medullary cavities of certain bones. The term ‘megakaryocyte’ is derived from the Greek 'mega', meaning great, and 'karyon', referring to the nucleus. Megakaryocytes are characterized by their large size, typically with a diameter of 50-100 µm in humans, and the presence of a multilobulated nucleus; they are the largest hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow but also the rarest cells. The primary function of a megakaryocyte is the production of platelets, also known as thrombocytes. Platelets are small, anucleate cell fragments that play a crucial role in the process of hemostasis, the arrest of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel. The process begins when the megakaryocyte extends long, branching processes called proplatelets, into the sinusoidal blood vessels present in the bone marrow. These proplatelets then fragment into the discoid structures recognized as platelets. Each megakaryocyte can produce thousands of platelets during its lifespan. Apart from platelet production, megakaryocytes are involved in several other functions. They express immune-sensing receptors such as Fc-γ receptor and Toll-like receptors and produce factors such as platelet factor 4 and platelet-derived growth factor that can stimulate the immune system. Also, in certain pathological conditions, megakaryocytes release TGF-β and PDGF and contribute to bone marrow fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow leading to anemia. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of megakaryocytes in regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production. They can influence the bone marrow microenvironment and control the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells, the progenitors of all types of blood cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive.
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata1 or Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
Granulocyte monocyte progenitor cells (GMP cells), originating from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, are a critical intermediate in myeloid cell development. Positioned at a key differentiation juncture, these cells exhibit bidirectional potential, giving rise to both granulocyte and monocyte lineages. Their primary role is to generate mature granulocytes and monocytes, essential components of the body's innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, contribute to the first line of defense against infections by migrating to the infection site and phagocytosing pathogens. Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, playing diverse roles in immune responses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000042)(PMID:19243617). GMPs are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.
A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules.
Promonocytes are precursor cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system, which includes the progenitors in the bone marrow, circulating monocytes and macrophages in various tissues. During monocytopoiesis, promonocytes form after monoblasts differentiate, and precede the development of monocytes and macrophages, which play an integral role in the immune system. Promonocytes are large, often round cells with a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Their cytoplasm is laden with small azurophilic granules, and they are similar in appearance to myelocytes and metamyelocytes. The maturation into monocytes is the key function of promonocytes. Once matured, they navigate their way to the bloodstream and their primary role comes into effect. Monocytes circulate in the blood for a few days before migrating to tissues to become either macrophages or dendritic cells. These cells then proceed to ingest pathogens like bacteria and viruses, helping to keep the body healthy. Thus, promonocytes play a central role in the immune system by paving the way for the development of cells that fight off toxins and attacks. Beyond their immune response role through differentiation, promonocytes may participate in processes such as wound healing and inflammation regulation. Defects or disruptions in promonocyte function have been linked to health disorders, including monocytic-lineage leukemias such as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), although it is worth noting that morphologic distinction between promonocytes and other monocytic cells of various differentiation levels is difficult. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter 14-18 _M, fine azurophilic granules; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; Fetal: Liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons.
A rounded, inactive form that certain bacteria assume under conditions of extreme temperature, dryness, or lack of food. The bacterium develops a waterproof cell wall that protects it from being dried out or damaged.
A promyelocyte committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1-positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, MPO-positive, has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor and lacks lactotransferrin expression.
These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, CD35-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction.
A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium.
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive.
A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell.
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell
A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field.
A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. This cell expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on its surface and secretes calcitonin and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine).
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains uric acid or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called leucosomes. The crystals reflect light and this gives a white appearance under white light.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.
Retinal cone cells, or simply cone cells, are one out of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina, the other being retinal rod cells. They function by converting light into signals that can lead to a visual perception. These cells are less sensitive to light compared to rod cells, but they play a crucial role in our vision system for their ability to perceive color and provide sharp visual acuity. They are responsible for our daylight and color vision, enabling an individual to perceive fine detail and rapid changes in light levels. Cone cells are specialized and named based on the absorption spectra of the visual pigments they contain, giving rise to three types of cone cells: short-wavelength S-cones (blue cones), middle-wavelength M-cones (green cones), and long-wavelength L-cones (red cones). The distribution of these cones across the retina differs, with greater densities at the central fovea region, contributing to why our central vision is so sharp and color-detailed compared to peripheral vision. The outer segments of retinal cone cells house the photopigments that absorb light and initiate the process of phototransduction, a biochemical event by which the light signal is transformed into an electrical signal. When a cone cell is stimulated by light, an electrochemical reaction triggers nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve. There, these impulses are processed into the images that we see. Each type of cone responds to different wavelengths of light, enabling us to perceive a spectrum of color. By working in conjunction with rod cells, which are adapted for low-light vision scenarios, the cone cells provide us with a comprehensive and adaptable vision system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal cone cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives an orange to red appearance.
Corneal epithelial cells are a specialized cell type that form the outermost layer of the cornea, the transparent dome-shaped tissue that covers the front of the eye. The corneal epithelium is 5-7 cells thick and is comprised of inner basal cells, middle wing cells and superficial squamous cells. The corneal epithelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of corneal transparency, protection against external insults, and the refractive power of the cornea. This cell type is responsible for the formation of tight junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes, which provide structural support to the corneal epithelium and prevent the infiltration of foreign particles and microorganisms. Corneal epithelial cells also have a unique and highly organized cytoskeleton that confers mechanical integrity and limits the penetration of foreign substances. Additionally, corneal epithelial cells secrete a variety of proteins and lipids that help to maintain the hydration and clarity of the cornea. These include mucins, which form a lubricating layer that facilitates blinking and limits dryness, and crystallins, which appear to protect against UV- and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Dysfunction of corneal epithelial cells due to infections, inflammation, or injury can lead to corneal opacity, scarring, and impaired vision. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
corneal epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that constitute part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They feature prominently in the human body's first line of defense against foreign substances as a part of the innate immune system. Monocytes are the largest of all circulating leukocytes and are identified by their bean-shaped nucleus. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream; in some conditions, they may enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells or a distinct monocyte-derived cell. Monocytes function effectively as phagocytes, devouring harmful pathogens in the body. They engulf and destroy microbes, foreign substances, cancer cells, and other materials detrimental to the body's well-being. This process, known as phagocytosis, is vital for the body's immune response. Monocytes are also equipped to identify harmful pathogens and alert other immune cells to their presence. This is achieved by producing proinflammatory cytokines that recruit other immune cells to the affected area, amplifying the immune response. Beyond their role in fighting infections, monocytes play an important role in the repair and healing of tissues. After an infection or inflammation subsides, monocytes can transition into different types of cells and assist in healing by clearing dead cells and debris and facilitating tissue regeneration. They are crucial in wound healing, control of microbial growth, and tissue development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter, 14 to 20 _M, N/C ratio 2:1-1:1. Nucleus may appear in variety of shapes: round, kidney, lobulated, or convoluted. Fine azurophilic granules present; markers: CD11b (shared with other myeloid cells), human: CD14, mouse: F4/80-mid,GR1-low; location: Blood, but can be recruited into tissues; role or process: immune & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).
Type EC enteroendocrine cells, also known as enterochromaffin cells, are a vital hormone-secreting cell type found in the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are named after their location in the intestines (“entero”) and because they are stainable by chromium salts (“chromaffin”). The primary function of type EC enteroendocrine cells is to act as chemosensors and lies in their capacity to produce and secrete serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in modulating motility, secretion, vasodilation, perception of pain, and appetite in the gastrointestinal system. However, its function is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract; once secreted, serotonin is distributed via the bloodstream and contributes to regulating mood, appetite, and sleep in the brain. Via specific chemosensory receptors type EC enteroendocrine cells are able to respond to various environmental, metabolic, and homeostatic stimuli and transduce information from the gut to the nervous system: Food intake, particularly the ingestion of fats and carbohydrates, prompts these cells to produce and release serotonin; the mechanical stimulus of food in the lumen can also trigger release. The distribution, function, and responsiveness of type EC cells reveal them as a crucial link between the intestinal environment, the nervous system, and the regulation of numerous bodily functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type EC enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A follicle cell that migrates from the anterior pole of the insect egg chamber to the anterior of the oocyte where they participate in the formation of the micropyle.
An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen.
The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
A specialized osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen.
An elongated, spindle-shaped, cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers.
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) are a type of adult stem cell that nestles on the outer surface of the myofiber, positioned between the sarcolemma (plasma membrane of the muscle cell) and peripheral basement membrane. The primary function of SMSCs lies in their capacity to facilitate the growth and repair of damaged skeletal muscle. Upon muscle injury or trauma, these normally quiescent cells activate, proliferate, and differentiate into myoblasts. These myoblasts subsequently mature and fuse to form myotubes, which ultimately help in the repair and rebuilding of muscle fibers. This response is an integral part of the skeletal muscle's ability to recover from injury and adapt to enhanced or changing physical demands, thereby maintaining and improving muscle function. Furthermore, SMSCs also contribute to hypertrophic muscle growth due to resistance exercise and endurance training, with the notable feature of their multi-nucleated nature resulting from the fusion of differentiated myoblasts. The additional nuclei support enhanced protein synthesis, thus allowing the muscle fibers to grow and strengthen in response to exercise. In aging and in diseases, the number or functionality of these cells can decrease, leading to impaired muscle regeneration and progressive muscle weakness. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are not traditionally referred to as myoblasts. They are a heterogeneous population whose division, following activation, contributes to the formation of skeletal muscle fibers and to maintenance of the skeletal muscle satellite cell population.
skeletal muscle satellite cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature.
Pyramidal neurons have a pyramid-shaped soma with a single axon, a large apical dendrite and multiple basal dendrites. The apex and an apical dendrite typically point toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their region. Pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.
Pyramidal neurons, or pyramidal cells, are a distinctive type of neuron named for the triangular shape of their soma, or cell body. The primary characteristic of these neurons is a large apical dendrite that ascends toward the cortical surface, numerous basal dendrites, and a single axon. These neurons are found within parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala, playing a critical role in cortex communication, cognitive function, and the relay of information within the brain's neural network. Functional roles of pyramidal neurons depend largely on their localization. However, all types of these neurons serve as principal cells within the grey matter of the brain, transmitting signals over long distances. Primarily, pyramidal cells function as excitatory neurons; they disseminate action potential outputs to other neurons which they are connected to across the synapse. In the cerebral cortex, pyramidal neurons are paramount for sensory perception and motor command, while those located in the hippocampus involve in memory and learning processes. Firing properties of these neurons such as regular spiking and bursting are notable features thought to play a role in synaptic plasticity and signaling. Together, their unique anatomical structure and intricate connectivity underpin their critical function in brain neural networks, significantly contributing to human cognitive abilities. In addition, abnormalities in pyramidal neurons have been linked to a range of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, emphasizing their importance in maintaining healthy neural function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm.
A mechanoreceptor in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
Retinal rod cells, often referred to simply as "rod cells”, are a specialized type of photoreceptor cells found in the retina. Their primary function is to detect and convert light into electrochemical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via nerve impulses. Compared to other types of photoreceptor cells, namely retinal cone cells, rod cells are more sensitive to light, and thus play a crucial role in night and peripheral vision. Rod cells are named for their long, cylindrical shape, which is distinct from the cone-like shape of retinal cone cells. The structure of a rod cell is complex, with different sections responsible for various aspects of its function. The outer segment contains densely packed, light-sensitive membrane discs filled with a pigment called rhodopsin. When light hits rhodopsin, it prompts a chemical reaction that leads to the generation of electrochemical signals. These signals are processed in the cell's inner segment, which contains the cell's primary organelles, including the nucleus and mitochondria, and transmitted through the cell's synaptic terminal to the secondary neurons in the retina. Rod cells are distributed across the majority of the retina, with the highest density found in the peripheral edges. This distribution, coupled with their high sensitivity to light, explains why rod cells contribute significantly to peripheral and low-light vision. However, they do not pick up color and have low spatial acuity, which means that while rod cells can detect the presence of light and movement, the finer details and colors of an image are processed mainly by cone cells. Together, rod cells and cone cells work in concert to enable a wide range of visual capabilities, making vision a complex and intricate biological process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses.
The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete.
A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium.
A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem.
Any granulocytopoietic cell that has part some transcription factor PU.1 and has part some CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and has part some erythroid transcription factor and lacks plasma membrane part some CD19 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some CD4 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some integrin alpha-M and lacks plasma membrane part some CD3 epsilon and lacks plasma membrane part some neural cell adhesion molecule 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD2 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain and lacks plasma membrane part some membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD14 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 6G and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 76 (mouse) and has plasma membrane part some CD34 molecule and has plasma membrane part some ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha and has plasma membrane part some mast/stem cell growth factor receptor and is capable of some eosinophil differentiation.
These cells are CD34-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD71-negative, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, integrin alpha-M, NCAM-1, SCA-1, Ly6G, Ly76).
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte;in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and eosinophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. These cells are integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD24-positive, and CD33-positive.
A progenitor cell committed to the basophil lineage. This cell lacks hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative) and is CD34-positive, T1/ST2-low, CD117-negative, and FceRIa-high. This cell also expresses Gata-1, Gata-2 and C/EBPa.
BaP are also CD13-low and integrin beta-7-low. They are lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, ly6g, ly76, and NCAM-1). They also lack expression of mast cell protease 1 (MCP-1) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf).
A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and basophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. Markers are being integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, aminopeptidase N-positive.
A thick walled spore containing one or more haploid nuclei produced by sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium.
A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter
A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
Acinar cells are specialized exocrine gland cells that secrete specific enzymes and fluids to aid in digestion. Found primarily in the pancreas and salivary glands, the term acinar is derived from the Latin word 'acinus' which means 'grape'; this is because acinar cells are arranged in a grape-like cluster around small ducts, formulating an acinus structure. In the salivary glands, acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes as well as other substances such as mucus and water. These secretions service the initial stages of the digestive process, preparing the consumed food for onward digestion in the stomach and intestines by lubricating and partially breaking it down. In the pancreas, acinar cells are responsible for synthesizing and secreting a significant amount of digestive enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase. These enzymes are stored in zymogen granules inside the acinar cells until they are dispatched into the small intestine. Once within the small intestine, they break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into substances that can be absorbed. This is vital to the effective and efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume. Acinar cells have high protein synthesis rates and are susceptible to accumulation of misfolded proteins; the subsequential induction of ER stress is thought to be involved in the development of pancreatitis, a serious inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells.
A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor.
A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells, also referred to as CD8+ T cells, are integral components of the body's adaptive immune system. They are characterized by the presence of the CD8 glycoprotein on their cell surface and the alpha and beta chains in their T cell receptors (TCRs). CD8+ T cells primarily function as cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), their specialized role in the immune response being to detect and eliminate cells presenting foreign or abnormal antigens on their surfaces. Naïve CD8+ T cells patrol the central lymphoid organs, checking peptide– MHC class I molecule complexes for the presence of their cognate antigen on antigen-presenting cells. Recognition of the foreign antigen by the TCR and interaction with MHC class I molecules triggers a series of events leading to the activation of the CD8+ T cell. Once activated, the CD8+ T cell divides, matures, and differentiates into effector T cells capable of destroying the target cells. This cytotoxic function is carried out by the release of substances like perforin and granzymes, which induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the target cells. In addition to their cytotoxic function, CD8+ T cells are known to release various cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). These are potent mediators of the immune response and have roles in shaping the immune response and the inflammatory reaction. Following the resolution of an immune response, a small subset of activated CD8+ T cells persists as memory T cells, providing a quicker and more vigorous response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen. These capabilities make CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells indispensable for the body's defense against infections and malignant transformations. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.
A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a unique cell type found in the liver, residing in the space between the sinusoidal endothelial cells and the hepatocytes, known as the space of Disse. Despite constituting only 5-8% of the total number of liver cells, they play a significant role in the maintenance of liver health. They have a star-shaped (stellate) structure, hence their name and their principal function is the storage of vitamin A in their cytoplasm as retinyl esters. HSCs become highly active when the liver is damaged or diseased. They play a crucial role in the liver's response to injury and wound-healing process, converging into myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for scar tissue formation (fibrosis). They are also involved in maintaining the extracellular matrix balance by producing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which break down and inhibit the breakdown of collagen respectively. HSCs also play a part in regulating blood flow through the liver’s blood vessels, help fight infections, and are involved in interactions among different types of liver cells. Recent research has implicated them in regulating liver regeneration and in the development of liver cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Hepatic stellate cells are CD271-positive, desmin-positive, DDR-2-positive, GFAP-positive, synamin-positive, synaptophysin-positive, vimentin-positive, They are capable of producing angiotensin II, fibronectin, laminin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-11, TGF-beta1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, and type VI collagen.
hepatic stellate cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that stains readily in the anterior pituitary gland.
chromophil cell of anterior pituitary gland
A basophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
basophil cell of anterior lobe of hypophysis
basophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses.
Bergmann glial cells, also known as Bergmann glia or Bergmann astrocytes, are specialized astrocytes located in the cerebellum, specifically in the Purkinje cell layer. They were discovered and named after the German histologist Karl Bergmann and are known for their characteristic morphology. Unique to Bergmann glial cells is their long, fibrous processes, which extend through the molecular layer to the cerebellar surface, aligning parallel to the Purkinje cells' dendrites. These extensions play a detailed role in the structural organization and function of the cerebellum. The primary function of Bergmann glial cells is to support and nourish the adjacent neuronal cells, especially the Purkinje cells. Their strategic arrangements around synapses or nerve junctions also indicate their role in facilitating communication between neurons and in modulating synaptic plasticity. The glial cells remove excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic clefts and thus help maintain homeostasis. An additional important role of Bergmann glia is in the guided migration of granule cells during cerebellar development. This guidance is critical for the proper formation and arrangement of the cerebellar circuitry. In addition to these roles, recent studies have revealed a vital function of Bergmann glial cells in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the cerebellum. In instances of cerebellar injury or disease, these cells respond proactively and change their morphology and activity, a process known as reactive gliosis. This response seems to protect and restore the neural circuits. However, aberrant activation of Bergmann glial cells has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, underscoring their significance in the pathobiology of the nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Bergmann glial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament.
A phagocytic syncytial cell formed by the fusion of macrophages, occurs in chronic inflammatory responses to persistent microorganism such as M.tuberculosis, component of granulomas. Sometimes used to refer to megakaryocytes.
Role or process: Chronic infection, granulomatous inflammation. Consider also megakaryocyte (CL:0000556) as sometimes multinucleated giant cell is used to refer to this.
A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation.
A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries.
Mesangial cells are specialized cells that primarily reside in the middle layer, or mesangium, of the renal glomerulus within the kidney. The primary function of mesangial cells is to maintain the structural stability and function of the glomerular capillary tuft. They achieve this by providing structural support to the capillary loops, controlling the surface area available for filtration in response to physiological alterations in blood pressure, and removing trapped material and proteins from the basement membrane, which otherwise could cause damage. Moreover, mesangial cells regulate the glomerular blood flow by contracting and relaxing, similar to smooth muscle cells. They also synthesize extracellular matrix components, including collagen and fibronectin, that form the structural framework of the glomerulus. Beyond their structural and regulatory roles, mesangial cells are involved in several immunologic functions. They express a variety of receptors that can recognize immune complexes and subsequently mediate an inflammatory reaction. Their role in the immune response includes the production of a variety of cytokines and growth factors, which make them a key cellular component in the progression of several renal diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Do all of these cells really develop from some mesenchymal stem cell?
A specialized kidney epithelial cell, contained within a glomerulus, that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other podocytes.
Podocytes are highly specialized, terminally differentiated glomerular visceral epithelial cells that wrap around the capillaries in the kidneys. They play an essential role in kidney function, particularly in the filtration selectivity of the glomerulus. Each podocyte is characterized by a unique architecture with a large cell body, ‘major processes’ extending outwardly from the cell body and ‘foot processes’, also known as pedicels, which surround. the glomerular capillary loops Podocytes represent the last barrier of the glomerular filtration membrane in the kidney. This barrier prevents the leakage of plasma proteins from the blood into the urine, hence maintaining protein homeostasis in the body. The foot processes of the podocytes interdigitate with those from neighboring cells. The cell-cell junctions between the foot processes, the slit-diaphragms, are thought to create a molecular sensor of renal filtration that prevents the passage of macromolecules while allowing water and small solutes to pass. Podocytes also contribute to the glomerular basement membrane by secreting collagen and maintain glomerular endothelial cell fenestration by secreting VEGFA. They have been shown to play a role in inducing cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, and inflammatory response, consistent with their essential function in the kidney. The importance of podocytes is further emphasized by the effects of their damage or loss. Abnormalities in podocytes often result in severe kidney diseases (podocytopathies), including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD). Injury to the podocytes can result in "effacement" or flattening of foot processes, leading to increased permeability of the filtration barrier and proteinuria (an excess of serum protein in urine) which is a common symptom of kidney diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of visceral layer of glomerular capsule
A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I.
A secondary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed meiosis II.
A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
An endothelial cell that has small pores, or fenestrations, which allow for the efficient exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Fenestrated cells are specialized epithelial cells that are characterized by a distinctive structural feature, fenestrations or tiny pores, which allow an exchange of substances such as fluids, nutrients, and waste between blood vessels and the surrounding tissue environments. These cells are present in various types of epithelial tissues in the human body, including the intestinal tract, endocrine glands, and certain parts of the renal system. There are multiple types of endothelial cell fenestrations. The most common type is found in systemic capillaries of the endocrine tissue (e.g., pancreatic islets), gastrointestinal mucosa, and renal peritubular capillaries. Here, the fenestrated cells have fenestrations in their peripheral cytoplasm with a unique thin and permeable diaphragm that provides a high degree of selectivity, blocking the passage of larger molecules while allowing the free movement of smaller ones. In contrast, other types of fenestrations, such as the discontinuous epithelium of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, do not have diaphragms. Characteristically, fenestrated cells play a vital role in the filtering process of body systems. They are a key part of the glomeruli in the kidneys where blood is filtered under high pressure. The fenestrations present in the endothelial cells lining the capillaries of the glomerulus allow the free passage of water and small solute molecules towards the Bowman's capsule, leaving behind larger proteins and cells in the blood, thereby aiding in the filtration and waste removal process. In the endocrine system, fenestrated cells in glandular capillaries allow the prompt release of hormones into the bloodstream. These cells have tightly clustered fenestrations which increase the surface area available for passive diffusion, improving the efficiency of hormone secretion. In villi of the small intestine, these cells increase absorption efficiency, permitting the exchange of water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Overall, fenestrated cells contribute immensely to important physiological processes of filtration, absorption, and secretion, primarily connecting our body's circulation system with the surrounding tissues and organs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fenestrated endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen.
An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.
Pericytes, also known as Rouget cells, are a type of cell embedded in the wall of small blood vessels such as capillaries and venules. Not only do these cells share a basement membrane with endothelial cells, but they also have a direct physical contact with them, forming the blood-brain and blood-retinal barrier. They are an essential component of the neurovascular unit, a structure critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and a consistent neural microenvironment. Pericytes play a crucial role in the regulation of microvascular blood flow and permeability. They dynamically respond to changes in blood flow and can relax or contract like smooth muscle cells, thereby controlling capillary diameter and blood flow to the tissues. Moreover, pericytes contribute significantly to the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and migration, implying their vital role in angiogenesis and the stability of blood vessels. Their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells, reveals their importance in tissue repair and remodeling. Furthermore, pericytes have demonstrated functions in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Pericytes also collaborate with endothelial cells in preserving the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, thus protecting the central nervous system from potential damage due to harmful substances and pathogens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Pericytes are CD10-positive, CD13-positive, CD31-negative, CD45-negative, CD106-positive, CD117-negative, CD140-positive, CD144-negative, CD146-positive, CD271-positive, CD325-positive, NG2-positive, RGS5-positive, SMA-positive, and desmin-positive. A subpopulation is CD248-positive. They are also capable of producing angiopoietin 1, CXCL12, TGF-beta, and VEGF-A.
A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.
A follicle cell that migrates from the dorso-anterior part of the oocyte associated follicular epithelium, in between the nurse cells and the oocyte, and participates in the formation of the operculum.
A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline.
Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules.
A neuron with soma location in the central nervous system that project its axon to the contralateral side of a central nervous system. This neuron can have its soma in the spinal cord, in the hemisphere of the brain, in the retina or in the ventral nerve cord of invertebrates.
Historically, commissural neurons, particularly in the spinal cord, have been used as a model to understand axon guidance during development.
A neuron that is capable of some neurotansmission by glutamate secretion.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell.
Muscle precursor cells, commonly referred to as myogenic progenitor cells or myoblasts, play a pivotal role in the intricate processes of muscle regeneration and development. As undifferentiated cells, they harbor the potential to evolve into distinct specialized cells, specifically the muscle cell or myocyte. Their crucial contribution lies in guiding the transformation of the mesodermal layer, one of the three primary germ cell layers in the early embryo, into fully developed skeletal muscle tissues during embryonic development. Muscle precursor cells are characterized by their proliferative capacity and rapid differentiation into mature myocytes. They fuse into myotubes, culminating in the formation of muscle fibers. Their responsiveness to signals such as insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor-β, and neural inputs enables precise control over their proliferation and differentiation. This regenerative capacity equips them with the ability to repair injured or damaged muscle tissue, a critical function in preserving muscle homeostasis and overall function. These cells also actively contribute to adaptive responses, such as muscle growth and strengthening, in reaction to factors like training or aging. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
muscle precursor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell present in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration.
Unlike that of mammals, the brain of adult teleost fish exhibits an intense and widespread neurogenic activity as a result of the persistence of radial glial cells acting as neural progenitors throughout life.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
Any interneuron that has characteristic some stellate morphology.
A type of transient, early-born glutamatergic neuron located primarily in the marginal zone (future layer I) of the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampus in vertebrates. it is characterized by a bipolar morphology with an elongated soma, a single thick dendrite oriented toward the pial surface, and a long, thin axon that extends tangentially to form horizontal plexuses across the cortical surface. It is important for the multiple developmental processes including migration, dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis. It typically undergoes programmed cell death following cortical maturation with species- and region specific patterns of survival. In mice, it is predominantly observed in the hippocampal formation, particularly in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare and outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (van Bruggen et al., 2023). In contrast, in humans, a second morphologically distinct subpopulation emerges mid-gestation and persists postnatally, with surviving cells observed in the cortical sulci and the hippocampus.
Cajal-Retzius cells are unique, early-born neurons found within the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampus. They are named after Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Gustaf Retzius, who first discovered them independently in the late 19th century. These neurons are characterized by horizontally oriented bipolar or multipolar cell bodies, facilitating their function in structuring the architecture of the cortex. The primary role of Cajal-Retzius cells is to mediate the correct formation of the cortical layers in the developing brain. They accomplish this chiefly through the secretion of the extracellular matrix protein Reelin, which interacts with receptors on migrating neurons to control neuronal migration and position. The Reelin signal provided by Cajal-Retzius cells is essential to establish the cortical plate, where new neurons arising from the ventricular zone accumulate and form the recognizable layered structure of the cortical region. Disruptions in Reelin signaling can lead to reeler-like phenotypes characterized by inversion of cortical layers, demonstrating the importance of these cells during normal brain development. In addition to layer formation, Cajal-Retzius cells also play a role in synaptic plasticity, which is a key aspect of learning, memory, and cognitive function. It has been suggested that these cells are involved in establishing the first functional synapses in the developing cortex, providing initial neural network activity. Furthermore, they have been linked to the modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) trafficking, excitatory-inhibitory balance, and thus, the fine-tune of the neural network activity during early postnatal life. Despite their disappearance shortly after birth in rodents and during early adolescence in humans, Cajal-Retzius cells lay the groundwork for the structure and functionality of the brain's cortical region. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
While previously called 'pioneer neurons' of the marginal zone, Cajal-Retzius cells are differentiated from pioneer neurons (which are Reln-negative) by their Reln-immunoreactivity.
Cajal-Retzius cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.
PP cells, also known as pancreatic polypeptide cells (and previously called F cells or gamma cells), are enteroendocrine cells predominantly found in the islets of Langerhans in the head of the pancreas. They are one of the four main endocrine cell types present in the pancreatic islets, along with type A, B and D cells. PP cells are notable for their production of pancreatic polypeptide, an anorexigenic hormone that modulates food intake and energy homeostasis. By secreting pancreatic polypeptide, PP cells play a significant role in the management of both digestive and appetite regulation. Upon ingestion of food, there is a significant increase in the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide, which then reduces biliary secretion and helps slow down the movement of food through the digestive tract. This allows more time for digestion to take place and nutrients to be absorbed, promoting the efficient use of dietary intake. The pancreatic polypeptide further reduces appetite by interacting with the hypothalamus, the area of the brain responsible for control of hunger. Given their important role in digestion, malfunction or damage to PP cells can lead to a disturbance in the digestive process and contribute to some disease conditions. For example, an overproduction of pancreatic polypeptide can result in conditions such as pancreatic tumors and diabetes. Conversely, an under secretion might contribute to obesity due to impaired dietary control. Furthermore, PP cells may also play a role in the body's energy balance, suggesting their implication in conditions related to energy metabolism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.
Endothelial tip cells are a specialized type of cell that play a crucial role in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature. These cells are located at the ends of growing capillary sprouts, their position giving them the term "tip" cells. Endothelial tip cells are characterized by a number of attributes which facilitate them to lead the way in angiogenesis: They have a highly dynamic, large, and polarized shape, and they extend numerous long and mobile filopodia, or finger-like projections, which continuously probe the extracellular microenvironment for cues that control the growth and movement of the cells. The filopodia are equipped with several receptors, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) -2 and -3, which respond to guidance signals during angiogenesis. Their distinctive morphology with a broad leading edge and small cell body trailing behind helps in efficiently moving in the right direction responding to cues. The function of endothelial tip cells is fundamental to the angiogenesis process. Guiding the sprouting vessel, they direct the subsequent proliferation and migration of the stalk cells, which follow the tip cells and form the body of the sprout. These tip cells do not proliferate, but instead, dictate the division of stalk cells, leading to the elongation of the sprout. They also help in lumen formation. The guidance and sprouting decisions of endothelial tip cells are critical for creating a functional and efficient network of vessels that can appropriately supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Notably, tip cells play a role in pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis and eye diseases, making them an important area of research in cell biology and medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial tip cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Stromal cell that forms the internal covering of the vertebrate brain and produces ECM for this and the choroid plexus.
Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098).
Cumulus cell is a specialized granulosa cell that surrounds and nourishes the oocyte. This cell-type surrounds the fully-grown oocyte to form a cumulus-oocyte complex (abbr. COC). The terms cumulus oophorus cells, cumulus granulosa cells, cumulus oophorous granulosa cells, granulosa-cumulus cells are used to make a distinction between this cell and the other functionally different subpopulation of granulosa cells at the wall of the Graafian follicle.
A crystal cell that derives from the embryonic head mesoderm.
A crystal cell that derives from the larval lymph gland.
A cell of an ommatidium that secretes lens materials.
Not to be confused with the Semper cells of the Semper organ found in gastropods.
A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
Somatic stem cells, also known as adult stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body post-embryonic development. They reside in specialized niches within tissues such as the bone marrow, brain, muscles, skin, and liver. Fundamentally, these cells possess the ability to self-renew, maintaining their numbers, and to generate differentiated cells that replace dying cells and repair damaged tissues. The potency of somatic stem cells varies based on their tissue of origin. For instance, hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow exhibit multipotency, giving rise to all blood cell types. Conversely, muscle stem cells display unipotency, generating only muscle cells. Somatic stem cells respond to environmental signals that regulate their quiescence, activation, and differentiation states. In response to tissue injury, they proliferate and differentiate into specific mature cell types to replace lost or damaged cells. Intricate mechanisms ensure a delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation, guiding tissue maintenance and repair without risking aberrant cell proliferation leading to tumor formation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
somatic stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A differentiated cell that functions as a site of nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions.
Any cell that is capable of some nitrogen fixation.
An asexual 1-celled spore (primarily for perennation, not dissemination). Originates endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell by the contraction of the protoplast. Possesses an inner secondary and often thickened hyaline or brown wall, usually impregnated with hydrophobic material.
Considering obsoleting as sometimes used to refer to protozoans too. But reference indicates term was intended for fungus.
A cell at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the proximal urethra, bladder, ureter or renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.
Urothelial cells are a unique type of epithelial cell found lining the urinary tract system. They form the urothelium, a specialized, multi-layered epithelium that lines major portions of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and the proximal part of the urethra. The distinct characteristic of urothelial cells is their ability to stretch and contract depending on the volume of liquid they contain - a feature that facilitates the essential role they play in maintaining the functionality and integrity of the urinary system. The primary function of urothelial cells is to provide an impermeable barrier to urine, preventing the toxic components present in the urine from seeping back into the body's bloodstream. The urothelium consists of a superficial umbrella cell layer, 1–2 layers of intermediate cells, and a basal cell layer. The umbrella layer is composed of large, mostly binucleated cells that are covered in an asymmetrical unit membrane, the uroplakin plaques. These plaques function to seal the apical membrane of the bladder from the toxic and highly variable contents of urine. The lipid bilayer structure of uroplakin plaques has an exceptionally high concentration of uroplakins that contribute to the barrier function of the urothelium. Beyond their mechanical function, urothelial cells also play a role in sensing and signaling changes in the urinary system. They express a number of sensor molecules or respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli and can release chemical mediators. This allows them to act as sensory transducers because they detect changes in the filling state of the bladder and transmit this information to the nervous system. Moreover, these versatile cells contribute to the defense mechanism against urinary tract pathogens. They respond to bacterial infections by releasing chemical messengers, cytokines and chemokines, to attract immune cells, and also can engulf pathogens via endocytosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
urinary tract transitional epithelial cell
A plasmatocyte that derives from the larval lymph gland.
A hemocyte that derives from the larval lymph gland.
Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.
An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve.
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located near the inner surface of the retina, playing a critical role in the visual pathway. There are approximately 1 million RGCs in a typical human eye, each receiving inputs from multiple photoreceptor cells. As the only neurons in the retina that send information to the brain, they are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina, and their axons constitute the majority of fibers in the optic nerve. The primary function of RGCs is to receive visual information from photoreceptors via intermediary bipolar and amacrine cells, process it, and transmit it to the brain through their axons. The information that RGCs relay encompasses various aspects of the visual field, including color, contrast, brightness, and motion. A diverse population of RGCs, up to 30 distinct subtypes, each contributes to a specific aspect of vision, such as object motion, edge detection, or color contrast, illustrating the complexity of visual data processing that occurs already at the retinal level. RGCs also play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and the pupillary light reflex. Some RGCs contain the photopigment melanopsin and respond directly to light, separately from the retinal rod and cone cells found in the outer retina. These photosensitive RGCs are primarily involved in subconscious vision, particularly the regulation of circadian rhythms and the pupillary light reflex in response to changes in ambient light intensity. Hence, RGCs serve a highly specialized and diverse role in transmitting visual information and regulating light-dependent responses, view modalities, and key physiological processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal ganglion cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei.
Cardiac muscle cells, also known as cardiomyocytes or cardiac myocytes, are specialized cells that form the heart tissue. These cells are elongated, branched, and contain a single centrally located nucleus. Their anatomy is composed primarily of densely packed myofibrils, which are protein structures that consist of sarcomeres - the fundamental units of muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle cells are united at their ends through specialized junctions known as intercalated discs, which allow the heart to contract in a unified, powerful and rhythmic way. Functionally, cardiac muscle cells are responsible for the heart's consistent pumping action that circulates blood throughout the body. Unlike most cells in the body, cardiac muscle cells spontaneously depolarize and generate action potentials without external stimulation. This unique trait stems from the presence of ion channels in the cells' membrane that allow a cyclic flow of ions across the membrane, which create the electrical impulses necessary for heart contraction. The spread of these electrical signals from one cardiac muscle cell to another - facilitated by the interconnected network made by the intercalated disks - results in a synchronized contraction of the heart muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle cells which can tire and need rest, cardiac muscle cells have to work ceaselessly throughout the entire lifespan, without the opportunity for rest, to ensure continuous circulation of blood. This is made possible through the high volume of mitochondria and a constant supply of oxygen from coronary circulation. In conclusion, cardiac muscle cells, through their unique structure and vital functionality, play a pivotal role in sustaining life by providing the means for blood to reach every cell in the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This class encompasses the muscle cells responsible for heart* contraction in both vertebrates and arthropods. The ultrastucture of a wide range of arthropod heart cells has been examined including spiders, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans (see Sherman, 1973 and refs therein) and insects (see Lehmacher et al (2012) and refs therein). According to these refs, the cells participating in heart contraction in all cases are transversely striated. Insects hearts additionally contain ostial cells, also transversely striated muscle cells, but which do not participate in heart contraction.
cardiac muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains blue pigment of unknown chemical composition in fibrous organelles termed cyanosomes. This gives a blue appearance.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
The retinal bipolar neuron is an integral part of the eye, specifically located within the retina. They are secondary neurons in the visual pathway and primarily serve to transmit information from photoreceptor cells, which respond to light, to retinal ganglion cells, which carry the signal to the brain. As such, these cells play a pivotal role in our ability to interpret and perceive visual information. The structure of retinal bipolar neurons is unique and significant to their function. They are termed "bipolar" due to their morphology, having two poles: a single dendrite on one end and an axon on the other. The dendrite end connects to photoreceptor cells (rods or cones), while the axon end synapses with retinal ganglion cells. In the center of the dendrite and axon lies the cell body, which houses the cell's nucleus and other vital organelles. At the functional level, retinal bipolar neurons can be categorized into ON and OFF types based on their response to light. 'ON' bipolar cells are depolarized (electrical potential across the cell membrane decreases) under light conditions, thereby increasing their rate of neurotransmitter release onto the downstream ganglion cells. In contrast, 'OFF' bipolar cells are hyperpolarized (electrical potential increases) in light conditions, decreasing their rate of neurotransmitter release. This dual system allows for a fine-tuned response and the ability to perceive differences in light intensity and contrast, thus creating a nuanced and detailed visual world. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
reference transcriptomic data on Cell Annotation Platform
retinal bipolar neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells but not by cone photoreceptor cells. These neurons depolarize in response to light.
Rod bipolar cells constitute a significant component of the retinal neural network and play a pivotal role in signal transmission from rod photoreceptor cells to the other subsequent neuronal cells within the vision system. They belong to the category of interneurons, or connector cells, effectively conveying visual information under low light conditions. Non-mammalian and mammalian visual systems feature these cells serving as the primary conduit for scotopic (night vision) signals. These cells harness their strategic position in the retina's inner nuclear layer to receive information from the rod photoreceptor cells and transmit it to amacrine and ganglion cells. Structurally, they are named bipolar due to their distinctive shape, with dendrites extending towards the outer retina to connect with rod cells, while their axons lead inwards to form synapses with ganglion and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer. Each rod bipolar cell tends to interface with several rod cells and several downstream neurons, forming intricate networks. Bearing intricate dendritic trees, these cells can integrate responses from multiple rod cells efficiently, amplifying the retinal signal's strength. They employ glutamate, a type of neurotransmitter, to govern synaptic communication between photoreceptor cells and downstream neurons. This stratified arrangement of rod bipolar cells endows them with the capability to translate light signals into neural signals, predominantly maintaining the spatial and temporal resolution of our visual perception in dim lighting. They are key to our night vision and our ability to detect changes in our light environment. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set CDHR3, PRKCA-AS1 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000751 in the retina with a confidence of 0.929575519 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set ENSG00000227681, C16orf74 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000751 in the retina with a confidence of 0.907779697 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
The marker set COL19A1, DOK5 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000752 in the retina with a confidence of 0.843060252 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set DOK5, ST6GALNAC3 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000752 in the retina with a confidence of 0.782434709 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation, typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type. Use platelet ; CL:0000233 for thrombocytes (platelets) in mammals.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.
Note that in FMA erythropoietic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes.
A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.
Myeloid leukocytes are a group of immune cells descended from the myeloid lineage. The myeloid lineage constitutes a significant portion of the body's defense system, particularly against microbial pathogens and foreign substances. Myeloid leukocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow. The commitment of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a myeloid progenitor cell represents the initiation step towards the development of myeloid leukocytes. Once differentiated, these cells contribute diversely to both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the body. Myeloid leukocytes include several distinct cell types based on functionality and structure, encompassing monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), and dendritic cells. Each cell type has specialized functions, occupying a unique role in the body's immune response. For instance, neutrophils are prolific phagocytes—cells that engulf and destroy pathogens—while eosinophils are instrumental in combating multicellular parasites and modulating allergic inflammatory responses. Monocytes, in addition to their phagocytic activities, can enter peripheral tissues and differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells which are crucial for antigen presentation to T cells. Another critical function of myeloid leukocytes is their involvement in tissue remodeling and repair. For example, macrophages not only play a key role in defending the body but also perform duties essential for wound healing, such as removing dead cells and stimulating tissue repair. In general, myeloid leukocytes participate in the removal of old and damaged cells, an essential process for maintaining good health and homeostasis. Through the orchestration of complex interactions and signal transductions, myeloid leukocytes provide the body with a robust defense system against foreign invaders and participate in maintaining the body's overall balance and function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
myeloid leukocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive.
Matures in the bone marrow and account for <1% of leukocytes in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow. Basophils are described as being CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD25-positive, CD29-positive, CD35-positive, CD40-positive, CD40L-positive, CD44-positive, CD45R-negative, CD46-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49d-positive, CD55-positive, CD59-positive, CD62L-positive, CD63-positive, CD69-positive, CD90-negative, CD116-positive, CD117-negative, CD124-positive, CD125-positive, CD131-positive, CD161-positive, CD184-positive, CD191-positive, CD192-positive, CD197-positive, CD200R3-positive, CD218-positive, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD294-positive, natural killer cell receptor 2B4-positive, smad1-positive, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-negative, CD8-negative, CD14-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD34-negative, CD36-negative, CD45R-negative, CD56-negative, CD57-negative, CD235a-negative, and GR1-negative. Transcription factors- GATA1-positive, PU.1-positive.
Any of the immature forms of a basophil, in which basophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a basophilic myelocyte and a band form basophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are CD11b-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD24-positive, CD33-positive, and CD13-positive.
A late basophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive.
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte derived from myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow; they are a part of the body's immune system. Named for their affinity to eosin, a red acidic dye used in staining procedures, eosinophils contribute to the immune system's response by migrating to inflammation sites, particularly those produced by allergic reactions and infections due to multicellular parasites. They comprise ~1-5% of the white blood cells in circulation. Eosinophils play crucial roles in mediating inflammatory responses. They carry granules containing a variety of enzymes and proteins, including major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). These enzymes and proteins are effective in killing bacteria, parasites, and some cancer cells. When exposed to an antigen, eosinophils degranulate and release these mediators to the site of infection, resulting in the destruction of invading microorganisms. Specifically, in parasitic infections, eosinophils attach themselves to the parasites and release these cytotoxic granules, causing a lethal rupture in the parasite's surface. Eosinphils may also release cytokines to attract other immune cells to sites of infection and to skew the response towards type 2 immunity. Eosinophils are also involved in conditions such as asthma and allergic reactions. They secrete chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins that trigger contraction of smooth muscles, causing symptoms such as bronchoconstriction observed in asthma. However, these multifunctional cells, while useful in defending the body, may also inadvertently cause tissue damage if excessively activated. Increased numbers of eosinophils, a condition known as eosinophilia, can indicate a variety of diseases including allergies, skin disorders, parasitic and fungal infections, autoimmune diseases, certain types of cancer, and asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Eosinophils are also CD14-negative, CD32-positive, CD44-positive, CD48-positive, CD69-positive, CD192-negative, MBP1-positive, MBP2-positive, TLR2-negative, TLR4-negative, and lineage-negative (B220, CD2, CD14, CD19, CD56, CD71, CD117, CD123, CD235a (glycophorin A), and TER119). The cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF are involved in their development and differentiation. Usually considered CD16-negative, CD16 is observed on eosinophilic metamyelocyte.
Any of the immature forms of an eosinophil, in which eosinophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a eosinophilic myelocyte and a band form eosinophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive and aminopeptidase N-negative.
A late eosinophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature eosinophil.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Neutrophils are an essential component of the human immune system and belong to the category of white blood cells known as granulocytes. They constitute approximately 50-70% of all white blood cells, making them the most abundant type of immune cells in mammals. Neutrophils develop in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells before being released into the bloodstream where they circulate before migration into tissues, thereby exhibiting a multi-step process that includes margination, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration. Phenotypically and functionally, neutrophils represent a heterogeneous cell population. They are the immune system’s immediate responders and are the first cells to migrate towards the site of an infection. They play a critical role in defending the body from potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Their primary mechanism of action involves phagocytosis, where they engulf and destroy these microbes. Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of large quantities of granules containing antimicrobial proteins and enzymes, including defensins and myeloperoxidase, which are released once the cell has recognized and attached to the microbes. The enzymes and other antimicrobial agents can also be released into the surrounding environment, a process known as degranulation. Neutrophils also possess the unique biological ability to eliminate pathogens through a process called neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, or NETosis. In this process, neutrophils release a mixture of DNA, histones, and granule proteins that form a web-like structure which traps and kills microbes. Notably, this process usually leads to the death of the neutrophil itself, referred to as cell suicide or programmed cell death. Neutrophils play a crucial role in the immune system by rapidly responding to infections and inflammation, excessive or dysregulated neutrophil activity can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation, exacerbating various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and neutrophils may contribute to tumor growth and progression. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
An immature neutrophil, also known as a band neutrophil or band cell, is an intermediary stage in neutrophilic granulocyte development. Immature neutrophils are formed in the bone marrow then released into the bloodstream where they eventually mature into functional, mature segmented neutrophils. They are characterized by an unsegmented, curved nucleus, a distinguishing factor that differentiates them from mature neutrophils, which possess a multi-lobed nucleus. Immature neutrophils can be found in circulation, but their numbers may increase drastically during infection. These cells are released from the bone marrow as a result of emergency granulopoiesis. The role of these cells in infection and acute inflammation remains controversial, and it has been suggested that these cells could possess immunosuppressive or proinflammatory activity. An increase of immature neutrophils in the bloodstream, a condition referred to as bandemia or a left shift, can be an important clinical indicator. While low-level presence is typical, an abnormally high count can signal severe or systemic bacterial infection, inflammation, or less commonly, diseases that affect bone marrow function such as leukemia. However, not all bacterial infections will result in a left shift. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature neutrophil on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A tissue-resident macrophage of the renal glomerular mesangium involved in the disposal and degradation of filtration residues, presentation of antigen to T cells and in tissue remodeling.
A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone, precursor of multinuclear osteoclasts.
Morphology: mononuclear, highly vesicular.
A specialized multinuclear osteoclast, forming a syncytium through the fusion of mononuclear precursor cells, associated with the absorption and removal of bone.
Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular.
A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular; location: roots of deciduous (milk) teeth.
A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
Morphology: Mononuclear, highly vesicular; location: roots of deciduous (milk) teeth.
A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage.
Myeloid dendritic cells are a subset of dendritic cells derived from the common myeloid progenitor cell. "Conventional" and "myeloid" DCs are often used interchangeably. In contrast, dendritic cells may also arise from the common lymphoid progenitor. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells may also be induced by inflammatory states. Dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells and are able to activate naïve T cells to induce the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells capture, process, and present antigens derived from pathogens to mount a specific immune response against the invading antigen. Dendritic cells also produce a range of cytokines that help in modulating and recruiting other immune cells during an immune response. Dendritic cells can contribute to immune tolerance by deleting self-reactive T cells or by inducing regulatory T-cells, thereby preventing autoimmunity. Dendritic cells thus are important in orchestrating the adaptive immune response and are pivotal in combating infections and maintaining tolerance to self. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
These cells are CD1a-negative, CD1b-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD33-positive, CD40-negative, CD50-positive, CD54-positive, CD58-positive, CD68-negative, CD80-negative, CD83-negative, CD85j-positive, CD86-positive, CD89-negative, CD95-positive, CD120a-negative, CD120b-positive, CD123-negative, CD178-negative, CD206-negative, CD207-negative, CD209-negative, and TNF-alpha-negative. Upon TLR stimulation, they are capable of producing high levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8).
myeloid dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A phagocyte formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes.
A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), initially known as interferon-producing cells, are a unique subpopulation of dendritic cells. Unlike conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells are characterized by their distinctive plasma cell-like morphology. These cells play vital roles in the innate and adaptive immune response, particularly in the antiviral response. Highly prevalent in the blood and lymphoid organs, pDCs are rare in non-lymphoid tissues, with the exception of inflamed tissues and tumors where they are often recruited. A key role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells is their rapid and robust production of type 1 interferons in response to viral infections. This is crucial for antiviral defense as interferon signals to other immune cells to increase their antiviral defenses. pDCs achieve this by detecting viral nucleic acids in the cytosol through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR7 and TLR9. Upon recognition, these cells quickly produce substantial amounts of interferons, which plays a significant role in the containment of viral replication and the development of acquired antiviral immunity. The potential of plasmacytoid dendritic cells for antigen presentations to naive T cells is relatively low under steady-state conditions. Upon activation by certain stimuli, such as viruses or CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, they have the ability to differentiate into efficient antigen-presenting cells. This transition to activated cells involves an upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules, thus allowing them to effectively present antigenic peptides to naive T cells. This crucial function in linking innate and adaptive immunity underlines the importance of pDCs to the overall immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
plasmacytoid dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.
A mature B cell is a critical component of the body's immune system, with different mature B cell subsets providing distinct functions in both adaptive and innate humoral immune responses. The primary role of these cells in the immune function is to produce antibodies or immunoglobulins which serve to neutralize or aid in the destruction of pathogens – microbes, viruses or any toxin that is harmful to the body. Mature B cells develop from immature B cells that have migrated from the bone marrow to the spleen where they differentiate through transitional B cell stages (called T1 and T2). Following antigen activation, mature B cells then undergo further developmental stages. Before encountering a specific antigen, mature B cells are called ‘naïve’ B cells. Due to the high variability of B cell receptors (BCR) even within the same individual, each naive B cell is capable of recognizing a unique molecular structure, leading to an immensely diverse repertoire of these cells ready to react against a wide array of pathogenic threats. Mature B cell subsets include follicular and marginal zone B cells, so named because they are enriched in the follicles and marginal zones of the spleen, respectively, although they are not confined to these compartments. Follicular B cells depend upon T cells for activation against specific antigens, and this reaction forms germinal centers in which the follicular B cells differentiate into germinal center B cells. Following class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, these cells can differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete high-affinity antibodies, or memory B cells, which contribute to immunological memory when re-challenged by the same antigen. Marginal zone B cells can function as antigen-presenting cells and can also rapidly respond to blood-borne antigens by differentiating into antibody-secreting plasma cells with short half-lives. In addition to follicular and marginal zone B cells, there is a third population of mature B cells, known as B1 cells, which have have a distinct haematopoietic origin in the fetal liver and are located in a number of tissues including the spleen, intestine, and the pleural and peritoneal cavities. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mature B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-negative, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD84-positive, CD127-negative, CD352-positive, RAG-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Plasma cells develop in the spleen and migrate to the bone marrow. Plasma cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD22-negative, CD23-negative, CD24-negative, CD25-negative, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-low, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-positive, CD95-positive, CD196-negative, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative. Transcription factors: BLIMP1-positive, IRF4-positive, PAX5-negative, SpiB-negative, Ets1-negative, and XBP1-positive.
A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative.
Memory B cells are a subtype of B cells that play a significant role in the adaptive immune response. They originate as part of B lymphocytes lineage and differentiate into memory B cells after activation by an antigen. The primary function of memory B cells is to respond rapidly to preexposure of the same antigen which originally activated it. Upon re-encountering the antigen, memory B cells can quickly differentiate into plasmablasts to generate antibodies or seed germinal centers to generate a robust immune response. Memory B cells can derive from mature B cells that undergo the germinal center reaction or those that differentiate in extrafollicular clusters. It is generally thought that memory B cells activated via the extrafollicular pathway are shorter-lived and produce lower-affinity antibodies, while those activated in germinal centers are longer-lived and produce high-affinity antibodies, having undergone somatic hypermutation. Memory B cells have a prolonged lifespan, lasting for years or even decades, enabling them to provide sustained protection against repeated or persistent infections. These cells are therefore a fundamental component of humoral immunological memory. As such, these cells are also important factors in the response to immunization/ (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Memory B-cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD23-negative, CD24-positive, CD25-positive, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-negative, CD86-positive, and CD196/CCR6-positive.
A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD20-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
Naïve B cells are mature B lymphocytes that have not previously encountered a specific antigen, implying that they are "naïve" or "inexperienced". They express B-cell receptors (BCRs) on the cell surface that enable them to detect specific foreign antigens. Due to the high variability of BCRs even within the same individual, each naïve B cell is capable of recognizing a unique molecular structure, leading to an immensely diverse repertoire of these cells ready to react against a wide array of pathogenic threats. They are critical for humoral immunity as they are the precursors of antigen-specific B cells, giving rise to effector cells or memory B cells after antigen encounter and activation. The primary function of naïve B cells involves recognizing foreign antigens and initiating the immune response. If the B-cell receptor-engaged naïve B cell receives a proper activation signal from a helper T cell, it begins to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that neutralize the antigen, whereas memory B cells provide long-term immunity by remembering the specific pathogen for quicker attack upon any future invasions by the same entity. Furthermore, naïve B cells play a crucial role in the establishment of germinal centers (GCs), which are special zones within secondary lymphoid organs where mature B cells undergo clonal expansion, antibody class switching, and somatic hypermutation for the production of high-affinity antibodies. The maturation and changes within these GCs not only enhance the body's defense mechanisms against ongoing infections, but also promise a more rapid and effective response during subsequent encounters with the same pathogen. In summary, naïve B cells represent a stage in B cell development and serve as foundations for the adaptive humoral immune response, playing pivotal roles in antigen recognition, initiation of immune response, and long-term immunological memory. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive B cell'. Per DSD: Naive B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD138-negative, CD150-positive, CD184/CXCR4-positive, CD185/CXCR5-positive, CD196/CCR6-positive, CD200-positive, CD229-positive, CD243-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD352-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, cadherin 9-positive, and sIgH-positive, Transcription factors: Pax5-positive, ETS1-positive, FOXO1A-positive, KLF4-positive, KLF9-positive, MiTF-positive, OBF1-positive, PLZF-positive, and SpiB-positive.
A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection.
Immature alpha-beta T cells represent a subpopulation of T cells in the thymus that are at a development stage in which they are yet to attain full functional status. The term 'alpha-beta' refers to the two distinct types of chains, alpha (α) and beta (β), which form the T cell receptor (TCR) located on the cell's surface. This T cell receptor enables the cell to identify and bind to specific antigens in order to initiate an immune response. Immature alpha-beta T cells arise from lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where the maturation of T cells takes place. In the thymus, immature cells (thymocytes) undergo a series of division and differentiation events characterized by the rearrangement of their TCR genes. Upon successful recombination, the cells express a functional alpha-beta TCR on their surface and can then be subjected to a process of selection based on the specificity of the newly expressed receptors. These stages of development are critical to ensuring that only cells with a suitable TCR repertoire survive, ready to be deployed within the immune system. Multiple subsets of immature alpha-beta T cells can be distinguished, depending on the developmental and differentiation stage, including CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes, CD4+ or CD8+ single positive thymocytes and immature NK T cells. Immature alpha-beta T cells are critically important to immune function. They constitute the foundation for the adaptive immune system - a fundamental component in combating pathological agents. Once fully matured, these cells can differentiate further into effector T cell types (like helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells), each having unique functional roles in an immune response. The proper development of immature alpha-beta T cells is fundamental to the overall health and efficacy of the immune system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature alpha-beta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype.
Mature alpha-beta T cells, also known as αβ T cells, are critical components of the adaptive immune system, responsible for a mediated immune response to pathogens and infected body cells. They derive their name from the alpha and beta chains that make up their characteristic T-cell receptor (TCR), a protein complex that binds to antigens. These cells undergo a maturation process in the thymus, where they learn to recognize self-antigens, thus achieving self-tolerance. Maturation of alpha-beta T cells takes place in the thymus and is tightly controlled by various transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. They develop through several stages from progenitors to mature T cells, from CD4-CD8- double negative cells to CD4+CD8+ double positive cells, until they eventually become CD4+ or CD8+ single positive cells. Once matured, alpha-beta T cells primarily serve as regulators and effectors in an immune response. They are adept at recognizing fragments of antigens, often viruses or bacteria, presented on the surface of other cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Once they encounter and recognize an antigen, they become activated, proliferate and differentiate into distinct subsets of effector T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells, each with a specific role in immune response. Cytotoxic T cells, the effector cells for cell-mediated immunity, are adept at killing cells that have been infected, particularly with viruses. They do this by binding to infected cells and releasing cytotoxic substances which induce apoptosis, or cell death, thus eliminating the infected cells. The main function of NK cells is to kill virally infected cells, and to detect early signs of cancer. Helper T cells do not kill infected cells directly but play a key role in modulating or orchestrating the immune response by releasing cytokines that recruit and regulate other immunity cells such as B cells and macrophages. Therefore, the versatile roles of mature alpha-beta T cells are vital for maintaining the body's successful adaptive immune defenses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mature alpha-beta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
The CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T (Treg) cell serves as a vital element in the mammalian immune system, playing a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. This particular T regulatory cell is characterized by CD4 proteins and a high level of CD25 (the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor) on its cell surface. The T-cell receptor (TCR) of these Treg cells is composed of alpha and beta protein chains, making them a subtype of the alpha-beta T cell population that recognize and bind to antigens presented by MHC class II molecules. The primary function of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta Treg cells is regulating immune responses, ensuring that the immune response is proportionate and preventing autoimmunity, maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, and limiting chronic inflammation. They achieve this regulation by suppressing or downregulating the proliferation of effector immune cells, which are activated in response to antigens, to prevent their excessive or uncontrolled activity. CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta Treg cells can suppress immune responses via a variety of mechanisms, including the release of inhibitory cytokines, in particular IL-10 and TGFβ, or through cytolysis of effector immune cells (e.g. antibody-producing B cells) involving perforin and granzymes. They can also modulate the maturation or function of dendritic cells, which are key antigen-presenting cells, and thereby reduce their ability to stimulate effector T cells. This downregulation also suppresses effector T cell functions against self-antigens—proteins that are innate to the body—to prevent autoimmunity. In essence, Treg cells act as a policing force within the immune system to maintain balance and prevent overreaction which can potentially lead to damaging effects. Besides their crucial role in preventing autoimmunity, CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta Treg cells contribute to other functions such as tumor immune evasion, maternal-fetal tolerance, and transplantation tolerance. By suppressing the cytotoxic T cell response, these cells may inadvertently help tumor cells evade destruction, contributing to cancer progression. However, this characteristic can be potentially manipulated for therapeutic applications in immune-related diseases or transplantation, further highlighting the potential and importance of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells in immune regulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Treg'. The inclusion of CD127lo in the logical definition is compatible with both human and mouse T cells of this subtype.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is capable of killing target cells in an antigen specific manner with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme B-positive.
The CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell plays a crucial role in the immune response system of vertebrates. A key feature of these cells is the expression of CD8, a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). Notably, the alpha-beta refers to the TCR heterodimer on the T cell, utilized to recognize the antigens displayed by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Functioning primarily to combat intracellular pathogens, CD8+ T cells primarily seek and destroy cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer. The TCR on the CD8+ T cell recognizes and binds to the antigen-MHC I complex displayed on the infected cell’s surface. Following this interaction, along with the engagement of co-stimulatory molecules, the T cell becomes activated. Upon activation, the CD8+ T cell proliferates and differentiates into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), ready to survey the body for the recognized antigen. CTLs employ two major cytotoxic mechanisms: the release of cytotoxic granules and the expression of death-inducing ligands on their surface. Cytotoxic granules contain perforin, a protein that forms pores in the targeted cell membrane, and granzymes, enzymes that trigger apoptosis inside the targeted cell through the activation of caspases. The Fas ligand and TRAIL death-inducing ligands on CTLs also bind to their respective receptors on the target cell and initiate a caspase cascade leading to cell death of the target. This cytotoxic function of the CD8+ alpha-beta T cell is critical in the control of infections and in cancer surveillance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
Note that while T cells of this subset are loosely referred to 'cytotoxic T cells,' as many other T cell types, including CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells and gamma-delta T cells exhibit cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cells are subpopulation of αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) which are predominately found in the intraepithelial layer of the intestine, skin and lung. They are characterized by the cell surface expression of both αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) and the CD8 αβ co-receptors, which are responsible for recognizing specific antigens expressed on the surface of pathogenic cells. The primary function of CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cells revolves around providing immune protection by targeting and eliminating cells infected with viruses or other pathogens. The TCR-CD8 complex on their surfaces recognizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on infected cells. After recognition, the T cells bind to the infected cells and release cytotoxic agents that trigger apoptosis, leading to the death of the infected cells and effectively curbing the spread of the invading pathogen. This process also helps create a memory response for the same pathogens, enabling quicker responses in subsequent encounters. With a majority of pathogens entering the body through the epithelial surfaces like skin and mucous membranes, having these T cells strategically located in these layers enables an effective first line of defense. Apart from pathogen detection and removal, they also contribute to maintaining tissue integrity and providing a surveillance mechanism against tumorigenic cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature alpha-beta T cell of the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
Gamma-delta T cells, also referred to as γδ T cells, are a distinct subset of T lymphocytes that play unique roles in the immune system. They are defined by expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) comprised of γ and δ chains. They share characteristics with both innate and adaptive immune cells, and unlike alpha-beta (αβ) T cells, they do not require antigen processing and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) presentation for the recognition of antigens. This unique response mechanism allows them to contribute to rapid immune responses, particularly in the context of tissue injury and infection. Depending on the γδ TCR and the context, different subsets of gamma-delta T cells perform a variety of functions which range from regulating thermogenesis in adipose tissue to controlling the plasticity of neuronal synapses in the central nervous system. A key function is in tissue homeostasis and surveillance against infectious agents and tumors. They can carry out their defense role through several mechanisms, such as cytokine production, killing of target cells, and regulation of other immune cell responses. In response to pathogens, these cells produce a wide range of cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-17 (IL-17), which help recruit and activate other immune cells to the site of infection. Furthermore, gamma-delta T cells can directly kill infected cells or cancerous cells, which is instrumental in preventing the spread of infection or malignancy. Despite the broadly generalized role in immunity, the function of gamma-delta T cells can vastly vary depending on their tissue location. In the skin and mucosal tissues, they provide quick response to pathogens, while in secondary lymphoid organs, their regulatory functions shape the adaptive immune response. In recent years, their role in the context of autoimmunity and cancer has gained attention, with emerging studies suggesting their potential for immunotherapeutic interventions. Thus, gamma-delta T cells serve as vital components of the immune system, providing a versatile defense mechanism against a range of pathogenic targets. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways.
gamma-delta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.
A gamma-delta T cell that has a mature phenotype. These cells can be found in tissues and circulation where they express unique TCR repertoire depending on their location.
Mature gamma-delta (γδ) T-cells represent a distinct subgroup within the diverse T-cell lineage. They are rare in secondary lymphoid organs but enriched in many peripheral tissues, such as the intestines, lungs and skin, where they play key immunological roles in the protection against infections and tumors, tissue healing, and immune regulation. They are ‘unconventional’ T cells defined by the expression of T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are heterodimers composed of γ and δ chains. Unlike their alpha-beta (αβ) T-cell counterparts, which recognize antigens via Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, γδ T-cells are activated in an MHC-independent manner perceive their targets in a more direct manner, reacting to stress-induced self molecules or unprocessed antigens, providing a more rapid immune response. Mature γδ T-cells derive from double-negative CD4− CD8− (DN) thymocytes, which can give rise to either αβ T or γδ T cell lineages. γδ T cells then develop from this precursor following a single selection step mediated by the γδ TCR; unlike cells in the αβ T cell lineage, they do not progress through to a double positive stage. Instead, most γδ T cells remain double-negative and develop into mature γδ T cells before they egress from the thymus. Upon maturation, γδ T-cells characteristics of both innate and adaptive immunity and can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Mature γδ T-cells fall into distinct IFNγ- and IL-17A-producing cell populations that can be distinguished by CD27 and CCR6 expression, respectively. The mature γδ T-cell population also includes γδ intraepithelial T-cells and dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which are only present in the epidermis of rodents. These phenotypically different mature γδ T-cells are functionally versatile. In addition to their role in immunosurveillance against microbes and tumor cells, aiding in early defense against invaders. They produce a cytokine and chemokine response and exert cytolysis of infected or transformed target cells (involving perforin and granzymes). They can assist with tissue repair in certain organs like the skin and muscle due to their ability to produce growth factors. In humans, specific γδ T-cells are able to serves as professional antigen presenting cells. Finally, because these cells are able to recognize and lyse tumors in an MHC-unrestricted manner, they have a huge potential for pan-population tumor immunotherapy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mature gamma-delta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses.
Gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells, also known as γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), are a unique subset of T cells residing in the epithelial layer of mucosal tissues such as the intestine and skin; more are found in intestinal intraepithelial tissue than in other tissues. They are characterized by their distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) that is composed of one gamma (γ) and one delta (δ) chain, unlike the conventional alpha-beta T cells. Most γδ IELs also express the CD8-alpha-alpha homodimer (Cd8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells), although some are lacking both co-receptors CD4 and CD8 (CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells). γδ IELs are though to be ‘natural’ IELs as they acquire their activated phenotype in an ‘alternative’ self-antigen-based maturation process in the thymus. Although the function of γδ IELs is still not fully established, current evidence indicates that they serve as a crucial first line of defense against invading pathogens, thus making them an important class of immune cells at the epithelial barrier interfaces. γδ IELs respond to a variety of antigens, including those not recognized by conventional T cells. They are also thought to be involved in recruiting in immune surveillance by promoting homeostasis of host microbiota and in limiting excessive inflammation. In addition to their primary role in immunity, γδ IELs also have roles in epithelial cell homeostasis and repair. They assist in maintaining the epithelial barrier by controlling the equilibrium of epithelial cell growth and death. They also contribute to the healing of lesions and the replacement of damaged epithelial cells. The regulative control exerted by γδ IELs over epithelial cell turnover indirectly influences immunity, underlining the complexity and versatility of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD8-alpha alpha-positive.
The CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell are a subset of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a highly heterogeneous population of immune cell that resides within the epithelial layer of mucosal barriers. CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell are predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract. They are characterized by the expression of both CD8-alpha-alpha homodimer and the gamma-delta (γδ) variant of the T cell receptor (TCR). CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta are thought to represent the most typical γδ IEL subset in the intestine. The IELs in the intestines are constantly and directly exposed to antigens in the gut lumen and form the first line of immune defense against invading pathogens. Unlike conventional T cells, IELs in the intestine are antigen-experienced and do not require priming. CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells fall into a subgroup of ‘natural’ IELs, which acquire their activated phenotype in an ‘alternative’ self-antigen-based maturation process in the thymus. CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell have several key functions. They help maintain the integrity of the epithelium and repair the epithelial barriers in response to physical and inflammatory injury by secreting various factors, including TGFβ1, TGFβ3 and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). These cells also provide immediate, front-line defense against pathogens. They retain the ability to respond directly to stress-associated and infected cells independent of antigen-presenting cells and major histocompatibility complex molecules. They do this through recognition of antigens present on the surfaces of stressed or infected cells. Once activated, these cells initiate a rapid immune response by releasing cytotoxic granules and engaging death receptors, processes that eliminate harmful cells. Furthermore, CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells have been implicated in regulatory functions, including in antibody class switching and immunoglobulin A (IgA) production and IL-10-dependent oral tolerance. Dysregulation CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells is linked to several inflammatory disorders including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. Therefore, the CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell plays a significant role in not only direct pathogen defense but also in the maintenance of epithelial tissue integrity and homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and rearranging the T cell receptor alpha chain and expressing the CD8 coreceptor. This stage comes between the DN4 and DP stages.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte is at the earliest stage of T cell receptor rearrangement of the beta, gamma, and delta T cell receptor chains. Also, there is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.
There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and beginning to rearrange the T cell receptor alpha chain. There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.
Double-positive (DP), alpha-beta thymocytes are a developmental stage in the production of mature alpha-beta T cells. These DP cells are found in the thymus. They are named 'double-positive' due to their expression of both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors on their surface, a characteristic that distinguishes them from other types of thymocytes. ‘Alpha-beta' refers to the type of T cell receptor (TCR) they express, differentiating them from gamma-delta T cells. In the preceding double negative (DN) phase, cells undergo an important developmental checkpoint called β-selection in which the β-chain of the TCR is rearranged and only cells expressing functional β-chains, combined with a surrogate α chain forming the pre-TCR, move forward in development. In the DP phase, cells downregulate expression of the surrogate α chain which is replaced by the α chain, which also undergoes gene rearrangements. This developmental stage is characterized by thymic selection processes that ultimately shape the T cell repertoire. Cells with nonfunctional TCRs undergo death by neglect, while cells expressing TCRs that bind strongly to self-peptides presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are removed by negative selection, and cells that express TCRs that weakly interact with self-MHC are kept via positive selection. This ensures that the resulting mature T cells are able to recognize self-MHC without responding too strongly, which could result in autoimmune reactions. The CD4 and CD8 coreceptors play an important role in the selection processes, and the class of self-MHC that was recognized by the cell will dictate whether CD4 or CD8 expression remains on the cell while the other is downregulated. CD4 corresponds to the recognition of MHC class II while CD8 corresponds to MHC class I. The cell will then proceed into the single-positive (SP) phase and ultimately produce mature alpha-beta T cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
double-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
Thymocytes of this stage are undergoing positive and negative selection.
double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocytes are a subset of newly developed T cells found within the thymus. This cell type is characterized by the expression of the surface proteins CD4 and T-cell receptor alpha-beta (TCR αβ). T-cell receptors are integral to the function of the T cell, allowing it to recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by other cells, while expression of the CD4 TCR coreceptor designates them as precursors to helper T cells. These cells represent a late stage in T cell development. Progenitor cells reach the thymus, the site of T cell maturation, and begin as double negative (DP) cells that express neither CD4 nor CD8. The cells then become double positive (DP), expressing both CD4 and CD8. The cells undergo negative and positive selection processes, in which cells are removed if they bind too strongly to self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules presenting self-peptide and cells are given survival signals if they bind weakly to self-MHC, respectively. This ensures that the resulting mature T cells are able to recognize self-MHC without responding too strongly, which could result in autoimmune reactions. The CD4 and CD8 coreceptors play an important role in the selection processes, and the class of self-MHC that was recognized by the cell will dictate whether CD4 or CD8 expression remains on the cell while the other is downregulated. CD4 corresponds to the recognition of MHC class II while CD8 corresponds to MHC class I. The cell will then proceed into the single-positive (SP) phase, producing mature, naive CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocytes. Cells are generally committed to the CD4 or CD8 lineage at this stage. These cells will complete their development by tuning their TCR threshold and proliferation, then migrate to the periphery as mature, naive T cells. CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocytes, upon exiting the thymus, develop into CD4-positive T helper cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune response. They do not directly kill infected cells or pathogens; instead, they 'help' other cells in the immune system to accomplish this. Their functions include activating and directing other immune cells, stimulating B cells to produce more antibodies, and secreting cytokines to regulate the immune response, among others. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocytes are a subset of newly developed T cells found within the thymus. This cell type is characterized by the expression of the surface proteins CD8 and T-cell receptor alpha-beta (TCR αβ). T-cell receptors are integral to the function of the T cell, allowing it to recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by other cells, while expression of the CD8 TCR coreceptor designates them as precursors to cytotoxic T cells. These cells represent a late stage in T cell development. Progenitor cells reach the thymus, the site of T cell maturation, and begin as double negative (DP) cells that express neither CD4 nor CD8. The cells then become double positive (DP), expressing both CD4 and CD8. The cells undergo negative and positive selection processes, in which cells are removed if they bind too strongly to self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules presenting self-peptide and cells are given survival signals if they bind weakly to self-MHC, respectively. This ensures that the resulting mature T cells are able to recognize self-MHC without responding too strongly, which could result in autoimmune reactions. The CD4 and CD8 coreceptors play an important role in the selection processes, and the class of self-MHC that was recognized by the cell will dictate whether CD4 or CD8 expression remains on the cell while the other is downregulated. CD4 corresponds to the recognition of MHC class II while CD8 corresponds to MHC class I. The cell will then proceed into the single-positive (SP) phase, producing mature, naive CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocytes. Cells are generally committed to the CD4 or CD8 lineage at this stage. These cells will complete their development by tuning their TCR threshold and proliferation, then migrate to the periphery as mature, naive T cells. CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocytes, upon exiting the thymus, develop into CD8-positive cytotoxicT cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune response. These cells can produce cytotoxic mediators to destroy infected or cancerous cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A long-lived, antigen-experienced T cell that has acquired a memory phenotype including distinct surface markers and the ability to differentiate into an effector T cell upon antigen reexposure.
A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response.
Mature NK T cells, or natural killer T cells, are a unique subset of alpha-beta T cells that serve as mediators in the immune response. They are named for their distinct ability to express markers typical of natural killer (NK) cells (such as NK1.1) as well as a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. Similar to mature effector T cells, mature NK T cells represent a heterogeneous group of effector cells, which express different transcription factors and cytokines and hence have different effector functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes: they recognize endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens presented by the MHC-like molecule CD1d. They have been classified into two subpopulations based on their TCR usage and specificity for lipid antigen: Type I NK T cells have an invariant TCRα-chain while type II NK T cells have a more diverse TCR repertoire. Mature NKT cells have been shown to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions and modulate immune responses, including cancer, autoimmunity, allergy, infection and graft-versus-host disease. The primary function of mature NK T cells is to rapidly respond to infections by releasing large amounts of cytokines to aid cell-to-cell communication in immune responses. They also play a role in recognizing and eliminating certain types of cancer cells. Upon activation via their TCRs, mature NK T cells can promptly release a plethora of cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). These cytokines subsequently stimulate other immune cells, such as B cells, T cells and macrophages, to respond to the infection or abnormal cell growth. In addition to antibody-mediated responses, NK T cells are capable of cytotoxic responses, a crucial function in managing viral infections. Mature NK T cells can bind to infected cells, inducing cell death and thereby preventing the spread of the infection. Furthermore, they have been found to play an instrumental role in autoimmunity and allergic diseases, highlighting their key part in maintaining the body’s overall immune balance. Continuous research on mature NK T cells informs therapeutic efforts in immunological disorders, infections, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
Regulatory T cells, or Tregs, represent a vital component of the immune system, functioning to maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis. Tregs prevent excessive immune responses and autoimmunity by suppressing or downregulating proliferation or activation of other immune cells. Originating in the thymus, Tregs belong to a larger group of T cells that express CD4 protein on their surface. They can be identified by their expression of the forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor Foxp3, which is a crucial intracellular marker that controls their development and function. Tregs are key players in preventing autoimmune diseases, allergies, and graft-versus-host disease, a potential complication of bone marrow transplantation. By suppressing the immune response, Tregs ensure that the immune system doesn't mistakenly attack the body's own healthy tissues, or harmless substances such as pollen, or transplanted tissue. Abnormalities in Treg number or function can result in a profound dysregulation of immune homeostasis, leading to the development of various immune-mediated diseases. However, Tregs also appear to contribute to tumor development. Developmentally, while Tregs may emerge directly from the thymus, Tregs may also arise peripherally from conventional T cells. Thymic or "natural" Tregs likely arise from thymocytes that strongly recognize self-antigen and contribute to self-tolerance. Peripherally induced Tregs likely recognize foreign antigen and are likely important in maintaining tolerance to non-host antigens, such as intestinal microbiota or food allergens. Understanding the precise functions and mechanisms of regulatory T cells is a continually evolving field, with potential implications for combating autoimmunity, enhancing cancer therapy, and preventing transplant rejection. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type may express FoxP3 and CD25 and secretes IL-10 and TGF-beta.
regulatory T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.
Immature B cells, also known as Hardy fraction E, represent an intermediate stage in B cell development. By this stage, the B cell precursors have undergone both heavy and light chain rearrangement, resulting in a diverse pool of B cell receptors (BCR). At this stage, the immature B cells undergo a stringent selection process to maintain B cell central tolerance. If an immature B cell is found to express self-reactive BCR, it can undergo receptor editing, in which rearrangement of its light chain genes is reinitiated, in an attempt to create a new, non-self-reactive BCR. If this editing process is unsuccessful and the BCR remains self-reactive, the cell can then be forced to undergo apoptosis, a process termed clonal deletion, thus preventing the production of auto-reactive, potentially harmful B cells. If the BCR recognizes self-antigen with low affinity, it may become anergic or unresponsive. Immature B cells that successfully pass these selection processes are then released from the bone marrow as transitional B cells and will complete their maturation process in secondary lymphoid organs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Immature B cells are also reportedly CD5-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD24-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD79a-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD127-negative, CD138-negative, CD185-positive, CD196-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and preBCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive.
Precursor B cells, often abbreviated as pre-B cells, represent an intermediary stage in the development of B cells, the white blood cells that play a crucial role in the body’s adaptive immunity system. They arise from early lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow, representing a critical point in B cell development between a pro-B cell and an immature B cell. They differ from mature B cells as they still populate the bone marrow and have yet to fully develop the distinctive B cell receptor complex. The primary function of precursor B cells is to undergo proliferation and rearrange their immunoglobulin light chain gene regions which ultimately forms part of the B cell receptor (BCR), an event crucial to B lymphocyte development. This process is closely monitored by the body's quality control mechanisms, ensuring all newly produced B cells have functional (and not self-reactive) receptors. This receptor editing and checking system helps to prevent autoimmune diseases, triggered when immune cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells. Critical mutations required for the maturation of the BCR happen in stages while the cell is a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells are initially characterized as stage called "large pre-B cells," during which proliferation occurs. Additionally, heavy chain recombination is completed and the cell undergoes a checkpoint in which only cells with a functional heavy chain continue to develop. Afterwards, they transition into a "small pre-B cell" phase, where heavy chain rearrangement ends, and light-chain rearrangement begins. Once the B cell receptor is fully formed following heavy and light chain rearrangement, the cell is considered an immature B cell and leaves the bone marrow. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen.
Transitional stage B cells represent an intermediary stage in B cell development between immature B cells, which are produced within the bone marrow, and mature B cells, which circulate in the blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues. Transitional B cells migrate from the bone marrow to secondary lymphoid organs, usually the spleen. Transitional B cells may still undergo negative and positive selection processes to remove self-reactive B cells and to enhance survival and clonal expansion of antigen-specific cells, respectively. Transitional B cells can mature into either follicular B cells in the splenic follicles following tonic or strong B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and BAFF signaling, or marginal zone B cells between the red and white pulp of the spleen following weak BCR signaling and Notch2 signaling. Some transitional B cells themselves also possess regulatory B cell functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'transitional B cell'.
transitional stage B cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive.
B-1 B cells represent a unique subset of B lymphocytes distinguished by their functional and phenotypic characteristics. These cells have been well studied in mice, though their human counterparts remain more difficult to characterize. These cells are predominantly found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities and play a crucial role in the body's immune response, being a part of the adaptive immune system. They are significant producers of natural antibodies even in the absence of an identifiable pathogen, making them a pivotal link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. They can be further subdivided into B-1a and B-1b cells. One of the defining features of B-1 B cells is the innate-like pattern of their immune response. Unlike conventional B cells (B-2 cells), which require interaction with T helper cells to initiate antibody production, B-1a B cells respond rapidly to microbial challenges, with an immediate production of low-affinity, polyreactive antibodies. These antibodies readily bind to various pathogens and provide an immediate first line of defence against invading microbes. In addition to their protective role, these antibodies also play a crucial part in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating the clearance of cellular debris and apoptotic cells. However, these antibodies can also be autoreactive and contribute to autoimmunity. Meanwhile, B-1b cells appear to produce antibodies specific to T-independent antigens. Moreover, B-1 B cells possess the unique ability to self-renew, akin to stem cells. This distinctive property contrasts with conventional B-2 cells, which are replenished by the bone marrow. Whereas B-2 cells primarily contribute to secondary antibody responses, B-1 B cells are known for their role in primary and early secondary immune responses. By exhibiting characteristics of both innate and adaptive immunity, B-1 B cells bridge the gap between these two divisions of the immune system, providing comprehensive protection against pathogens while maintaining body homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
There are small numbers of B-1 cells found in the lymph nodes and spleen, while larger numbers can be found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. B-1 B cells are reportedly CD11b-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD27-positive, CD44-positive, CD45RB-positive, CD48-positive, CD70-negative, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, CD352-positive, sIgM-positive, and sIgD-low.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-positive.
B-1a B cells are a subset of B cells, which are major components of the adaptive immune system, primarily responsible for humoral immunity. B-1 cells can be subdivided into B-1a and B-1b cells. Unlike their conventional B-2 B cell counterparts, B-1a B cells are self-renewing and mainly found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, although they can also be detected in the spleen and the bone marrow. The distinguishing factor for B-1a B cells is the expression of CD5 on their cell surface, in addition to the common B cell markers, such as CD19 and CD20. In terms of function, B-1a B cells are crucial for the production of low-affinity, polyreactive natural antibodies, which are predominantly of the IgM class. These natural antibodies are produced even in the absence of pathogenic stimulation and play a substantial role in maintaining immune homeostasis. They can recognize highly conserved structures primarily found on the surface of common pathogens, and self-antigens released from damaged or dying cells. It appears that these autoreactive antibodies can contribute to autoimmunity. B-1a B cells also have a significant role in the early immune response as they can respond rapidly to pathogenic assault without requiring additional signals for activation and proliferation. This rapid response feature is mediated by the secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulins in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The B-1a B cells also exhibit potent phagocytic capabilities, perform antigen presentation to T cells, and exert regulatory functions through their production of IL-10, a cytokine suppressing inflammatory and autoimmune reactions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-negative, but having other phenotypic attributes of a B-1 B cell.
B-1b B cells are a subtype of B cells, which are part of the humoral immune system. B cells can be divided into B-1 and B-2 cells, and B-1 cells can be further subdivided into B-1a and B-1b cells. B-1b B cells are especially abundant in the pleural and peritoneal cavities in humans and mice, and they differ from B-1a B cells in that they lack the expression of the surface molecule CD5. Functionally, B-1b B cells are vital players in the immune response, particularly in providing defense against pathogens. They appear to specialize in recognizing T-independent, pathogen-associated antigens. B-1b B cells can respond to these antigens by rapidly proliferating and differentiating into cells capable of producing natural antibodies, primarily of the IgM class. These antibodies are of low affinity but broad specificity, allowing for the rapid targeting of a wide range of pathogens before the adaptive immune response has fully developed. These cells, unlike B-1a B cells, appear to undergo clonal expansion in response to antigen exposure. B-1b B cells are also thought to contribute to immunological memory. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative.
B-2 B cells, also known as conventional B cells, play a critical role in the humoral immune response. They are distinguished from B-1 cells, which can respond more rapidly and broadly to antigens. B-2 B cells are typically generated in the bone marrow, where they become mature immunocompetent cells before transporting to secondary lymphoid organs like the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. Functionally, B-2 B cells are quintessential components of the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for producing high-affinity, isotype-switched antibodies in response to antigens. In contrast to B-1 B cells that produce natural, low-affinity antibodies, B-2 B cells undergo a meticulous process of affinity maturation and clonal selection upon activation. These cells are antigen-specific and require interaction with T helper cells for proper activation. When presented with the antigen, B-2 B cells internalize, process, and present it to T cells via major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), leading to B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells. Plasma cells generated from B-2 B cells secrete vast amounts of antibodies to neutralize the invading pathogen, offering immediate protection. On the other hand, memory B cells provide long-term immunity by maintaining recognition of the antigen and prompting a rapid and potent response upon reinfection. The versatile roles of B-2 B cells in the immune response make them key players in immunization and vaccine development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
B-2 B cells are reportedly CD48-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature and expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR).
In mouse the NKR are Ly49 molecules and in human these cells express KIR molecules.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative.
Most markers only described for human pro NK cells.
A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.
Human pro-B cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD127-positive, CD184-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-positive, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-negative, IgD-negative, and IgM-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive, EBF-positive, E2A-negative, Ikaros-negative, and PU.1-negative.
A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage.
The pro-T cell is a T cell progenitor that will develop into cells of the T lymphocyte lineage. These cells derive from the bone marrow, originally differentiating from hematopoietic stem cells, and are found in the thymus, where T cell development takes place. Pro-T cells represent the stage in T cell development prior to T cell-specific gene rearrangement. Their primary function is to proliferate and differentiate into mature T cells, which play a critical role in adaptive immunity, helping the body respond efficiently to foreign pathogens. In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into common lymphoid progenitor cells. These cells are able to enter circulation and enter the thymus as thymus-seeding progenitor cells. These cells then differentiate into early thymic progenitors which proceed with T cell specification, developing from double negative (DN) to double positive (DP) to single positive (SP) T cells. Over the course of these developmental phases, the cells will commit to the T cell lineage and rearrange T cell receptor genes. In this pathway, pro-T cells can give rise to both alpha-beta and gamma-delta T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells. Pro-T cells are a key constituent of the immune system, presenting a critical stage in the T cell developmental process. T cells are important players in adaptive immunity and help to initiate and orchestrate the immune response and eliminate pathogens and tumor cells. Pro-T cells are also an area of interest in the context of regenerative medicine to reconstitute T cells and adoptive T cell therapies as a potential source of T cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A progenitor cell of the thrombocyte, a nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type.
A myeloblast committed to the basophil lineage.
A promyelocyte committed to the basophil lineage.
A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative.
MCP are CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD45-positive, integrin beta-7-positive, and lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD27, integrin alpha-M, ly6c, ly6g, NCAM-1, and ter119). These cells also express the transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and MITF, but not C/EBPa.
A myeloblast committed to the eosinophil lineage.
A promyelocyte committed to the eosinophil lineage.
A progenitor cell of the neutrophil lineage.
The most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, having fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration (5:1-7:1), and a nongranular basophilic cytoplasm. They reside in the bone marrow.
A precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and myelocyte, that has distinct nucleoli, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, and containing a few primary cytoplasmic granules. Markers for this cell are fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, integrin alpha-M-negative, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-negative, and CD24-negative.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.
hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.
myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell
An immature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by high levels of antigen uptake via endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and typically found resident in the tissues. Markers for this cell are CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHC-II-low.
A mature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by a high capacity for antigen presentation and typically found in a lymph node.
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
Follicular B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation.
Germinal center B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD38-positive, CD44-low, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD95-positive, CD352-positive, and HLA-DR-positive. Transcription factors: BCL6-positive, Ets1-positive, IRF8-positive, MTA3-positive, OBF1-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, and STAT3-positive.
A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.
MZ B cells are reportedly CD1-positive (mice), CD20-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob.
A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter.
Neuromast mantle cell is a non-sensory cell. Neuromast mantle cells surround the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secrete cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded.
Neuromast support cell is a non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells.
Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
Neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into slow muscle fibers.
A monocyte that responds rapidly to microbial stimuli by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial factors and which is characterized by high expression of CCR2 in both rodents and humans, negative for the lineage markers CD3, CD19, and CD20, and of larger size than non-classical monocytes.
Classical monocytes are a subtype of monocytes in humans are characterized by high CD14 but no CD16 expression. Emerging from the bone marrow and entering the bloodstream, these cells play central roles in immune responses and regulation of inflammation. CD14-positive CD16-negative monocytes form the majority of circulating monocytes in the body, typically contributing to around 80-90% of the total monocyte pool. In mice, classical monocytes are characterized by high expression levels of the Gr1 cell surface marker. The primary function of the classical monocytes is to serve in the frontline of host defense against infections. They are primed to migrate to sites of infection, and they express pattern recognition receptors that help them identify and phagocytose pathogens, leading to their destruction. Classical monocytes also contribute to inflammation by producing several pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. In response to specific signals from tissues under pathological conditions, such as infection or injury, classical monocytes can leave the bloodstream and migrate towards the affected sites. Following their arrival, these cells differentiate into diverse cell types including macrophages and dendritic cells to combat specific pathogens or injury. Dysregulated monocyte activity can lead to the development of many human diseases including inflammation, infection, tissue injury, and various autoimmune diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Classical monocytes are a subtype of monocytes that are characterized by high CD14 but no CD16 expression. Emerging from the bone marrow and entering the bloodstream, these cells play central roles in immune responses and regulation of inflammation. CD14-positive CD16-negative monocytes form the majority of circulating monocytes in the body, typically contributing to around 80-90% of the total monocyte pool. The primary function of the classical monocytes is to serve in the frontline of host defense against infections. They are primed to migrate to sites of infection, and they express pattern recognition receptors that help them identify and phagocytose pathogens, leading to their destruction. Classical monocytes also contribute to inflammation by producing several pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. In response to specific signals from tissues under pathological conditions, such as infection or injury, classical monocytes can leave the bloodstream and migrate towards the affected sites. Following their arrival, these cells differentiate into diverse cell types including macrophages and dendritic cells to combat specific pathogens or injury. Dysregulated monocyte activity can lead to the development of many human diseases including inflammation, infection, tissue injury, and various autoimmune diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: CCR2+CXCCR1<low> (human, mouse, rat).
classical monocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A macrophage which develops from an inflammatory monocyte and is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response. Markers include CD11b-positive, CD68-positive, and F4/80-positive.
The elicited macrophage, also commonly referred to as an activated macrophage, is a specialized type of cell that forms a critical part of the immune response. These cells originate from monocytes, a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream. In response to infection, inflammation, or tissue injury, monocytes leave the bloodstream, enters the inflamed tissue, and differentiates into a macrophage. The term "elicited" indicates that these cells have been activated or stimulated, usually through exposure to mediators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and have acquired enhanced microbicidal and tumoricidal capabilities. One of the hallmark features of elicited macrophages is their remarkable plasticity, which enables them to assume distinct activation states depending on the signals they receive. Macrophage activation states span a spectrum of phenotypes and functions, but are often classified into a few groups for simplicity. Classically activated macrophages, also known as M1 macrophages, are typically induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and microbial products like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These M1 macrophages exhibit potent microbicidal and pro-inflammatory functions, aiding in the clearance of pathogens and the initiation of immune responses. Alternatively activated macrophages, or M2 macrophages, are typically associated with tissue repair, wound healing, and immunoregulation. They are induced by anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), as well as factors released during tissue remodeling. Elicited macrophages can transition between phenotypes in response to changing environmental cues, thereby exerting context-dependent effects on immune and tissue homeostasis. Elicited macrophages perform a range of functions in order to respond to the type of insult that has occurred. They can phagocytose cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells. They can also act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). After ingesting a pathogen, these cells present fragments of the pathogen on their surface using a molecule class called Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II cluster. These antigens then interact with the cognate T cell receptors on T-cells, triggering a larger immune response. Elicited macrophages can produce numerous substances that are essential to the immune response. This includes pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins, chemokines, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that help neutralize pathogens. Additionally, they can play a role in wound healing, growth and tissue reconstruction by secreting factors that promote angiogenesis. While the activation of elicited macrophages is essential for the immune response, prolonged or inappropriate activation can contribute to a range of pathological conditions, including chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: CD11b+, CD68+; Mouse: F4/80+; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response).
elicited macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A macrophage that suppresses immune responses.
An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity.
Inflammatory macrophages, also sometimes referred to as M1 or classically activated macrophages, play an important role in the inflammatory response. The M1/M2 classification is based upon macrophage polarization rather than macrophage location and refers to macrophage activation towards either a more inflammatory or more resolving phenotype, respectively, although the functional diversity of macrophages is more nuanced than such a dichotomy suggests. Inflammatory macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to a site of infection or injury. M1 macrophages are classically activated, typically by IFN-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon sensing signs of inflammation, they quickly respond by increasing their pro-inflammatory activity. They achieve this by producing a range of signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and numerous cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1, -6 and -12. The release of these potent molecules helps to recruit other immune cells to the site, killing off pathogenic organisms and facilitation inflammation. At the same time, M1 macrophages can also present antigens to T cells, thereby helping to induce an adaptive immune response. Over time, these macrophages may transition in phenotype and function to help resolve the inflammation and promote tissue repair. Despite the beneficial role of inflammatory macrophages in dealing with pathogens, chronic activation of these cells can lead to harmful effects. Over time, continuous production of pro-inflammatory molecules can cause damage to tissues and organs. This is seen in certain chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, asthma, and various autoimmune disorders. In such situations, the normally protective function of inflammatory macrophages is not properly controlled, which can contribute to disease pathology. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Express: TNFa, IL1b, IL6, iNOS, NADPH-oxidase; produce: reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response).
A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
Tissue-resident macrophages refer to a heterogeneous group of specialized macrophages that permanently reside within specific tissues, performing integral functions essential to tissue homeostasis. Most tissue-resident macrophages arise from embryonic populations and self-renew. Some macrophages may also originate from circulating monocytes released from the bone marrow and differentiate into macrophages upon entering tissue. Tissue-resident macrophages are given different names depending upon the tissue in which they reside, such as Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and microglia in the brain. Tissue-resident macrophages are responsible for the phagocytosis of pathogenic substances and dead cells, serving as part of the foremost line of defense against invading microorganisms. They utilize pattern recognition receptors to identify foreign substances and function as antigen-presenting cells to induce adaptive immunity. Additionally, they produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines, signaling molecules that recruit additional immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation and regulate immune responses. In addition to their immunological roles, tissue-resident macrophages also have tissue-unique functions. In the liver, Kupffer cells play a role in iron homeostasis, while in the brain, microglia are responsible for synaptic pruning during development. In the lungs, alveolar macrophages are involved in the removal of airborne particles and debris. This underscores their significance in not only providing pathological immunity but also in maintaining the optimal function of the tissues in which they reside. " (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tissue-resident macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A tissue-resident macrophage resident found in the thymus, involved in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes.
Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic thymocytes, antigen-presentation.
A type of monocyte characterized by low expression of CCR2, low responsiveness to monocyte chemoattractant CCL2/MCP1, low phagocytic activity, and decrease size relative to classical monocytes, but increased co-stimulatory activity. May also play a role in tissue repair.
Non-classical monocytes, also known as patrolling monocytes, are a subtype of monocytes in the circulation, accounting for approximately 5-10% of total human monocytes. These monocytes are characterized by the differential expression of two surface markers, CD14 and CD16, with non-classical monocytes expressing CD14 and high levels of CD16 (CD14+ CD16++). Classical monocytes are released from the bone marrow into the circulation and can transition to intermediate followed by non-classical monocytes. Non-classical monocytes patrol the endothelium and, upon sensing inflammation or injury, migrate across it. Non-classical monocytes are also involved in the removal of damaged cells via phagocytosis. This process enables the cells to engulf and destroy pathogens, debris, and apoptotic cells. During homeostasis, these monocytes appear to have an important function in maintaining vascular integrity. Non-classical monocytes are also able to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation and sense viruses. They can produce and secrete a wide range of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to reinforce and shape the immune response. Non-classical monocytes also appear to play a role in different inflammatory diseases states including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: CCR2-CX3CCR1+ (human, mouse, rat); human: CD16+, CCR5+, CD32/FcgRII-high, MHCII+, CD86+; mouse: CD62L-Ly6C-.
non-classical monocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System (CNS) macrophages represent an integral part of the brain's innate immune system. These immune cells play crucial roles in maintenance and regulation, homeostasis, and disease response, thereby helping in the overall cognitive functioning of an organism. There are different macrophage populations in the CNS, often classified into microglial cells, which reside in the parenchyma, and non-parenchymal macrophages at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, the choroid plexus, and the meninges. CNS macrophages are derived from erythromyeloid progenitors in the yolk sac. CNS macrophages have distinct morphologies: Meningeal and perivascular macrophages have a more elongated shape than microglia, which are characterized by a small cell body with fine processes; in contrast, choroid plexus macrophages typically have a stellate shape. Microglia are the most abundant abundant mononuclear phagocytes and have been shown to play a number of physiological roles, including proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, synaptic pruning and remodeling, and apoptotic cell removal through phagocytosis. Non-parenchymal CAMs primarily support the barrier function against external antigens. Meningeal macrophages have been shown to respond to peripheral microbial challenges and to protect the brain against fatal viral infection. CNS macrophages are also involved in the initiation and progression of many neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
central nervous system macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A thymic macrophage found in the thymic medulla.
An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive.
Markers: Mouse: CD11b+GR1+CD31+; Human: CD34+ CD33+CD15-CD13+. (According to some reports in humans these cells are iNOS+ARG1+IL13+IFNg+); location: In cancerous tissue; in the blood and lymphoid organs in sepsis.
A type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
A type of foam cell derived from a smooth muscle cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
An immature T cell located in the thymus.
A pro-T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-negative.
An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
These cells have not been exposed to antigen following thymic T-cell selection; found in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD4+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, and capable of producing IL-17.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th17 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 17 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has not experienced activation via antigen contact and has the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CCR7-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell traffics in secondary lymphoid organs and blood. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD8+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10.
These cells are reportedly induced by IL-10 and are capable of producing IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-beta.)
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CD25-positive, and CCR7-negative.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive, that secretes cytokines.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.
A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response.
A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers.
An alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell with the phenotype CD8-alpha-alpha-positive located in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have a memory phenotype of CD2-negative and CD5-negative.
The CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell, often abbreviated as CD8αα IEL, is a specialized immune cell found within the epithelial layer of mucosal surfaces, such as the intestines. CD8αα IEL have been studied extensively in mice, but equivalent cells are thought to be present in humans, albeit at lower numbers. These cells represent a subset of intraepithelial T lymphocytes characterized by the expression of both CD8-alpha-alpha homodimer and the alpha-beta variant of the T cell receptor (TCR). Other features shared with intraepithelial T lymphocytes include the expression of T-bet, a master transcription factor that controls expression of proinflammatory cytokines, natural killer cell receptors, and an activated phenotype (high expression of CD69). Functionally, CD8αα IELs are thought to play a role in maintaining epithelial integrity, local immune surveillance, and protection against microbial pathogens. Upon detecting alterations associated with infection or inflammation, these cells orchestrate immune responses to restore tissue homeostasis, primarily through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and directly eliminating infected cells. CD8αα IELs have been shown require β2 microglobulin-dependent MHC class I expression for their generation and/or homeostasis. They share some characteristics with natural killer cells and might have similar suppressive and regulatory roles which they perform through the production of IL-10 and TGFβ. For example, they have been shown the prevent induced colitis, indicating that by modulating immune responses, CD8αα IELs prevent excessive and damaging immune activation that can lead to chronic inflammatory conditions or autoimmunity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature gamma-delta T cell located in the epidermis that regulates wound healing.
In mice, DETC have an invariant T cell receptor.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing GATA-3 and secreting IL-4.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell' (see CL:0001052), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a Tc2 T cell.
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK cell markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses specific V-alpha chains. NK T cells of this type recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide in the context of CD1d.
In mouse the canonical TCR is V-alpha-14, and in humans it is V-alpha 24.
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK call markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire. Type II NKT cells do not become activated by alpha-galactosylceramide when presented by CD1d.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-positive.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and IL-4, and has the phenotype CD4-positive, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances type 1 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that predominantly secretes type 2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 and enhances type 2 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances Th1 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that secretes interleukin-4 and enhances Th2 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has cytotoxic function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is found in bone marrow, gives rise to B cells, T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and has the phenotype Lin-negative, Kit-positive, Sca-1-positive, FLT3-positive, CD34-positive, CD150 negative, and GlyA-negative.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. ELP transcription factors include E2A-positive, Ikaros-positive, EBF-negative, Pax5-negative, PU.1-negative.
Cell committed to natural killer cell lineage that has the phenotype CD122-positive, CD34-positive, and CD117-positive. This cell type lacks expression of natural killer receptor proteins.
These cells are also reportedly CD7-low, CD10-negative, CD45RA-positive, alpha-4-beta-7 integrin-high.
An alpha-beta T cell that is found in the lamina propria of mucosal tissues and is restricted by the MR-1 molecule. This cell develops from double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte.
mucosal-associated invariant T lymphocyte
mucosal-associated invariant T-lymphocyte
A dendritic cell arising in thymus that has the phenotype CD11c-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD45RA-negative.
In the mouse this cell expresses CD8-alpha-alpha.
A plasmacytoid dendritic cell developing in the thymus with phenotype CD11c-negative or low, CD45RA-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD123-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in CD4-positive T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma.
Be1 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotype T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6.
Be2 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-13 and TNF. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A lymphocyte of B lineage with the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex.
Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). Lymphocytes of B cell lineage can be distinguished from those of T cell lineage by their lack of CD3e (as part of the T cell receptor complex).
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Antibody secreting cells, such as short-lived plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells, form a key component of the adaptive immune system. These cells originate from B-lymphocytes upon exposure to antigens. They are primarily characterized by their capacity to produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help to neutralize the pathogens, defining the primary role of these cells in the humoral immune response. Antibody secreting cells are found predominantly within the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. They are characterized by an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, reflecting the high antibody production. The interesting dynamics of these cells, switching from a nonsecreting, antigen-specific B-cell state to a high-rate immunoglobulin-secreting cell state, is a major factor in sustaining an effective adaptive immune system: Derived from a single clone, the secreted immunoglobulins have a unique antigen specificity inherited from the parent B cell. They are able to recognize specific extracellular antigens, aiding in marking harmful invaders such as viruses and bacteria for elimination, either by direct neutralization or by recruiting other immune cells for assistance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
antibody secreting cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A long lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgE on the cell surface.
A plasmablast that secretes IgD, and which occur in a small proportion of B cells in the adult.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
An preBRC-positive large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-positive, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB , Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu) on the cell surface.
A pre-BCR-negative large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-negative, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB and Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu), on the cell surface, and lack a DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes.
A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes.
Small pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain.
pre-B-II cell are also reportedly CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-positive, and CD48-positive.
A pre-B-I cell is a precursor B cell that expresses CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, and TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly. Cell type carries a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lacks expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein.
The pre-B-I cell, also known as an early pre-B cell, is an integral step in the B cell development pathway in the bone marrow. These precursor B cells are characterized by expression of CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, as well as TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly; they carry a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lack expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein. This cell type represents the stage subsequent to pro-B cells but precedes pre-B-II cells. At the pre-B-I cell stage, cells undergo VH to D-JH recombination. At this point, if the rearranged μ heavy chain can be produced and paired with a surrogate light chain, this can be expressed on the cell surface as the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR), forming the next stage of development, the pre-B-II cell. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Human pre-B-I cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, pre-BCR-negative, IgM-negative, IgD-negative, and Tdt-positive. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A large pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is proliferating and is Rag1-negative and Rag2-negative.
Large pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-positive, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and finally to the spleen. This cell type has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-negative, CD21-negative, CD23-negative, and CD62L-negative, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-negative.
T1 B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative/positive??, CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-postive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-negative, CD93-positive and is located in the splenic B follicles. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive.
T2 B cells are also reportedly CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that expresses surface IgM and IgD, and CD62L. This cell type appears to be an anergic B cell that does not proliferate upon BCR signaling, is found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-positive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-positive, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-low, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive (i.e. this cell-type is distinguished from T2 cells by surface expression of IgM).
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive, CD23-negative, and CD38-negative. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas through interaction with interdigitating dendritic cells and antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells.
These cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive and CD23-positive and CD38-positive. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas via interaction with dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells.
These cells are also CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that develops from a Bm3 B cell. This cell has the phenotype IgM-negative, IgD-positive, and CD38-positive.
A germinal center B cell that founds a germinal center, and has the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and CD23-negative.
Bm2' B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that is rapidly dividing and has the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and CD77-positive. Somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin V gene region can occur during proliferation of this cell type.
Bm3 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, and CD77-positive.
A germinal center B cell that has the phenotype CD77-negative, IgD-negative, and CD38-positive. These cells have undergone somatic mutation of the B cell receptor.
Bm4 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-positive, and CD71-positive.
A memory B cell arising in the germinal center that is IgD-negative and has undergone somatic mutation of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes.
Bm5 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD38-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-positive, and CD77-negative.
A mature B cell that produces cytokines that can influence CD4 T cell differentiation.
An unswitched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD27-positive, CD138-negative, IgG-negative, IgE-negative, and IgA-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD+ memory B cell'. Per DSD: Unswitched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An IgM memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell with the phenotype IgM-positive and IgD-negative.
IgM memory B cells are also reportedly CD1c-positive, CD95-positive, CD80-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-positive, CD150-negative, CD229-positive, CD289-positive, and CD290-positive. Transcription factors: Notch2-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, Ets1-positive, and OBF1-positive.
A class switched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has undergone Ig class switching and therefore is IgM-negative on the cell surface. These cells are CD27-positive and have either IgG, IgE, or IgA on the cell surface.
Per DSD: Class switched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgA.
IgA memory B cell are also reportedly RORalpha-positive.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for years, as opposed to months, secretes immunoglobulin, and has the phenotype weakly CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD38-negative, strongly CD138-positive, MHC Class II-negative, surface immunoglobulin-negative, IgD-negative, and strongly CXCR4-positive. The majority of these cells of this type reside in the bone marrow.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for months.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgA. These cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as in the mucosal immune system.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgM.
An IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that is class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface.
An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative.
CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD20-negative B cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmablast'. Plasmablasts are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD63-positive, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD319-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative.
A memory B cell with the phenotype IgD-negative and CD27-negative.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgM.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgA.
CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte that is CD11c-low, CD45R-positive, GR1-positive and CD11b-negative.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000001)(PMID:19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD288-positive (TLR8).
Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high.
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are primarily responsible for processing antigens and presenting them to T cells to initiate an immune response. Also known as classical dendritic cells, cDCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, maturing in peripheral tissues. They are characterized by their distinct morphology, which features a central body with numerous branching extensions known as dendrites. These cells have a pivotal role in adaptive immunity, bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. They achieve this by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to naive T-cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. This antigen presentation, in conjunction with co-stimulatory signals provided by the cDCs, instructs the T cells whether to mount an immune response against the antigen. cDCs are also very effective in the cross-presentation of antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, thereby activating CD8+ T cells an initiating a cytotoxic T cell response. In addition to their role in antigen presentation, cDCs have other important functions in maintaining immune homeostasis. They can perceive signals from the surrounding tissue microenvironment, responding to inflammation, and influencing or even polarizing T cell differentiation into various effector subtypes. Importantly, while cDCs are often associated with immunogenic responses, they also play a crucial role in immune tolerance, particularly towards self-antigens, thereby preventing autoimmune reactions. In conclusion, conventional dendritic cells serve as the sentinels of the immune system, monitoring for threat signals and coordinating the appropriate immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000003)(PMID:19243617) These cells are also CD20-negative, MHCII-positive.
conventional dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD80-low and CD86-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000006)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD83-high and is CD80-positive, CD86-positive, and MHCII-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000007)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell
CD71-positive common myeloid precursor OR CD7-negative lymphoid precursor OR CD7-positive lymphoid
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1100000)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative.
Cell markers are associated with mouse hematopoietic stem cell. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000043)(PMID:19243617).
Kit and Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1110000)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor OR granulocyte monocyte progenitor
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111000)(PMID:19243617).
CD115-positive monocyte OR common dendritic progenitor
A common lymphoid progenitor that is CD10-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD34-positive and CD38-positive.
CD10-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD10-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
These markers are associated with human common lymphoid progenitors. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000032)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
CD115-positive monocyte is a monocyte that is CD115-positive and CD11b-positive.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000033)(PMID:19243617).
A common myeloid progenitor that is Kit-positive and CD34-positive, Il7ra-negative, and is SCA1-low and Fcgr2-low and Fcgr3-low.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000034)(PMID:19243617).
Kit-positive, CD34-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000035)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell
A common lymphoid progenitor that is Kit-low, FLT3-positive, IL7ralpha-positive, and SCA1-low.
CD217-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD217-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
CD217-positive common lymphoid precursor
Markers are associated with mouse cells.
Kit-positive, Sca1-positive common lymphoid progenitor
A common myeloid progenitor that is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3ra-low, CD10-negative, CD7-negative, CD45RA-negative, and IL-5Ralpha-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000038)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-negative and CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000039)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-positive lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-positive and is CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000040)(PMID:19243617).
Common dendritic precursor is a hematopoietic progenitor cell that is CD117-low, CD135-positive, CD115-positive and lacks plasma membrane parts for hematopoietic lineage markers.
Surface markers are for mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000041) CDP are reportedly CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD11c-positive, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, B220-negative, Ly6g-negative, MHCII-positive, and Ter119-negative. (PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111100)(PMID:19243617).
CD117-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD217-positive common lymphoid progenitor
An excitatory granule cell with a soma located in the granular layer of cerebellar cortex. A mature cerebellar granule cell has short dendrites with a characteristic claw-like appearance and a long axon that ascends to the molecular layer where it bifurcates (except in non-teleost fish, where it does not bifurcate) and extends mediolaterally to form parallel fibers.
The cerebellar granule cell is a predominant type of neuron located in the granular layer of the cerebellum. These cells are among the smallest neurons in the brain, yet they constitute the bulk of the neural cells in the cerebellum, making cerebellar granule cells the most populous type of neuron in mammals. The granule cells of the cerebellum play an essential role in the functioning of the cerebellar cortex by participating in a complex neuronal network that results in coordination and fine-tuning of motor activities. Initiating and controlling movement is the primary functional role of cerebellar granule cells. They achieve this through highly sophisticated neuronal networking. Each granule cell gives rise to an axon that ascends into the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, where it bifurcates into T-shape to form parallel fibers that run perpendicular to the Purkinje cell dendrites. This structure allows a single granule cell to make synaptic contact with hundreds of Purkinje cells and thereby influence their output. Cerebellar granule cells contribute to the generation of movement by transforming unstructured input from mossy fibers into organized output to the Purkinje cells. Understanding the role of cerebellar granule cells in neural plasticity is an emerging area of study. Recent research suggests that cerebellar granule cells may be involved in learning and memory processes, particularly those related to motor learning. They display unique synaptic plasticity, equipping them with the ability to adjust their response over time, which aids in the learning and storage of motor patterns. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that granule cells are the most numerous cell type in the cerebellum and in the brain, with at least 99% of all cerebellar neurons being granule cells.
cerebellar granule cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Granule cell that is part of the cerebral cortex.
Granule cell with a soma found in the hippocampus.
Bone cells, also known as osteocytes, form the building blocks of the skeletal system. They represent the most common type of bone cell, making up approximately 95% of the total bone cell population in mature adult bone tissue. Osteocytes are a stellate shape with numerous long, slender dendritic processes. The formation of bone is a complex process involving the action of osteoclasts - cells that break down and reabsorb old bone, followed by osteoblasts that rebuild the bone. Osteocytes serve as coordinators for these two types of bone cells to ensure a balance in the bone remodeling process, contributing to maintaining both bone strength and mineral homeostasis. The primary functions of osteocytes involve the creation, maintenance, and repair of bone tissue. They ensure that bone remodeling is performed by forming a network within the bone and communicating with other cells to help them respond to mechanical strain and damage. A remarkable aspect of osteocytes is their ability to perceive mechanical forces, translating them into biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Defects in osteocyte function, aside from other bone cells, have been associated with several bone disorders such as osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, and skeletal manifestations of diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A CD8-positive alpha-beta-positive T cell with the phenotype CXCR3-positive and having suppressor function. They are capable of producing IL-10, suppressing proliferation, and suppressing IFN-gamma production.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
These cells may be the human equivalent of murine CD8-positive, CD122-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell. They are also found in the CD45RA-negative and CD62L-positive fraction.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that produces IL-22.
TH22 cells are also reportedly CCR4-positive, CCR6-positive, CCR10-positive, CXCR3-negative. TH22 cells are reportedly capable of secreting IL-13.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD4+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD8+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include T-helper 2 T cells and some naive CD4+ T cells.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include Tc2 T cells and some naive CD8+ T cells.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A memory B cell that lacks expression of surface IgD.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD- memory B cell'. The majority of these cells are class-switched, though some are IgM-positive.
A monocyte that expresses CD14 and is negative for the lineage markers CD3, CD19, and CD20.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'monocyte'. Note that while CD14 is considered a reliable marker for human monocytes, it is only expressed on approximately 85% of mouse monocytes.
An intermediate monocyte that is CD14-positive and with low amounts of CD16.
Definition is valid for human intermediate monocytes.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. These cells are CD34-positive, and express Gata1, Gata2, C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
CMP are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative
A lymphocyte that lacks characteristic T cell, B cell, myeloid cell, and dendritic cell markers, that functions as part of the innate immune response to produce cytokines and other effector responses.
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative).
Erythroid progenitor cells serve as precursors for mature erythrocytes. These cells sit at a critical juncture in the erythroid lineage, representing the stage of commitment to producing red blood cells. As such, erythroid progenitor cells are a central element in hematopoiesis, the process by which the body replenishes its supply of blood cells. This production occurs primarily in the bone marrow, where erythroid progenitor cells multiply and differentiate into mature erythrocytes. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to the multipotent progenitor (MPP), followed by the common myeloid progenitor (CMP), which further commits to the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP). Commitment to the erythroid lineage proceeds with the burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), which further differentiates into the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), also referred to as the erythroid progenitor cell. Erythroid progenitor cells embark on a journey of progressive maturation marked by cellular changes such as reduced cell size, increased cell density, condensed chromatin structure, and hemoglobin accumulation. The final stages of this maturation process leads to loss of the cell nucleus and the acquisition of the characteristic biconcave shape. This process is tightly regulated through a combination of various growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, the most critical of which is erythropoietin. Aberrations in the differentiation and maturation of these progenitor cells can result in blood diseases such as anemia and polycythemia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing the type 1 cytokine IFN-gamma, but not Th2 or Th17 cell-associated cytokines.
Group 1 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are one of five subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILC1s are largely tissue-resident cells and express the transcription factor T-bet and predominantly produce the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). ILC1s initially included natural killer (NK) cells and T-bet+ ILC1s, but a 2018 update to the nomenclature proposed to further separate these two cell types based upon differences in development and function. However, it can be difficult to distinguish between these cell types. ILC1s are non-cytotoxic or weakly cytotoxic, expressing relatively low levels of perforin, and play an important role in the response to viruses, certain intracellular bacteria and parasites, and fungi. Their release of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) further shapes the adaptive immune response. Their functionality mirrors Th1 helper cells. While ILC1s have been shown to be important in the response to infections, ILC1s have also been demonstrated to accumulate in inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
group 1 innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing T-helper 2-cell associated cytokines upon stimulation.
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells, also known as ILC2 cells, are a subset of the innate lymphoid cell family - a family of immune cells crucial for host defense, immune regulation, and tissue repair especially in the context of infections and inflammatory conditions. These cells are largely tissue-resident, predominantly residing in barrier tissues such as the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. ILC2s are defined by their expression and reliance on the GATA3 transcription factor. ILC2 cells play a significant role in the immune response, especially against parasitic infections and in allergic responses and autoimmune disorders. They predominantly produce type 2 cytokines including interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in response to stimuli such as cytokines IL-25 and IL-33, which are often produced by epithelial cells in response to tissue damage. IL-5 is crucial for eosinophil activation, a component of the immune system that plays a key role in combating parasitic infections. Concurrently, IL-13 helps in expelling parasites from the body's system, as well as enforcing barrier integrity. ILC2s are also instrumental in tissue repair and homeostasis. They help in maintaining body metabolism and fat storage, largely by producing a hormone known as methionine-enkephalin peptides. ILC2 cells also aid in early tissue repair processes, by the secretion of amphiregulin, a growth factor. Despite their protective functions, ILC2 cells can also contribute to pathologies such as asthma and other inflammatory diseases if their actions are not properly regulated. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
group 2 innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An adipocyte that is beige in color, thermogenic, and which differentiates in white fat tissue from a Myf5-negative progenitor.
An innate lymphoid cell that constituitively expresses RORgt and is capable of expressing IL17A and/or IL-22.
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) belong to the family of innate lymphoid cells. They share a high degree of similarity with T lymphocytes, particularly in terms of their transcriptional program and their cytokine production profiles, but lack the antigen-specific receptors that characterize adaptive immune cells. Originating from common lymphoid progenitors, ILC3s are typically found in mucosal tissues and are especially prevalent in the gastrointestinal tract. The grouping of ILC3s originally included lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, which have more recently been categorized separately. ILC3s play an important homeostatic role in the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to mucosal barrier integrity, lymphoid organogenesis, and controlling the balance between tolerance and immunity to commensal and pathogenic bacteria, respectively. The protective role of ILC3s primarily stems from their capacity to respond to signals of microbial invasion or tissue damage, releasing an array of cytokines such as Interleukin-22 (IL-22) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17) which are dependent upon the RORγt transcription factor. These cytokines in turn mediate protective responses including the enhancement of epithelial barrier function, the promotion of tissue repair, and the control of bacterial infection. However, ILC3s can also contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psoriasis. Therefore, studies have also emphasized the importance of regulatory mechanisms controlling ILC3 activation, providing novel insights into the complexity of immune regulation in maintaining tissue homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
group 3 innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An innate lyphoid cell with an immature phenotype.
The immature innate lymphoid cell (ILC) refers to a stage in the development of the innate lymphoid cell, a type of immune cell that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune response. These cells are derived from common lymphoid progenitors and are primarily found in the bone marrow. During their immature stage, they possess the potential to differentiate into various mature innate lymphoid cell subsets that contribute to immune responses. Immature Innate Lymphoid Cells are characterized by their lack of antigen specificity, which distinguishes them from adaptive immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes. While they do not have antigen-specific receptors, they are programmed to respond to certain groups of pathogens or cytokine signaling. Immature ILCs display limited effector functions; however, they are critical in the development of effective innate immune responses as they give rise to the diverse array of mature ILC subsets. The ILC precursors develop from the fetal liver and the adult bone marrow and, depending upon the transcription factors involved, will give rise to unipotent ILC precursors which then give rise to mature ILC subsets. ILC subsets consist of natural killer (NK), ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, each having unique functions in immunity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is CD19-positive.
CD86-positive, CD20-negative plasmablast
visual pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An erythroid progenitor cell is Kit-positive, Ly6A-negative, CD41-negative, CD127-negative, and CD123-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD150-negative, CD41-negative, CD105-positive, and FcgR-negative.
c- Kit-positive erythroid progenitor cell
A granulocyte monocyte progenitor is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL-3receptor-alpha-positive and is CD45RA-negative.
Markers are for human cells. According to different research groups, CD45RA is present or absent on this cell population.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor
A granulocyte monocyte progenitor that is Kit-positive, CD34-positive, Fc-gamma receptor II/II-positive, and is Sca-1-negative, Il7ra-negative, Cxc3r1-negative, and CD90-negative.
Kit-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor
An erythroid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive and is GlyA-negative.
Cell markers associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, GlyA-negative erythroid progenitor cell
A proerythoblast that is CD34-negative and GlyA-negative.
Cell surface markers are associated with human cells.
CD34-negative, GlyA-negative proerythroblast
A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell is CD34-positive, CD38-positive and is IL3-receptor alpha-negative and CD45RA-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell that is Kit-positive and is Sca1-negative, CD34-negative, CD90-negative, IL7r-alpha-negative and Fcgr II/III-low.
Kit-positive, CD34-negative megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell
A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and Sca1-negative eosinophil progenitor cell.
Kit-low, CD34-positive eosinophil progenitor cell
A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3r-alpha-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and CD45RA-negative eosinophil progenitor cell.
Markers are associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive eosinophil progenitor cell
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages.
A lin-negative, MHC-II-negative, CD11c-positive, FLT3-positive cell with intermediate expression of SIRP-alpha.
The pre-conventional dendritic cell (pre-cDC) are precursors of mature dendritic cells. They develop from common DC precursors in the bone marrow and exist in a semi-differentiated state. The term 'pre-conventional' denotes the stage of development of these cells prior to their maturation into conventional dendritic cells, which are critical players in immune responses. After leaving the bone marrow, pre-cDCs transiently circulate in the bloodstream to colonize lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, including skin, mucosa, spleen, and lymph nodes where they differentiate into immature conventional dendritic cells, which undergo further differentiation. In mouse and humans, the population of pre-cDCs has been shown to be heterogeneous with two subpopulations that pre-committed to differentiate into different subsets of dendritic cells (cDC1 and cDC2). These subsets of differentiated dendritic cells play a key role in the immune response by bringing about the regulation and initiation of T cell responses, thereby shaping the adaptive immunity. One subset is thought to be specialized in highly efficient activation of CD8+ T cells, while the other subset presents exogeneous antigens to CD4+ T cells. The main function of pre-conventional dendritic cells is to constantly replenish conventional dendritic cells. In response to infection additional pre-cDCs are recruited to the site of infection to meet increased tissue demand, and this pre-DC recruitment may be necessary for effective T cell responses. The molecular signals that direct pre-cDC migration remain poorly understood but recent research suggest that it involves specific chemokine receptors expressed on pre-cDCs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pre-conventional dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. Marker for this cell is Kit-high, CD115-positive, CD135-positive, Cx3cr1-positive, and is Il7ra-negative.
Kit-positive macrophage dendritic cell progenitor
A proerythoblast that is Kit-low, Lyg76-positive, and CD71-positive.
A basophilic erythroblast that is GlyA-positive.
A basophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative.
Cell surface markers are associated with mouse cells.
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high basophilic erythroblast
A polychromatophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative.
late basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblast
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high polychromatophilic erythroblast
A polychromatiic erythroblast that is Gly-A-positive and CD71-low.
CD71-low, GlyA-positive polychromatic erythroblast
An orthochromatophilic erythroblast that is ter119-high, CD71-low, and Kit-negative.
Cell surface markers associated with mouse cells.
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high orthochromatophilic erythroblasts
An erythroblast that is GlyA-positive and CD71-negative.
CD71-negative, GlyA-positive orthochromatic erythroblast
A reticulocyte that is Ly76-high and is Kit-negative.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is GlyA-positive.
Marker is associated with human cell types.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is Lyg-76-high.
Marker is associated with mouse cell types.
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is Kit-positive, CD41-positive, CD9-positive, Sca-1-negative, IL7ralpha-negative, CD150-negative, and Fcgamma receptor II/III-low.
Kit-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte cell with is CD9-positive and CD41-positive.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells.
CD9-positive, CD41-positive megakaryocyte cell
A cell type that can give rise to basophil and mast cells. This cell is CD34-positive, CD117-positive, CD125-positive, FceRIa-negative, and T1/ST2-negative, and expresses Gata-1, Gata-2, C/EBPa
There may be an intermediate cell type. These cells also CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, and integrin beta 7-positive. Transcription factors: GATA1-positive, MCP-1-positive, mitf-positive, PU.1-positive, and CEBP/a-low.
A lineage-negative, Kit-positive, CD45-positive mast cell progenitor that is Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low.
Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low mast cell progenitor
A lineage negative, Sca1-negative basophil progenitor cell that is Fc epsilon RIalpha-high.
Fc-epsilon RIalpha-high basophil progenitor cell
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells.
hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities.
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell. For mammalian hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cells known to be lineage-negative, please use the term 'hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell' (CL_0001060).
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic stem cell capable of rapid replenishment of myeloerythroid progenitors and limited self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD34-positive, CD150-positive, and is Flt3-negative.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly CD11b-low and CD90-low.
A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.
A hematopoietic progenitor that has restricted self-renewal capability. Cell is Kit-positive, Ly6-positive, CD150-negative and Flt3-negative.
Slamf1-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic progenitor that has some limited self-renewal capability. Cells are lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD34-positive, and Slamf1-positive.
Slamf1-positive multipotent progenitor cell
Intraepithelial T cells with a memory phenotype of CD2-positive, CD5-positive, and CD44-positive.
CD2-positive, CD5-positive, CD44-positive alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that is BCL6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production.
A CD24-high, CD4-low, CD8-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
The immature NK T cell stage” (I–IV) represents mouse-specific stages used to define iNKT cell development. The immature NK T cells in humans typically exhibit a CD161low; CD4+ phenotype.
A CD24-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
NKT.44-NK1.1-.Th was assigned as an exact synonym based on sorting strategy displayed at immgene.org. The immature NK T cell stage” (I–IV) represents mouse-specific stages used to define iNKT cell development. The immature NK T cells in humans typically exhibit a CD161low; CD4+ phenotype.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-low, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-high, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD45RA-negative, and CD90-negative.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A basophil mast progenitor cell that is Beta-7 integrin-high, Kit-positive FcRgammaII/III-positive and Sca1-negative.
Kit-positive, integrin beta7-high basophil mast progenitor cell
A pro-B cell that is CD45R/B220-positive, CD43-positive, HSA-low, BP-1-negative and Ly6c-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, AA4-positive, Kit-positive, IL7Ra-positive and CD45R-positive.
A precursor B cell that is CD45RA-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive and BP-1-negative.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly RAG1-positive and RAG2-positive.
A precursor B cell that is CD45R-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive, and BP-positive. Intracellularly expression of surrogate light chain, Rag1 and Rag2, TdT, occurs while there is no expression of mu heavy chain.
A pre-BCR-positive precursor B cell that is CD24-high, CD25-positive, CD43-positive, CD45R-positive and BP-positive.
A pre-B cell that is pre-BCR-negative, and the kappa- and lambda- light immunoglobulin light chain-negative, CD43-low, and is BP-1-positive, CD45R-positive and CD25-positive. This cell type is also described as being AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Fraction D precursor B cells are also reportedly CD24-positive and sIgD-negative.
An immature B cell that is IgM-positive, CD45R-positive, CD43-low, CD25-negative, and CD127-negative. This cell type has also been described as being AA4-positive, IgM-positive, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Markers associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly sIgD-negative.
A mature B cell subset originally defined as having being CD45R-positive, IgM-positive, IgD-positive and CD43-negative. Subsequent research demonstrated being CD21-positive and CD23-negative and CD93 negative.
A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 low, CD43-positive, and CX3CR1-positive.
Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product. Also, this cell-type is sometimes described as being Gr1-negative.
A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-positive.
CD8alpha-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell
A squamous pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell that is flattened and branched. A pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.
Type I pneumocytes, also known as alveolar epithelial cells type I, are specialized cells lining the alveoli within the lungs. Their strategic positioning within the air sacs of the lungs plays a crucial role in gaseous exchange. They cover around 90-95% of the alveolar surface, yet make up only about 40% of the total number of cells in the alveolus. Their unique squamous, or flattened, shape allows for a vast surface area that enables a fast rate of diffusion of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Functionally, type I pneumocytes serve as the site for the critical exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries. These cells are in direct contact with pulmonary capillaries and are therefore primarily responsible for oxygen passing into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide being removed from the bloodstream. It is important to note that these cells are extremely thin and fragile, a feature that promotes easy passage of gases but also renders the cells susceptible to damage. A unique critical feature of type I pneumocytes is their inability to divide and proliferate. Should damage to these cells occur, repair and replenishment is addressed through the conversion of another cell type, known as type II pneumocytes, into type I pneumocytes. The role of type I cells is thus highly specific, and strictly aligned with enabling efficient respiration - an essential process for all aerobic organisms. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set AGER can identify the Human cell type pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.85 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell that modulates the fluid surrounding the alveolar epithelium by secreting and recycling surfactants via specialized organelles called alveolar lamellar bodies. This cell type also contributes to tissue repair and can differentiate after injury into a pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell. This cuboidal cell is thicker than squamous alveolar cells, has a rounded apical surface that projects above the level of the surrounding epithelium, and its free surface is covered by short microvilli.
The marker set SFTPA1 can identify the Human cell type pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.95 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon.
Type A enteroendocrine cells, also known as alpha cells or A cells, are a species of endocrine cells primarily located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans; they have also been identified within the lining of the stomach. Functionally, these cells are pivotal in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, accounting for about 20% of the total population of cells in the pancreatic islets. The primary role of type A enteroendocrine cells involves the synthesis, storage, and secretion of the peptide hormone glucagon, which is critical in energy regulation throughout the body. In response to a decrease in blood glucose levels, the pancreatic A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the bloodstream. Glucagon acts on its target cells, mainly in the liver, to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis processes, thereby increasing blood glucose levels back to normal. In this way, pancreatic A cells play an integral role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing hypoglycemia. Pancreatic A cells also participate in the local regulation of islet activities as glucagon acts through glucagon receptors on A, B and D type cells within the islets. Recent studies have also shown that Pancreatic A cells play a role in the generation and regeneration of B type cells. Following beta cell injuries pancreatic A cells increase in numbers and produce Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which increases the proliferation and cytoprotection of beta cells. In response to extreme injury of B type cells pancreatic A cells can transform (transdifferentiate) into functioning B type cells. Until recently, glucagon has been considered a pancreas-specific hormone; however, extrapancreatic glucagon has been reported in patients who had undergone complete, and glucagon-positive cells been identified in the human stomach, indicating that Type A enteroendocrine cells are not restricted to the pancreas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type A enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter.
A columnar absorptive epithelial cell found in the epithelium of large intestine, specialized for water and electrolyte absorption. Unlike small intestinal enterocytes, those in the large intestine have fewer apical microvilli.
enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine
A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery.
A rare type of columnar epithelial cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium. This cell is characterized by a distinctive tuft of apical microvilli, which extends into the cytoplasm, and a pear-shaped morphology, broad at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. It plays vital roles in chemosensation, producing cytokines like IL-25, and enhancing mucociliary clearance through acetylcholine release to support mucus movement and airway defense.
The brush cell of the tracheobronchial tree is a specialized type of epithelial cell situated in the lung's airways system. Characterized by their visually distinguishable brush-like apical surface, brush cells (also called tuft cells) are given their name due to the tuft of microvilli protruding into the lumen of the respiratory tract. The high electron density and presence of a prominent tubulovesicular system in the apical cytoplasm are other defining microscopic features. The primary function of brush cells is chemosensation within the tracheobronchial system, including the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. They have been identified as the pulmonary equivalent of taste receptor cells, acting as solitary chemosensory cells that serve as the primary line of defense and alarm signal against hazardous inhaled substances. Brush cells in the tracheobronchial tree express taste receptors and a taste transduction machinery which allow them to detect specific chemical signals from bacteria or environmental toxins and signal a downstream response such as protective reflexes like coughing and increased mucus secretion. Brush cells also act as physical barriers to help filtrate and clean the inhaled air, thus making an essential contribution to setting up the so-called mucociliary escalator. The tubulovesicular system within brush cells likely plays a role in transcytosis, which involves the movement of various substances across the epithelial barrier. Overall, the brush or tuft cells form an integral part of the airway's innate immune system, helping maintain a healthy and functional tracheobronchial tree. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set POU2F3, HOMER3, MYB can identify the Human cell type brush cell of tracheobronchial tree in the lung with a confidence of 0.56 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
brush cell of tracheobronchial tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell derived from endoderm.
An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm.
Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme.
A specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell with one or more processes that extend into the brain parenchyma or associated blood vessels where they contact blood vessel endothelial cells and/or neurons. These cells are found in the ventricles and circumventricular organs of the brain. They are involved in hormonal regulation, gatekeeping molecules between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, metabolic sensing, and regulating food intake.
This class includes cells that are sometimes referred to as tanycyte-like cells, located in circumventricular organs (Langlet et al., 2023) as well as tanycytes located in the ventricles.
A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart.
This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise.
Interstitial cells of Cajal are unique cells located in the gastrointestinal tract, specifically within the muscle layers of the entire digestive system. They have a distinctive stellate or spindle-like shape and were named after the Spanish histologist, Ramón y Cajal, who first discovered them. The intricate interplay of interstitial cells of Cajal with smooth muscle cells and enteric neurons orchestrates the rhythmic contractions (known as peristalsis) in the gastrointestinal tract. They generate and propagate the slow waves of electrical activity, providing the fundamental pacing signal. Interstitial cells of Cajal are capable of responding to stretch and other mechanical stimuli, which helps in adapting the frequency and strength of peristalsis as needed. They also play an essential role in relaxations of gastrointestinal tract sphincters, ensuring proper control over the passage of material. Moreover, disruption or loss of ICCs contribute to several gastrointestinal motility disorders, underscoring their vital role in digestive health. Lack of or reduced ICCs are reported in various conditions such as achalasia, slow transit constipation, and diabetic gastroparesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin.
interstitial cell of Cajal on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells.
MH consider whether bone marrow cells are bone cells in the structural sense vs. being part of bone organ sense.
A cell of the adrenal cortex. Cell types include those that synthesize and secrete chemical derivatives (steroids) of cholesterol.
Cortical cells of the adrenal gland, or adrenal cortical cells, are essential components of the endocrine system found in the adrenal cortex, the outer region of the adrenal gland. They are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of vital hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of adrenal androgens. The adrenal cortical cells are further subdivided into three groups based on their position and function: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The zona glomerulosa cells are scattered and primarily secrete mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone; the zona fasciculata contains large adrenal cortical cells replete with liquids (“clear cells”) that release glucocorticoids; and the zona reticularis contains “compact” cells containing lipofuscin that are involved in the secretion of adrenal androgens. Each layer plays a distinct and vital role in maintaining a range of body functions, from metabolic processes to stress response mechanisms. The primary function of these cells corresponds to the hormones they produce. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a crucial role in glucose metabolism, immune response modulation, and stress response. Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, actively participate in maintaining the body's electrolyte and water balance by regulating sodium and potassium levels. Meanwhile, adrenal androgens serve as precursors for other sex hormones in both males and females. Therefore, adrenal cortical cells are a central part of the endocrine system, coordinating multiple vital physiological processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cortical cell of adrenal gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cardiac myocyte that is connected to other cardiac myocytes by transverse intercalated discs (GO:0014704) at a regular interval.
Cardiac myocytes, also known as cardiac muscle cells, form the majority of the cardiac tissue and are responsible for the contractile function of the heart. These myocytes are columnar-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei, and they exhibit visibly striated cytoplasm due to the organized array of myofibrils, which are composed of filaments of actin and myosin. Cardiac myocytes connect with each other through specialized structures called intercalated discs, facilitating electrical and mechanical continuity and enabling synchronous contraction of the heart. They also possess a high number of mitochondria to meet their high energy demand for continuous heartbeat action. Cardiac myocytes are capable of automaticity, meaning they have the unique ability to spontaneously and rhythmically generate their electrical impulses, a characteristic led by pacemaker cells. The electrical signals initiated and propagated in these cells are responsible for heartbeats. They also respond to the electrical signals transmitted by the autonomic nervous system and chemical signals like hormones. Thus, cardiac myocytes not only participate in maintaining the heart’s function but also play a role in modulating heart rate and strength of contraction in response to the body's changing needs. Consequently, malfunction of these cells leads to serious cardiac diseases such as heart failure and arrhythmias. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
regular cardiac myocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD38-positive naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
A CD38-negative naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An IgG-positive double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-positive, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG+ double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG+ double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B-cell
IgG-positive double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B cell
An IgG-negative double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-negative, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG- double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG- double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B-cell
IgG-negative double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-positive.
An IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
An IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive that has class switched and lacks expression of IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG memory B cell is a IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-negative, and IgG-positive.
A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-cell
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-negative unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-positive unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface.
IgG-negative class switched memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B-cell
IgG-negative class switched memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is an IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
An CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-positive, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-negative, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that is CD27-positive and capable of producing IFN-gamma.
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that expresses RORgamma(t), is CD27-negative and is capable of IL-17 secretion.
A CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell found in the thymus that has an immature phenotype (i.e. CD24-high, CD25-high, CD62L-high, CD44-high, CD2-low, CD5-low).
CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell
A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation.
Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac atrium.
Regular atrial cardiac myocytes, also known as atrial myocytes, are specialized muscle cells found in the atria – the upper chambers of the heart. They contract and relax during the heart's cycle, modulating the pumping of blood through the atria and into the ventricles. Additionally, endowed with inherent rhythmic electrical activity, atrial myocytes contribute significantly to the initiation and propagation of the heart’s electrical impulses. A distinguishing feature that separates atrial myocytes from other cardiac myocytes is their ability to synthesize and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch or dilatation. ANP acts as a potent vasodilator and diuretic, helping to maintain blood pressure and volume homeostasis. The phenomena of atrial stretch or distension, which triggers ANP release, is often in response to excess blood volume entering the heart, providing a mechanism at the cellular level which actively regulates systemic cardiovascular balance. Like all cardiac myocytes, atrial myocytes are embedded in a dense network of connective tissue that provides structural support. These cells are characterized by a single, centrally located nucleus, and overall, have a rod-like appearance with branching ends that connect with adjacent cells to form a continuous, synchronized ensemble. Their cytoplasm is abundant with mitochondria, reflecting the high energy demand associated with constant contraction and relaxation. At the ultrastructural level, atrial myocytes display striations due to the regular arrangement of actin and myosin proteins, which facilitate the contraction process essential for the heart's pump function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
regular atrial cardiac myocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac ventricle.
regular cardiac muscle cell of ventricle
regular ventricular cardiac muscle fiber
Stromal cells of the ovary, also known as ovarian stromal cells, form a significant portion of the ovarian tissue. They are non-epithelial cells that primarily make up the supportive or connective tissue—similar to the stroma of other organs—in the ovaries. These cells play vital roles in folliculogenesis, including in the activation of primordial follicles and in the differentiation of theca cells. They are crucial for maintaining the structure, function, and overall health of the ovaries. In addition to roles in hormone production and follicle maturation, stromal cells of the ovary play a role in ovarian aging and age-related diseases such as ovarian cancer. They participate in cell-to-cell communication with oocyte and other ovarian cell types through gap junctions and paracrine signaling and help maintain the ovarian microenvironment. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stromal cell of ovary on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions.
Endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels are specialized type of cells that form the interior lining of the lymphatic system, which primarily comprises the lymph vessels and nodes. These cells play a critical role in creating a barrier between the lymphatic system and the surrounding tissues. They are structurally different from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels due to the presence of anchoring filaments and lack of a continuous basement membrane, and have a unique phenotype marked by the expression of various cell-specific markers such as Prox-1, VEGFR-3, and LYVE-1. A significant function of these endothelial cells is to maintain the fluid balance within the body. They facilitate the uptake of excess interstitial fluid that collects in the body tissues, and ensure its transport back into the bloodstream via the lymphatic vessels. These cells also enable the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system, and their subsequent transport in the form of chyle, a milky fluid, to the blood. Furthermore, endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels play a pivotal role in the body's immune response. They enable the passage of lymphocytes, that are crucial for the body's defense mechanism, from the tissues into the lymph where these cells are activated to fight against foreign bodies and infections. Also, they regulate inflammation reactions by controlling the migration of inflammatory cells, and are thus involved in pathological conditions with an inflammatory component. Lastly, these cells have been noted for their involvement in various disease states related to tissue edema, metastasis, and tumor growth, thus highlighting their importance in both health and disease states. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
Endothelial cells of the vascular tree, commonly referred to as vascular endothelial cells, line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries. These cells have a unique, flattened shape, and are tightly bound together, forming a thin layer known as the endothelium. The endothelium is responsible for maintaining the interior surface of blood vessels, and plays a critical role in ensuring the smooth flow of blood. Vascular endothelial cells act as a semi-permeable membrane, controlling the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. These cells are also involved in blood coagulation. When a blood vessel is damaged, endothelial cells promote clotting to prevent excessive bleeding and facilitate wound healing. Other functions include regulation of blood pressure and blood volume by releasing vasodilators and vasoconstrictors to either widen or constrict blood vessels, accordingly. Furthermore, the endothelial cells are crucial in the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. This is particularly important in wound healing and the growth of new tissues during development or after injury. In the context of diseases such as cancer, angiogenesis helps facilitate tumor growth by providing nutrients and oxygen. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive.
endothelial cell of vascular tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An acinar cell that is part of a skin sebaceous gland. This cell produces and secretes sebum into hair follicles.
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in the trachea and bronchi, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface. These cilia facilitate mucociliary clearance by moving mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx.
Ciliated columnar cells of the tracheobronchial tree compose the inner lining of the tracheobronchial tree, the system of airways consisting of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles that allow passage of air into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. A defining feature of these endo-epithelial cells are the tiny hair-like structures covering their surface, known as cilia. The nucleus is located at the base of the cell, and the area above it is rich in mitochondria and well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, both crucial for the energy-intensive process of cilia operation. The primary function of these ciliated cells is to keep the respiratory tract clean via mucociliary clearance or the respiratory escalator. These cells create a two-layered 'coat': The lower "sol" layer is watery where the cilia can beat in coordinated waves, and the upper "gel" layer is thick and sticky, trapping inhaled particles, such as dust, bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful substances. This rhythmical beating of the cilia then moves the mucus and trapped particles upwards and out of the respiratory tract, which is then either coughed out or swallowed. Damage or dysfunction of these ciliated cells, as seen in diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, or chronic bronchitis, may lead to reduced or ineffective mucociliary clearance and an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
The marker set C1orf194, MS4A8 can identify the Human cell type multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree in the lung with a confidence of 0.86 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
These cells possess numerous cilia on their surface, typically ranging from 200 to 300 per cell. The cilia vary in length, measuring between 6 to 7 μm in the upper airways (trachea) and becoming shorter, around 4 μm, in the smaller airways (terminal bronchioles). These cells form a two-layered 'coat' in the airway: the lower 'sol' layer is watery, allowing the cilia to beat in coordinated waves, while the upper 'gel' layer is thick and sticky, trapping inhaled particles.
multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the uterus. This cell has a mesodermal origin.
The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum. This cell type lacks a nucleus.
Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes.
An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.
An epithelial cell of the stomach. This cell produces mucous.
An endothelial cell that is part of the glomerulus of the kidney. This cell is flattened, highly fenestrated, and plays a vital role in the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate.
Glomerular endothelial cells have 60-80 nm fenestrations typically lacking diaphragms in adults but present during embryonic development. Some studies found diaphragms in 2-6% of mature rat glomerular capillaries. Their presence may depend on fixation techniques, developmental stage, or dynamic cell changes. Additionally, these cells help maintain the structural integrity of glomerular capillaries through interactions with the basement membrane and podocytes.
A cell involved in the formation of a granulocyte.
Granulocytopoietic cells represent a heterogeneous group of progenitor cells that give rise to the different types of granulocytes through a process called granulocytopoiesis. Granulocytopoietic cells include myeloblasts, myelocytes, basophil mast progenitors and other precursors, which develop into the variegated subtypes of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, all of which perform distinct functions in immune responses. The primary function of granulocytopoietic cells is regeneration and development of granulocytes. They actively participate in hematopoiesis, the intricate process of blood cell production. Typically, these cells derive from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Over time and under specific hereditary and environmental influences, they differentiate and mature into granulocyte cells. Spurred by physiological triggers, these precursor cells undergo a series of mitotic divisions and maturation processes, eventually turning into fully functional granulocytes, which play an instrumental role in the body's immune system: Neutrophils provide a crucial line of defense against bacterial and fungal infections, racing to the scene of an infection where they perform phagocytosis- consuming invading organisms. Eosinophils are vital in tackling multicellular parasites and are involved in allergic reactions. Basophils, while less abundant, are involved in inflammatory reactions, particularly allergic responses, by releasing histamine and heparin. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
granulocytopoietic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and a band form cell. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare.
A cell type that is the first of the maturation stages of the granulocytic leukocytes normally found in the bone marrow. Granules are seen in the cytoplasm. The nuclear material of the myelocyte is denser than that of the myeloblast but lacks a definable membrane. The cell is flat and contains increasing numbers of granules as maturation progresses.
A myelocyte is a type of immature granulocyte found in the bone marrow during the production of blood cells, a process known as hematopoiesis. Myelocytes represent an intermediate stage in the development of granulocytes, which are a type of white blood cell essential for the immune system. The three kinds of granulocytes that derive from myelocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, each with distinct properties and functions. Myelocytes possess some functionalities of a mature cell such as the presence of specific granules. The main function of myelocytes is to differentiate into mature granulocytes. The process starts with a hematopoietic stem cell, which progressively matures into a myeloblast, and further into a promyelocyte before eventually becoming a myelocyte. At this stage, the cell begins producing granules that carry specific enzymes and other substances used to fight infections. The most common type of myelocyte is the neutrophilic myelocyte, which eventually develops into a neutrophil, the most common type of white blood cell. Neutrophilic myelocytes contribute significantly to the body's primary immune response as mature neutrophils are often the first cells to arrive at a site of infection. They ingest and destroy bacteria and other harmful agents to prevent further infection. Eosinophilic and basophilic myelocytes develop into eosinophils and basophils, respectively, playing their role in managing allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Dysfunction in myelocyte development can give rise to various diseases, including different forms of leukemia, where myelocytes undergo uncontrolled proliferation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell involved in the formation of a monocyte (monopoiesis).
A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. The term usually refers to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver (differently from 'hepatoblast', often used for fetal precursors of hepatocytes).
An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree.
epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine.
brush cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
tuft cell of epithelium of large intestine
Brush cells are a distinct cell type from brush border cell-types.
An epithelial cell found in various organs, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, characterized by a tuft of 120-140 blunt microvilli on its apical surface. This cell exhibits diverse functions depending on its location, which includes chemosensation, initiation of immune responses, contribution to mucociliary clearance, and defense against parasites.
Brush cells, also referred to as tuft cells or multivesicular cells, are a specialized type of epithelial cell mainly noted for their characteristic 'brush border' composed of microvilli. These cells reside in the epithelial lining of tissue organs such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the bile ducts. The name derives from their distinct appearance under the microscope, which resembles a brush due to the dense layer of microvilli protruding into the lumen. A key function of brush cells is chemosensation: They express a variety of signaling molecules and receptors that enable them to detect specific chemical stimuli in the environment and act as sensory transducers. Many of these receptors are responsive to luminal content, which makes brush cells vital for regulating and coordinating appropriate physiological responses to changes in these substances. Recent research has also elucidated an important role for these cells in immunity. Intestinal brush cells have been found to be the source of a cytokine called interleukin-25, which can initiate type 2 immune responses during parasitic infections. This immune function, along with the chemosensing abilities, signifies that brush cells could serve crucial roles in health and disease, although much research is still required to fully elucidate their myriad roles in physiology and pathology. Overall, brush cells are a versatile cell type, whose distinct morphology and functional capabilities allow them to perform a unique set of functions within the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Brush cell of the epithelium in the trachea.
The brush cell of the trachea is a specialized cell type located predominantly in the epithelial lining of the trachea. Brush cells, also called tuft cells, are named for their distinctive morphology - a broad base leading to a narrower apex, adorned with a tuft of rigid, long microvilli resembling a brush. The cells are columnar and among the smallest in the respiratory tract, yet their appearance sets them apart from the typical ciliated cells that make up the majority of the tracheal epithelium. Brush cells are believed to serve a role as chemosensory sentinels in the trachea, monitoring the biochemical environment. The ‘brush’ or ‘tuft’ serves a critical purpose in heightening the cell's sense of contact with its surroundings. Brush cells of the trachea are equipped with taste receptors and a taste transduction machinery, such as the cation channel TRPM5 (transient receptor potential melastatin 5). Following activation through bitter-taste receptors, brush cells initiate downstream signaling to sensory neurons which then leads to protective respiratory nerve reflexes. Recent research has also shown that tracheal brush cells not only detect pathogenic substances but also contribute to the antimicrobial host defense by releasing neuropeptides that ultimately direct an influx of innate immune cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
brush cell of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A brush cell found in the epithelium of bronchus.
Brush cells of the bronchus, also known as bronchial brush cells or tuft cells, are specialized epithelial cells found in the respiratory tract, specifically within the bronchi. These are called 'brush cells' due to their distinctive appearance, characterized by their apical surface being enveloped by a dense collection of long, thin, rigid microvilli, often likened to bristles of a brush. Some sources also describe them as having a bottle-like shape, with an enlarged middle section that narrows towards the base. The primary function of brush cells in the respiratory tract is chemosensation. They have the built-in capacity to sense changes in their chemical environments. Brush cells of the bronchi are equipped with a host of sensory receptors, including bitter-taste receptors, which allow them to detect and respond to a wide array of airborne substances. Several studies also indicate the potential roles these cells play in initiating signal transduction pathways that regulate local airway behaviors such as bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and immune responses. Recent research also suggests that brush cells of the bronchus could potentially play a role in immune surveillance. They might can react to harmful pathogenic invasions in the airway by releasing certain compounds that aid in attracting immune cells to the site of infection. An increase in the number of brush cells has also been reported in certain lung diseases, suggesting a possible involvement in pathological processes. Although the precise role of bronchial brush cells continue to be the subject of ongoing research, they contribute to maintaining the overall integrity and function of the bronchial epithelium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
brush cell of bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.
undifferentiated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments.
immature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye.
Epithelial cells of the prostate, also known as prostatic epithelial cells, are specialized cells found in the prostate gland, which surrounds the male urethra beneath the bladder. They play a crucial role in forming the acini and ducts of the gland's structure. The prostate's epithelium has multiple layers, including basal, luminal, and neuroendocrine cells; the luminal layer is composed of columnar epithelial cells, and the basal layer is composed of cuboidal epithelial cells. Prostatic epithelial cells primarily aid in the production and secretion of prostatic fluid, a critical component of semen. This fluid, which accounts for around 20-30% of semen volume, serves several key functions related to fertility. The prostatic fluid is alkaline in nature that aids in neutralizing acidic vaginal secretions, promoting the survival of sperm in the female reproductive tract. It also contains proteolytic enzymes that, upon ejaculation, lead to the liquefaction of semen, enhancing the motility of sperm. Additionally, prostate epithelial cells are involved in the secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a kallikrein-like serine protease, which is a normal component of the seminal plasma further aids in semen liquefaction. Prostatic epithelial cells are also linked to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia, which involves abnormal cell growth, and prostate cancer, which originates from prostatic epithelial cell transformations, especially in the peripheral zone. Consequently, these cells are key focal points in understanding and treating prostatic conditions and malignancies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the prostatic acinus.
A cell of the basal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus.
basal epithelial cell of prostatic acinus
A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts, or lung fibroblasts, are a specific type of cell located within the lungs. They are predominantly located in the connective tissue or interstitial space of the lung that is in close proximity to the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary capillaries. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining lung structure and function through the synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which provides structural support to the lung tissues. These cells ensure effective gas exchange by providing a scaffold for the epithelial structure. In addition to providing support, the extracellular matrix acts as a binding site for various molecules that can directly influence cell behavior and the local microenvironment. Fibroblasts not only secrete the extracellular matrix themselves but also have the capacity to remodel the matrix by producing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This ability of synthesis and degradation makes fibroblasts essential for normal lung homeostasis and repair following lung injury. Under pathological conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, the function of pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts becomes deregulated. They become overly active and produce excess extracellular matrix, notably collagen, resulting in the thickening and stiffening of lung tissues that compromise its function. Furthermore, these cells can transform into myofibroblasts, cells that are more active in producing matrix proteins and contribute to scar formation or fibrosis. Understanding the biology and regulation of pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts is thus essential for devising therapeutic strategies for diseases characterized by abnormal tissue remodeling and fibrosis, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set DPT, APOD can identify the Human cell type pulmonary interstitial fibroblast in the lung with a confidence of 0.58 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary interstitial fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stem cell located in epithelium the based of the crypt of Lieberkuhn. Division of these cells serve both to maintain the stem cell population and produce the transit amplifying cells that are all precursors of all cell types that populate the intestinal epithelium.
Intestinal crypt stem cells, also known as crypt base columnar cells, are a unique type of cell, characterized by the highly specific marker LGR5, found in the intestinal epithelium. Situated at the bottom of the minute pockets known as crypts of Lieberkühn, these are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to perpetually self-renew, as well as differentiate into various other cell types that constitute the epithelial lining of the intestine. The fundamental role of intestinal crypt stem cells is to provide a constant supply of new cells to maintain the cellular turnover of the intestinal epithelium, a tissue known for rapid self-renewal. These stem cells are nurtured and protected by specialized epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and together constitute the intestinal stem cell niche. An important function of intestinal crypt stem cells is to sustain the balance between cell division and programmed cell death, called apoptosis, to ensure the integrity of the intestinal lining. Given their active proliferation rate, these stem cells initiate the creation of diverse differentiated cell types, including enterocytes (the primary absorptive cells in the intestinal lumen), goblet cells (that produce mucus to protect the epithelial layer), enteroendocrine cells (involved in producing gastrointestinal hormones), and Paneth cells (involved in secreting antimicrobial peptides). This diversity in output regulates the physiological activities of the gut ranging from nutrient absorption, hormone secretion, bacterial balance, to immunity. Research studies suggest that dysregulation in intestinal crypt stem cell proliferation and differentiation is associated with several intestinal disorders including intestinal cancer, and various enteropathies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn
intestinal crypt stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the large intestine.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the small intestine.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland.
A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.
A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas.
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells (also called F or gamma cells) are unique endocrine cells located within the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. PP cells are one of the rarer pancreatic cell types and are more prevalent in the head and neck of the pancreas. They are critical in normal pancreatic physiological functions and are involved in the development of pancreatic endocrine disorders. The primary function of PP cells is the production and secretion of the pancreatic polypeptide hormone (PP). This hormone plays a crucial role in several gastrointestinal functions and metabolic responses. The release of the PP hormone is stimulated after eating, especially in protein-rich meals, leading to it being present in large amounts during digestion. The fundamental role of PP is to self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities ensuring its exocrine and endocrine functions are under control. The pancreatic polypeptide hormone from PP cells also aids in adapting to low physical activity and fasting by reducing the production of insulin and glucagon and inhibiting the hepatic glucose production. Additionally, this hormone influences gut motility by slowing down the gastric emptying and reducing small intestinal transit, thereby controlling the pace at which nutritional substances are absorbed. Because of these functions, any malfunction or irregularity in PP cells can result in various disorders such as diabetes and pancreatic diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The term PP cell of pancreatic acinus was obsoleted due to a lack of evidence, making PP cell of pancreatic islets synonymous with pancreatic PP cell.
pancreatic PP cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile.
A enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in ileum, present in jejunum and large intestine, few in duodenum. This cell type produces glucagon-like immunoreactants (glicentin, glucagon-37, glucagon-29, GLP-1 and -2) and PYY.
The type L enteroendocrine cell, also known as L-cell, is an integral part of the digestive system found in the intestine, primarily identified in the ileum and colon. These cells are distinguished among other cell types primarily because of their role in the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Both peptides are essential for maintaining the body's energy homeostasis and the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. In response to the ingestion of food, type L enteroendrocrine cells secrete GLP-1, a potent hormone that stimulates insulin secretion, lowers glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, enhances satiety, and has the potential to promote proliferation of type B pancreatic cells and improve their function. L-cells also secrete peptide YY (PYY), which plays a pivotal role in controlling appetite. Postprandially secreted into the bloodstream, PYY functions by decreasing appetite and food intake, thereby contributing to long-term energy balance. PYY can centralize the regulation of appetite via the hypothalamus. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type L enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enteroendocrine cell found in the ileum and jejunum that produces neurotensin.
An epithelial cell of the thymus. Epithelial reticular cells are pleomorphic, stellate, non-phagocytic cells which seem to be supportive in function and are held together by desmosomes. They replace the fibroblastoid reticular cells found in other lymphoid organs. Other epithelial cells in the medulla have the ultrastructure of secretory cells. Although different epithelial cells throughout the thymus appear alike by light microscopy their ultrastructure and function varies.
A resident stromal cell located in the synovial membrane and responsible for the production of immune-related cytokines and chemokines. This cell type secretes glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid, has abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum, but contains fewer vacuoles and vesicles.
Type B synovial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and are essential for the maintenance of normal joint functions. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes from different joints have different properties, which may contribute to the characteristic pattern of joint involvement in different types of arthritis.
An epithelial cell of the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney that helps regulate systemic levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH.
Epithelial cells of the distal tubule, also known as distal tubular epithelial cells, are located in the last portion of the renal tubule, beyond the loop of Henle, in the kidneys. These specialized cells play a critical role in the regulation of various electrolytes and homeostasis in the body. Epithelial cells of distal tubules help maintain the body's balance of water, sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions to ensure body fluids' right concentration. These cells exhibit exceptional functional plasticity. They are equipped with ion channels, transporters, and pumps that facilitate selective reabsorption and excretion of electrolytes. They are actively involved in the reabsorption of Sodium ions and the secretion of Potassium and Hydrogen ions, thus playing a significant role in maintaining the acid-base balance in the blood. Specifically, these cells express numerous sodium channels, including the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which helps moderate the reabsorption of sodium and water from the urine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of distal tubule on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney.
An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule, commonly referred to as a proximal tubular epithelial cell, is a specialized brush border cell found lining the proximal tubule within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephron. These cells play a critical role in the resorption process in the kidney and are responsible for maintaining homeostasis, including blood filtration, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. Epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have a cuboidal shape and microvilli that increase surface area, facilitating effective reabsorption. The primary function of epithelial cells of the proximal tubule revolves around their ability to reabsorb approximately 60-70% of the glomerular filtrate, retaining essential substances such as sodium, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and certain ions that are filtered out by the glomerulus. Additionally, these cells are also responsible for the secretion of organic acids, bases, and the hydrolysis of small proteins that are reabsorbed after filtration. Proximal tubule epithelial cells are highly susceptible to apoptosis, and damage to these cells by exposure to toxins, pathogens, or obstructive conditions may result in acute kidney injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The vast majority of proximal tubule epithelial cells have a brush border, but there are rare exceptions.
epithelial cell of proximal tubule on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A brush border epithelial cell located in the proximal tubule of the kidney, essential for reabsorbing substances like glucose and amino acids from the glomerular filtrate. These cells also secrete organic ions, playing a crucial role in maintaining kidney homeostasis, including electrolyte and acid-base balance, and excreting metabolic waste.
brush border cell of the proximal tubule
An ecto-epithelial cell of the prostate gland that secretes hormones.
endocrine-paracrine cell of prostate gland
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, which includes adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. In vertebrates, this cell arises chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and, in cranial regions, from neural crest.
Embryonic cells in metazoans, which include all multicellular animals, are biological units in their earliest developmental stages from conception until the organism is fully formed. They are derived from a fertilized egg, which undergoes a series of cell divisions to produce a multicellular organism. During the early phases of embryonic development, these cells exhibit pluripotency, meaning they possess the potential to differentiate into a diverse array of specialized cell types that constitute different body tissues and structures. The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic cells is crucial for successful development. When cells continue to divide without differentiating, overgrowth may occur leading to conditions such as teratomas (tumors of embryonic cells). Conversely, if cell differentiation proceeds at the expense of cell proliferation, developmental anomalies could occur regarding size or mass of the organism or its parts. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
embryonic cell (metazoa) on CELLxGENE CellGuide
This is an in vitro cell type and may be removed in future releases. These cells are reportedly SSEA-4-positive, CD73-negative, and CD324-positive.
A cell of a fetus which is suspended in the amniotic fluid. Amniocytes are considered to arise from several tissues including fetal skin, the fetal urinary tract, umbilical cord, and the inner amniotic surface.
A milk-producing glandular epithelial cell that is part of a mammary gland alveolus and differentiates from a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell during secretory differentiation (also termed lactogenesis I). Following secretory activation (also termed lactogenesis II), a lactocyte is involved in the synthesis and/or transport of milk constituents including proteins, oligosaccharides, lactose, micronutrients, fat, hormones, immunoglobulins, and cytokines into the lumen of the lactating mammary gland.
lactaction-associated mammary epithelial cell
luminal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast.
The luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland are a key constituent of the glandular tissue in the mammalian breast. Packed into complex structures known as mammary ducts and lobules, these specialized cell types derive their nomenclature from their location within these units - specifically against the inner surface or 'lumen'. The main physiological functions they perform are the synthesis, storage, and secretion of milk. During lactation, these cells synthesize the various macromolecular constituents of milk, such as lipids, proteins, and lactose, which are then secreted into the ductal lumen. An intricately coordinated mix of hormonal activation and signaling pathways, involving prolactin and oxytocin amongst others, regulate this process. Luminal cells also exhibit receptivity towards estrogen, and their proliferation is influenced by estrogen and progesterone. Luminal epithelial cells are also engaged in several other key aspects of mammary gland biology. They carry a role in the formation of the ductal tree during the developmental process and are involved in glandular remodeling during pregnancy and post-weaning involution. Furthermore, luminal epithelial cells, just like other cell types in the breast, are susceptible to oncogenic transformation. In fact, the majority of breast cancers, specifically those classified as ductal carcinomas, are believed to originate from this cell population, underlining the pathophysiological significance of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
Mammary gland epithelial cells, also known as mammary epithelial cells, are essential cell types in the tissue of mammary glands, which are milk-producing glands in female mammals. They can be categorized into two types: luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, each with their distinct functions in milk processing and delivery. Luminal epithelial cells, which are located in the inner layer of the mammary gland ducts and alveoli, play a vital role in the secretion of milk proteins and lipids to form milk during lactation. These cells contain well-developed secretory apparatus, including rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, facilitating the synthesis and secretion of milk proteins. Luminal epithelial cells express markers, like cytokeratin 8 and 18, and hormone receptors, such as estrogen and progesterone receptors, which play a crucial role in regulating the cell proliferation during the mammary gland development and lactation. Myoepithelial cells, on the other hand, are contractile cells situated between the luminal epithelial cells and the basal lamina in the ducts and alveoli of the mammary gland. They express markers such as smooth muscle actin and p63. One of their chief functions is the contraction during lactation, which aids in the expulsion of milk from the alveoli into the ductal network. Additionally, myoepithelial cells play a role in shaping the mammary gland ductal system and initiating the involution process after weaning. The homeostasis and functionality of the mammary epithelial cells are sensitive to hormonal regulation and surrounding microenvironment cues. Any abnormalities in these two types of mammary epithelial cells could disrupt the mammary gland function and potentially prompt the development of breast diseases, including cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mammary gland epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell type that lacks the columnar shape typical for other respiratory epithelial cells. This cell type is able to differentiate into other respiratory epithelial cells in response to injury.
The basal epithelial cells of the tracheobronchial tree are critical components found in the lining of the airway passages, including the trachea and bronchi. They are keratin-5-positive, nonciliated, cuboidal cells and typically tightly attached to the basement membrane. In humans, the proportion of basal cells in the respiratory epithelium gradually decreases going down the tracheobronchial tree: they represent approximately 34% of the cells in the trachea, 27% in the large airways, and 10% in the small airways, although it is worth noting that there are differences in the compositions of the tracheobronchial epithelia between different species. Basal epithelial cells serve as the basal layer of the tracheobronchial epithelium, providing both structural and regenerative support for the epithelial tissue that lines the upper regions of the respiratory tract. They serve as progenitor or stem cells that are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types, such as ciliated and secretory cells. This gives them a central role in homeostatic maintenance of the epithelium, and in repairing damaged epithelium after an injury or during disease. This regenerative capacity is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the tracheobronchial surface, especially given its continual exposure to inhaled irritants and microorganisms. In addition to their primary restorative function, basal epithelial cells are also involved in the initial immune response within the tracheobronchial tree. Equipped with pattern recognition receptors, these cells can identify and respond to pathogenic organisms, triggering an immune response and producing a range of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, to help combat infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in the bronchus epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface.
The ciliated cell of the bronchus is a specialized type of epitheliali cell found in the lining of the bronchus, which is part of the tracheobronchial tree. These cells are characterized by the presence of hair-like structures called cilia on their surface. The primary function of these cilia is the active transport of mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. Ciliated cells of the bronchus form a crucial part of the body's innate defensive mechanism: They function as a barrier and play a key role in the mucociliary clearance mechanism - the coordinated, wave-like movement of the cilia that sweeps pathogens and particles trapped within the mucus in the airways, upward and out of the lungs, either to be swallowed or expelled by coughing. By doing so, these cells are crucial for preventing the lodging of pathogens deep in the lungs and hence reduce the risk of respiratory infections. In conditions affecting the respiratory tract, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, the normal functioning of the ciliated cells may be compromised. For instance, the cilia may become impaired or destroyed due to exposure to harmful substances such as cigarette smoke, which can hinder the process of mucus removal, leading to a build-up of mucus and increased susceptibility to infection. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus
multiciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus
multiciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An adipocyte derived from a neural crest cell.
An undifferentiated fibroblast that can be stimulated to form a fat cell.
A preadipocyte is an immature precursor to adipocytes, which are specialized cells primarily tasked with the storage of energy in the form of lipids, making them key in metabolic regulation and overall energy homeostasis. Preadipocytes are present in the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissues and can be identified by their fibroblastic morphology and the expression of specific markers such as Pref-1, CD24, CD34, and CD29. The primary function of preadipocytes is to proliferate and differentiate into mature adipocytes upon receiving the appropriate physiological and hormonal stimuli. The process of adipogenesis, involving the differentiation of preadipocytes, is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) family. Through adipogenesis, preadipocytes contribute to the body's energy storage and insulation capabilities and act as a buffer to control the levels of free fatty acids in the bloodstream. When the energy balance of the body alters, for example during fasting or overnutrition, preadipocytes can respond by modulating adipogenic differentiation and lipid storage, illustrating their dynamic role in metabolic regulation. Additionally, research has shown that preadipocytes also contribute to endocrine function. They produce and secrete several adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. These adipokines impact a variety of physiological processes, including appetite regulation, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and immune responses. Dysregulation of preadipocyte function and adipogenesis is associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).
Brown preadipocytes are a type of precursor cell vital in the development and function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). These immature cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating into mature brown adipocytes. Brown preadipocytes are distinct in their thermogenic potential due to their capacity to become brown adipocytes, known for heat generation, which is especially crucial in maintaining body temperature in cold environments. These cells are primarily found in mammalian organisms, particularly those that need to adapt to lower temperatures. Functionally, brown preadipocytes play an instrumental role in the process of adipogenesis, which is the formation of adipose (fat-storing) tissue. When subjected to specific stimuli or under the appropriate conditions, these cells can differentiate into mature brown adipocytes. These adipocytes contain a high volume of mitochondria and have the unique ability to burn energy and release it as heat, a process known as thermogenesis. This unique energy expenditure process is chiefly due to the presence of a mitochondrial protein called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The study of brown preadipocytes and their subsequent conversion into mature brown adipocytes is of significant interest in tackling obesity and related metabolic disorders. Since their thermogenic activity contributes to energy expenditure, they provide an attractive target for approaches looking to increase energy consumption in the body. Emerging research suggests that enhancing the number or activity of brown adipocytes could be a possible avenue for therapeutic interventions against obesity and type 2 diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
brown preadipocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
Human markers; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is used as a representative example (PRO at this time lacks a KIR superfamily).
CD56-positive, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell, human
A prostate epithelial cell that is CD133-positive, CD44-positive, integrin A2beta3-high. This cell is a stem cell for the prostate epithelium.
An undifferentiated cell of the prostate epithelium that lacks secretory activity.
Basal cells of the prostate epithelium are one of the major cell types found in the glandular part of the prostate, which is a small, walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid in males. These cells are located at the base of the prostatic acinar epithelial layer and form a contiguous layer separating the acinar lumen, where the prostatic secretions coalesce, and the underlying connective tissue. In contrast to the luminal cells, basal cells lack secretory granules. In common with basal epithelial cells in other epithelia, prostatic basal cells express markers such as cytokeratin 14 and p63. A key function of the basal cells of the prostate epithelium is to provide structural support to the secretory luminal cells and contribute to maintaining the integrity of the epithelial layer. They also have unique regenerative properties that aid in the recovery of the glandular epithelium after injury. Under normal conditions, these cells remain quiescent, but upon injury, they proliferate to replace the damaged secretory luminal cells, indicating a stem/progenitor cell-like behavior. They also play an important role in serving as a reserve cell population helping in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Basal cells of prostate epithelium are also central to understanding the pathobiology of prostate diseases. They are typically absent in prostatic adenocarcinomas, the most common form of prostate cancer, but they are thought to play a critical yet complex role in oncogenesis and therapeutic resistance mechanisms of prostate cancer, and in benign prostatic hyperplasia. They also have the ability to differentiate into neuroendocrine cells or luminal cells under certain conditions, contributing to disease heterogeneity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of prostate epithelium on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
CD56-negative, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell, human
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, DX5-positive, Ly49-positive, CD27-low and CD11b-low. This cell type is found in high numbers in the liver.
CD27-low, CD11b-low immature natural killer cell, mouse
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive and DX-5 negative.
Dx5-negative, NK1.1-positive immature natural killer cell, mouse
A mature natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-high. This cell type is capable of interferon-gamma secretion.
CD27-high, CD11b-high natural killer cell, mouse
A CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell that has a higher threshold of activation due to higher expression of inhibitory receptors.
CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell, mouse
A natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-low.
CD27-high, CD11b-low natural killer cell, mouse
An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin.
Endocardial cells, often referred to as endothelial cells of the heart, constitute the innermost lining layer of the heart tissues, forming the endocardium. They play a critical role in maintaining heart functionality and homeostasis. These cells, flat and squamous in structure, are adjoined closely to form a tight barrier that separates the heart's muscular layer, the myocardium, from the blood flowing through the heart chambers. Functionally, endocardial cells are key players in several crucial physiological processes within the heart. Synthesizing matrix molecules that contribute to the structural formation of the heart, these cells actively partake in maintaining its structural integrity. They also exhibit unique metabolic activity, which aids in maintaining optimal cardiac functioning in both healthy and pathological conditions. Importantly, they are known for their involvement in modulating myocardial contraction and relaxation, that is crucial for normal heart rhythm and function. They achieve this by producing factors like nitric oxide (NO) which, amongst other things, aids in the regulation of blood pressure, prevents blood clotting and inhibits the adherence of blood cells to the vessel wall. In pathological states, endocardial cells can undergo a transformation process known as endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which is inherently involved in several cardiac diseases. In this transition, they acquire the ability to migrate and differentiate into several other types of cells contributing to disease progression. Moreover, their dysfunction can lead to endocarditis, an inflammation of the endocardium, as well as increase the risk of other heart diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.
A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis.
A hematopoietic stem cell that resides in the fetal liver. In mice, this cell type is first observed at E10.5. This cell type is MHC-positive, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD45-positive, Sca-1 positive, CD150-positive, CD48-negative and CD244-negative.
fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell
A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive.
A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation.
A primitive erythrocyte that has undergone enucleation. This cell type is 3-6 fold bigger than the fetal derived erythrocytes that they co-circulate with during fetal development. Expresses epsilon-gamma hemoglobin chains.
A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins.
Derived from the Greek word pyren (the pit of a stone fruit), this is a transient nucleated cell type that results from exclusion of the nucleus from the primitive erythrocyte.
A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.
A progenitor cell that is capable of forming colonies of primitive erythrocytes in the blood island of the yolk sac. First arrive at E7.5 in mouse and expresses CD41.
A cell located in the outermost proliferative zone of the external germinal layer that can differentiate into astroglial cells and granule cells. This cell type is glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and HNK1-positive.
A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic morphology; located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus, and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratan sulfate.
Keratocytes, also referred to as corneal fibroblasts, are specific cell types that primarily reside in the stromal layer of the cornea. Highly specialized, these cells play an essential role in the maintenance and repair of corneal tissue, thereby contributing to clear, distortion-free vision. As fibroblasts, their function often involves synthesis and secretion of the extracellular matrix, which gives the corneal stroma its structural integrity. Keratocytes are primarily responsible for the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans, the principal components of the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM). The high optical clarity of the cornea is largely attributed to the unique arrangement of collagen fibrils, and keratocytes play a fundamental role in maintaining this arrangement. In response to corneal wounds or injuries, the keratocytes near the wound site become activated and undergo a transformation into a specialized phenotype, often referred to as repair keratocytes or activated keratocytes. During corneal repair, these activated keratocytes proliferate and migrate to the wound site, where they differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts play a significant role in wound contraction and synthesis of an alternative ECM required for wound closure. However, the overzealous activity of myofibroblasts can lead to corneal haze, a condition that impairs vision, and numerous studies suggest that optimal wound healing involves a delicate balance between repair and the pro-scar actions of myofibroblasts. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell of the medullary thymus. This cell type expresses a diverse range of tissue-specific antigens. This promiscuous gene expression is a cell-autonomous property of medullary epithelial cells and is maintained during the entire period of thymic T cell output.
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are distinct cells situated in the thymic medulla, a vital organ where T cells mature. mTECs are recognized by their unique appearance, characterized by large, plump cells with abundant cytoplasm and irregularly shaped nuclei. They inhabit a microenvironment closely interacting with various thymic cell types, including conventional dendritic cells and thymocytes. The primary function of mTECs revolves around negative selection of developing T cells, thus preventing autoimmune responses. mTECs allow developing T cells to recognize and be responsive to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to the body's own tissues. They achieve this through a process called promiscuous gene expression where they express and display a vast array of self-antigens. This process is regulated by a transcriptional regulator called autoimmune regulator (Aire), which contributes to immunological self-tolerance. mTECs themselves have a self-renewing ability and sustain the continuous export of mature T cells. They also express a number of genes that encode for chemokines and other signaling molecules which draw in and retain developing T cells for the process of negative selection. The three-dimensional network formed by these cells provides a physical platform for such selection. Together, mTECs hold a critical place in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, demonstrating the conceptual links that exist between population of stromal cells, thymocytes development, tissue-restricted antigen expression, and negative selection. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
medullary thymic epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An ocular connective tissue cell that is part of the eye's trabecular meshwork and is directly responsible for regulating the outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye, thereby maintaining proper intraocular pressure.
An epithelial cell of the respiratory tract epithelium. These cells have an endodermal origin.
A differentiated form of a fungus produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions.
A simple columnar epithelial cell that secretes mucin. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the nucleus, and other organelles are concentrated in the basal portion. The apical plasma membrane projects microvilli to increase surface area for secretion.
The respiratory goblet cell is a highly specialized cell type found primarily within the respiratory tract, including the nose, trachea, and lungs. Named because their shape resembles a goblet - a drinking vessel with a wide body and narrow neck - these cells form a vital part of the respiratory system's protective mechanisms. They are found within the columnar epithelium lining these organs, which forms a barrier between the internal body and the exterior environment. A principal function of the respiratory goblet cell is the production and secretion of mucus, a carbohydrate-rich, viscous and gel-like substance that plays a critical role in trapping dust, bacteria, viruses, and other airborne particles that are inhaled. The mucus secreted by the goblet cells covers the lining of the respiratory tract, effectively catching these particles and preventing them from reaching the lungs and causing infection. Mucus also provides hydration and lubrication to the respiratory tract surfaces, which is important in maintaining the tissue's health and functioning. In addition to their mucus-secreting capabilities, respiratory goblet cells also play a significant role in the body's inflammatory responses. When the respiratory system is exposed to irritants or pathogens, the number and activity of goblet cells often increase, leading to a higher production of mucus. This is a protective response designed to trap and neutralize the harmful substances more effectively. However, in conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, an overproliferation of goblet cells, also known as goblet cell hyperplasia, can lead to excessive mucus production and airway obstruction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
respiratory tract goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transversely striated, multinucleated syncytial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts during muscle development.
Myotubes are multinucleated cells and are categorized under the umbrella of skeletal muscle cells. They are formed through an intricate process known as myogenesis, which is a part of skeletal muscle development. It is vital to note that myotubes are not terminally differentiated but are precursors to mature muscle fiber cells. Myotubes come to life through the fusion of myoblasts, which are undifferentiated mononucleated progenitor cells. In the early stages of embryonic muscle development, myoblasts proliferate rapidly under the influence of growth and differentiation factors. As myoblasts reach confluence, they withdraw from the cell cycle, align themselves with each other, increase expression of muscle-specific proteins, and ultimately fuse to form myotubes. The formation of myotubes heralds a critical transition, as this is when cells shift from proliferation and growth to differentiation and maturation. Functionally, myotubes play a critical role in the formation and development of skeletal muscles. Myotubes gradually grow in size through the incorporation of additional myoblasts and eventually mature into muscle fibers, the contractile units of skeletal muscles. During this maturation process, myotubes polymerize their soluble muscle-specific proteins into myofibrils, which are essential for muscle contraction. Overall, myotubes are vital players in the complex process of muscle development and homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A hair cell of the ear that contains the organs of balance and hearing.
A multipotent progenitor cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The schwann cell precursor is embedded among axons, with minimal extracellular space separating them from nerve cell membranes. This cell lacks a basal lamina, which distinguishes it from more mature Schwann cells. In rodents, cadherin-19 (Cdh19) serves as a specific marker for this developmental stage.
Schwann cell precursors are a crucial type of cell in the peripheral nervous system, derived from the neural crest during embryogenesis. The primary function of Schwann cell precursors is to differentiate into either myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cells, both of which are critical in the proper function of the nervous system: myelinating Schwann cells cover axons in a myelin sheath, which allows for quicker and more efficient conduction of nerve signals, while non-myelinating Schwann cells envelope several axons together, effectively aiding slower nerve conduction. Schwann cell precursors are also possibly involved in guiding axonal growth during the early development of the nervous system, and they have an inherent potential to form other cell types such as melanocytes, parasympathetic neurons, and endoneurial fibroblasts. Growing evidence suggests that there is high plasticity among Schwann cell precursor derivatives during postnatal development and that they play a dynamic role not only in the development of the nervous system but also in its repair and regeneration post injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Schwann cell precursor are capable of differentiating into Schwann cells and other cell types such as melanocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells.
Schwann cell precursor on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons.
The immature Schwann cell is a distinctive, developmental stage in the life cycle of a Schwann cell, which is a type of glial cell that is essential for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheaths that coat and insulate the axons of neurons, boosting their electrical conducting abilities. The immature Schwann cell represents a transitional phase between the immature, proliferative Schwann cell progenitors and the mature, myelinating Schwann cells. The transition to a mature, fully differentiated state happens under the influence of axonal signals and involves significant changes in gene expression; immature Schwann cells are characterized by specific factors including the expression of the S100 protein, a unique marker that differentiates Schwann cells from other glial cells. Immature Schwann cells have the potential for extensive proliferation, and they actively interact with axons. During the period of synaptic refinement in development, they can respond to neuronal activity and participate in radial sorting of axons. At the same time, immature Schwann cells further modulate the microenvironment, which helps define axonal diameters and spaces. While immature Schwann cells contribute to the initial development and refinement of neural circuits, their maturation to myelinating Schwann cells is vital for the efficient functioning of the mature peripheral nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature Schwann cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An oblong or round asexual spore formed from conidial chains.
Cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores.
A monocyte that has characteristics of both patrolling and inflammatory monocytes.
Intermediate monocytes, also defined as CD14++CD16+ monocytes, constitute one of the three subsets of human monocytes which also include classical and non-classical monocytes. These cells play a crucial role in the physiological function of the immune system and are particularly significant in the human body's response to inflammation and infection. With a diverse array of functions, intermediate monocytes uniquely contribute to the immune response potency by bridging the gap between the classical and non-classical monocyte subsets. Intermediate monocytes exhibit a combined functionality of the two other subsets in terms of their phenotypic characteristics, functional capabilities and gene expression profiles. They express high levels of CD14 (like classical monocytes) and also express CD16 (like non-classical monocytes). These monocytes generally release lower amounts of cytokines compared to classical and non-classical monocytes, but produce the most reactive oxygen species. Intermediate monocytes may also induce T cell proliferation and express high levels of major histocompatibility complex molecules for antigen presentation. The relative number of intermediate monocytes in the bloodstream increases under conditions of severe inflammation and infection, although their roles have not yet been clearly defined. Additionally, some studies reported findings on monocytes with a combined population of intermediate and non-classical monocytes, further complicating the understanding of the function of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intermediate monocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 high, CD43-negative, CX3CR1-negative, CD115-positive, and B220-negative.
Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product.
A patrolling monocyte that is CD14-low and CD16-positive.
Markers are associated with human monocytes.
A CD14-positive monocyte that is also CD16-positive and CCR2-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16+ monocyte'. Markers are associated with human cells. Note that this cell type encompasses both human intermediate monocytes (CD14+, CD16-low), and human non-classical monocytes (CD14-low, CD16+).
An intermediate monocyte that is Gr1-positive, CD43-positive.
A precursor B cell that is AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-positive and HSA-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
mature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A resting mature B cell within the Peyer's patch that is CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
A post-natal thymocyte expressing components of the gamma-delta T cell receptor. This cell type is always double-negative (i.e. CD4-negative, CD8-negative).
A cell that is found in the periacinar space of the exocrine pancreas and in perivascular and periductal regions of the pancreas, and has long cytoplasmic processes that encircle the base of the acinus. Expresses several intermediate filament proteins including vimentin and nestin. Shares many of the characteristics of hepatatic stellate cells, but not stellate cells of the central nervous system. Upon activation, this cell type undergoes morphological and gene expression changes that make the cell suggestive of being a type of myofibroblast.
Pancreatic stellate cells, also known as PSCs, are a specific type of cell comprising 4-7% the pancreas, specifically the exocrine glandular tissue. In their quiescent state, these cells are characterized by a star-like appearance with long cytoplasmic processes, and store vitamin A droplets in their cytoplasm. The primary roles of pancreatic stellate cells are related to the production, degradation, and reorganization of the extracellular matrix in the pancreas. When activated by injury or stress, they transform into myofibroblast-like cells, beginning to proliferate, migrate and produce large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins that can lead to the fibrosis seen in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic stellate cells are also responsible for the synthesis of various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, each playing a significant role in the complex network of paracrine and autocrine signaling pathways within the pancreatic tissue. These cells have been implicated in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Activated PSCs can stimulate the growth, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. They also help form a dense, fibrous 'shield' around cancer cells, known as desmoplasia, which can make it more difficult for anticancer drugs to reach their target. Thus, a lot of research is being conducted on how to control or modify the behavior of pancreatic stellate cells to treat chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic stellate cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An immature or mature cell of the first erythroid lineage to arise during embryonic development.
A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection.
A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.
A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles.
A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes.
Observed in mice. There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A pro-T cell that is lin-negative, CD25-negative, CD127-negative, CD44-positive and kit-positive.
ETPs are reportedly CD1a-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-positive, CD8a-negative, CD8b-negative, CD33-low, CD34-high, CD38-low, CD45RA-positive, and CD45RO-negative.
A mature natural killer cell that is CD11b-positive and CD27-positive.
A natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, CD11b-positive, and CD27-positive.
CD11b-positive, CD27-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte that is small and not proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is large (i.e. has a high forward scatter signal in flow cytometry) and is actively proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is CD69-positive and has begun positive selection.
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor.
CD4-intermediate, CD8-positive double-positive thymocyte
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD8 co-receptor.
CD4-positive, CD8-intermediate double-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive semimature thymocyte
Described in the immgene database as being CD24-intermediate.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD4-positive single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive semimature thymocyte
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD8-positive single-positive thymocyte
A mature CD4-positive, CD8-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature CD8-positive, CD4-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature NK cell that is NK1.1-positive.
Note: Nk1.1 expression is restricted to C57BL strains of laboratory mice.
NK1.1-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A proliferative and migratory glial progenitor cell that derives from a neural stem cell and resides within the central nervous system. It possesses the capacity to differentiate into a committed oligodendrocyte progenitor (COP) through a well-defined series of maturation steps, ultimately giving rise to a myelinating oligodendrocyte (MOL). In mice and humans, it is characterized by the expression of specific molecular markers, including Pdgfra, Cspg4 (also known as NG2) and Olig2.
An oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC), also commonly referred to as an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell, is an undifferentiated or immature type of cell found in the nervous system that differentiates into a fully mature oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes are known for their role in creating the protective myelin sheath that covers and insulates neurons in the central nervous system, enhancing the speed and efficiency of neurological signal transmission. OPCs contribute to this vital process by providing a consistent source of new oligodendrocytes. OPCs are unique for their remarkable flexibility and adaptability, making them a critical element in many neurological processes. They are involved in neurogenesis and reparative functions as they can proliferate and be mobilized to areas of brain injury to aid in tissue repair and regeneration. Particularly, they play a significant role in the recovery and remyelination of damaged neurons, attributing to their prolific distribution in both gray and white matter areas of the brain and spinal cord. Recent research has revealed the broader plasticity of OPCs. Studies have shown that OPCs can also differentiate into astrocytes and neurons under certain conditions, enlarging their role from just players in myelination to contributors in maintaining the integrity and adaptability of the central nervous system. Furthermore, these cells have been found to interact directly with neurons and take part in synaptic transmission, implying a more complex role in neural network activity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type can be purified from optic nerves and other regions of the embryonic, postnatal and adult rat CNS and can be differentiated in vitro to oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes. Some references use the terms 'oligodendrocyte precursor cell' and 'oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor' to refer to the same entity (e.g., PMID:10704434), while others describe an oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell as the precurosr to oligodendrocyte- and type-2 astrocyte- progenitor cells (e.g, ISBN:9780702028991).
oligodendrocyte precursor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative and is CD205-positive.
CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell
A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-negative and CD4-positive.
CD8-alpha-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-positive and CD4-positive.
CD8-alpha-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A Langerhans cell that is in the epidermis and is CD45-positive, MHCII-positive, and CD11b-positive.
A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-negative.
CD8-alpha-negative thymic conventional dendritic cell
A F4/80-negative dendritic cell located in adipose tissue.
An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-positive.
An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-negative.
A conventional dendritic cell that expresses CD11b (ITGAM).
CD11b-positive dendritic cells are a subset of conventional dendritic cells, which express the myeloid antigen CD11b. They play an important role in the recognition, uptake, processing, and presentation of antigens to T cells, thereby bridging innate and adaptive immunity. CD11b+ dendritic cells are the most abundant conventional dendritic cells in lymphoid organs (except for the thymus). Their MHC presentation and migration is dependent on IRF4, although the importance of IRF4 for the development of CD11b+ is still under debate. They represent a heterogeneous subset of dendritic cells, which includes epidermal Langerhans cells, dermal and interstitial dendritic cells. Given their heterogeneity, the specific functions of CD11b+ dendritic cells are difficult to assign. They exhibit strong expression of MHC-II presentation complexes and thereby play an important role in the induction of CD4+ T cell immunity. CD11b+ dendritic cells can also be characterized by their production of cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-23, and splenic CD11b+ dendritic cells have been shown to produce proinflammatory chemokines, such as CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, following TLR ligand exposure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD11b-positive dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.
A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-low and CD11c-positive.
Gr1-high monocyte that lacks MHC-II receptor complex.
Gr1-high monocyte that has a MHC-II receptor complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that lacks expression of a MHC-II complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has low to intermediate expression of the MHC-II complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has high surface expression of a MHC-II complex.
A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-negative, and CD11b-high.
lymphoid MHC-II-negative classical monocyte
A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-intermediate, and CD11b-high.
lymphoid MHC-II-negative non-classical monocyte
A tissue-resident macrophage located in the bone marrow. This cell type is B220-negative, CD3e-negative, Ly-6C-negative, CD115-positive, F4/80-positive.
A macrophage located in adipose tissue that is CD45-positive, CD11c-positive, and SIRPa-positive.
An adipose macrophage that does not express F4/80but is MHC-II-positive. This cell type exhibits autofluorescence under typical flow cyometry conditions.
An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.
A melanocyte that produces pigment within the hair follicle.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the epithelium.
The text defintion reference to the MP term appears to reference an epidermal melanocyte term. This term represents any melanocyte in any epithelium.
A melanocyte of the retina. This cell type is distinct from pigmented retinal epithelium.
A trophoblast cell that has a large volume of cytoplasm, is polyploid and is usually mononuclear but is also occasionally multi-nucleate. This cell type is important in establishing maternal physiology and remodeling of the vasculature of the placenta.
Trophoblast giant cells are specialized cells that form during the early stages of mammalian embryonic development. Within the trophoblast cell category, these cells, marked by their large, multinucleated structure, play a pivotal role in the early stages of pregnancy, particularly during embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. Trophoblast giant cells are predominantly located at the fetal-maternal interface, where they aid in establishing the connection between the maternal blood supply and the embryonic circulatory system. This is achieved by the invasion and remodeling of maternal spiral arteries, a process carried out by a subset of these cells known as invasive trophoblast giant cells - a necessary step to ensure sufficient nutrient supply to the growing fetus. Additionally, these cells participate in the immune defense mechanism, secreting immunosuppressive molecules to protect against maternal immune rejection. These cells are also the primary sources of progesterone, crucial for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy, and placental lactogen, which influences the mother's metabolic state to promote fetal growth. In essence, trophoblast giant cells serve as integral mediators, connecting the developmental needs of the fetus with the adaptive physiological changes in the mother. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
trophoblast giant cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A thymocyte that lacks expression of CD4 and CD8.
These are precursors to mature T cells; normally, they do not circulate, but are found in the thymus and they have not undergone rearrangement of the alpha and beta T cell receptor genes.
A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.
A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells.
From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart.
A tissue-resident lymphocyte located within the epithelial layer of mucosal tissues, particularly within the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. Characterised by permanent residency, this cell typically expresses CD103 (integrin alpha-E), which binds to E-cadherin on epithelial cells, enabling epithelial retention in both mice and humans. Phenotypically, IEL displays an activated, antigen-experienced state characterised by the constitutive expression of cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B, perforin) and innate-like receptors (such as NKG2D), enabling rapid, localised surveillance and immediate response to epithelial stress.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are a large and diverse population of mainly T cells that reside within the epithelial cell layer of various mucosal tissues in the body, including the skin, intestine, and respiratory tract. These cells represent a substantial amount of the total lymphocyte pool and are most numerous in the intestine. They have distinct phenotypes and functional characteristics compared to lymphocytes residing in other tissues. Most intraepithelial lymphocytes express heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) consisting of αlpha and beta chains (TCRαβ), or less commonly gamma and delta chains (TCRγδ), together with the CD8 co-receptor (αβ or αα); there are also smaller subpopulations of IELs that areCD4+, or negative for both CD4 and CD8. Intraepithelial T cells typically express high levels of activation markers, tissue-homing integrins, and receptors and molecules characteristic of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. TCRαβ+CD8+ IEL are able to recognize both transformed self antigens via natural killer receptors and foreign antigen via the TCR. The primary function of IELs is to maintain the integrity of mucosal barriers against pathogens. Given their strategic location within the epithelial layer, they are often the first immune cells that encounter invading infectious agents, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Upon encountering pathogens, IELs activate and quickly respond by either directly killing the infected epithelial cells or alerting other immune cells. This rapid response, initiated by IELs, helps constrain the infection at the point of entry and is vital to maintaining the integrity of mucosal barriers. In addition to their central role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial barriers, IELs also play a crucial role in maintaining the physiological health of the epithelia by promoting repair and regeneration after injury. Furthermore, IELs are pivotal in supporting oral tolerance to dietary antigens and gut microbiota. An imbalance in the number and functionality of IELs is often associated with various human diseases including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intraepithelial lymphocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A trophoblast cell that arises in the junctional zone (basal plate) of the placenta.
Enteric smooth muscle cells are a specialized type of cell found in the gastrointestinal tract. They are an integral part of the enteric nervous system, which regulates the functions of the gastrointestinal system. These cells have a unique structural organization that enables their primary function: the contraction and relaxation necessary for the propulsion of gastrointestinal contents. Smooth muscle cells in the enteric system possess unique attributes that distinguish them from other smooth muscle cells in the body. One crucial function is peristalsis, where these cells contract in a coordinated manner, generating a wave of contraction and relaxation. This peristaltic movement facilitates the movement of food particles through the digestive tract, playing a vital role in the digestion and absorption processes in animals. Additionally, these cells are responsible for maintaining the tone of gastrointestinal sphincters, controlling passage and preventing one-sided movement of the contents. Enteric smooth muscle cells are also involved in local immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract. They can communicate with local immune cells and secrete cytokines or other signaling molecules in response to infectious organisms, which makes them crucial mediocellular players in gastrointestinal homeostasis and response to disease. Their interactions with other cell types, such as neurons, myofibroblasts, and interstitial cells of Cajal, further contribute to these cells' role in maintaining the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal system. Overall, enteric smooth muscle cells provide an indispensable contribution to the complex operations of the digestive tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enteric smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-positive, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative.
langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
An insect excretory cell that regulates hemolymph composition by filtration and filtrate endocytosis.
A renal filtration cell is a specialized cell of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A disseminated nephrocyte is a nephrocyte that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD16-positive.
Normally represent 65-75% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), CD289-positive (TLR9), and CD290-positive (TLR10) by RT-PCR [PMID:17332250]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells are potent producers of TNF-alpha, while producing little CXCL8 (IL8).
An immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell
A mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high.
mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell
cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell
epithelial cell of cervical canal of uterus
Aortic smooth muscle cells are specialized and highly differentiated muscle cells that are located in the tunica media layer of the aorta. They consist of spindle-shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus. These cells are rich in actin and myosin, muscle contractile proteins, that allow them to exert force and change shape. Aortic smooth muscle cells play a vital role in maintaining blood pressure and circulation, and are essential for vascular integrity and function. The primary function of these cells is contraction and relaxation, which enables the regulation of blood flow and pressure in the aorta, and helps in the distribution of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Additionally, a critical characteristic of smooth muscle cells is their plasticity. They can undergo phenotypic modulation in response to changes in their environment or vascular injury, switching from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The contractile phenotype is characterized by high contractility and low proliferation rate, while the synthetic phenotype is marked by increased cell proliferation and matrix synthesis but reduced contractile function. Aortic smooth muscle cells have a significant role in the physiological and pathological processes of the cardiovascular system. In the normal physiological state, they contribute to the elasticity and flexibility of the aorta. Conversely, in pathological states, changes in the function and structure of aortic smooth muscle cells are connected with various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurysm. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
aortic smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow.
mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow
A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane.
chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the vein.
Vein endothelial cells form a thin layer of squamous cells, the endothelium, lining the interior surface of veins throughout the body. They shape the inner cellular lining of the entire vascular system, including the heart, playing a crucial role in blood circulation. The unique characteristic compact arrangement of these cells enables veins to act as a barrier between the blood (that can contain foreign substances) and the surrounding venous tissue and maintain the integrity of the vascular system. The primary function of vein endothelial cells is to control the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. They facilitate selective transportation of molecules depending on their size and solubility, including gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Vein endothelial cells also play a protective role by inhibiting the translocation of toxins or pathogens from blood to tissues. Additionally, these cells are involved in blood coagulation and inflammation response, primarily by producing substances that inhibit blood clot formation under normal conditions and initiating clotting when necessary. Another significant function of vein endothelial cells is the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure. They produce and release several substances, including nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which help in controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction, thereby regulating blood pressure. These cells are also responsible for angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is crucial during wound healing and in the formation of granulation tissue. Consequently, any dysfunction in vein endothelial cells can lead to severe health problems like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vein endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Fibroblasts of cardiac tissue, or cardiac fibroblasts, are critical cells involved in the normal function and repair of the heart. They are essentially a type of non-muscle cell that are integral to the connective tissue and structural integrity of the heart. The primary role of cardiac fibroblasts is the synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They synthesize a variety of ECM proteins, such as collagen, fibronectin, and elastin, forming a distinctive three-dimensional network that provides both mechanical and biochemical support for the cardiomyocytes. Cardiac fibroblasts also participate in crucial cellular communication within the myocardium - the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood. They engage in intense cross-talk with cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, influencing cell survival, growth, differentiation, and tissue repair processes. Particularly notable is their role in cardiac response to injury, such as myocardial infarction, where they proliferate intensely, and subsequently differentiate into myofibroblasts, contributing to scar formation and remodeling of cardiac tissue post-injury. Moreover, during pathological conditions of the heart, including cardiac fibrosis and heart failure, these fibroblasts can undergo phenotypic transformation into myofibroblasts, leading to an overproduction of ECM components and resulting in stiffening of the cardiac tissue. Over time, this diminishes the heart's ability to pump efficiently, sometimes leading to heart failure. Recent studies have also implicated abnormal behavior of cardiac fibroblasts in arrhythmogenesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of cardiac tissue on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of the mammary gland.
Fibroblasts of the mammary gland, often referred to as mammary fibroblasts, are a specialized type of cell located within the connective tissue of the mammary glands. These cells are integral to the structure and composition of the gland and are one of its primary cell types, specializing in the production of the extracellular matrix and collagen. They are involved in tissue remodeling, shaping the structure and maintaining the integrity of the mammary tissue by providing necessary rigidity and elasticity through their production of structural proteins. These cells also play a crucial role in mammary gland development and lactation. During mammary gland development, fibroblasts play a significant role in the induction of branching morphogenesis, which is vital for establishing proper ductal architecture. They also support the immune response within the mammary gland by producing and secreting cytokines and growth factors. Importantly, mammary fibroblasts are important in the context of breast cancer. Changes in the characteristics and behavior of these fibroblasts, often spurred by interactions with tumor cells, can promote cancer progression and metastasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of mammary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the intestine.
A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue.
Mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue, also known commonly as adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), are a population of adult stem cells that can be obtained easily from adipose tissues. They have many of the same regenerative properties as other mesenchymal stem cells, but are more easily accessible than bone marrow-derived stem cells. Adipose-derived stem cells show immense promise in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, osteoblasts, and other cell types. ADSCs also possess immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions: they have the ability to suppress immune responses and provide a therapeutic environment for tissue repair and regeneration, as well as supporting the proliferation of adipocytes and the overall expansion of adipose tissue and contributing to the tissue's ability to react to demands of energy storage and mobilization. Dysfunction of these cells may contribute to metabolic complications observed in obesity and diabetes. ADSCs have been used for therapeutic applications such as pathological wound healing, severe refractory acute graft-versus-host disease, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cells, also known as neurolemmocytes, are a type of glial cell located in the peripheral nervous system. These cells play a significant role in the healthy functioning of nerves by producing myelin, a fatty substance that forms a coating around nerve fibers. Myelin serves as an insulator and enhances the speed and efficiency of electrical nerve impulses; a single Schwann cell can myelinate a single axon. Myelination starts by the elongation and envelopment of the Schwann cell around the axon, followed by the synthesis and deposition of myelin layers. Some studies suggest that Schwann cells may regulate neuronal action potential, muscular contraction, and the sensitive response. While Schwann cells are most commonly known for the formation of the myelin sheath, some Schwann cells do not form myelin: Remak Schwann cells, a class of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, ensheath axons with smaller diameter, such as C fiber nociceptors in sciatic nerves and form Remak bundles. Schwann cells are found along both motor and sensory neurons and are crucial for the advancement and recovery of peripheral nerve injuries, due to their capacity to support nerve regeneration. In cases of nerve injury, Schwann cells play a vital role in recovery by initiating Wallerian degeneration, a process in which the part of the axon distal to the injury site degrades and is then cleared away. Following this, Schwann cells can guide the regrowth of the nerve, providing a conducive environment for axon regeneration. They remodel themselves into a regenerative phenotype, proliferate, and organize themselves into bands of Büngner that provide physical and chemical guidance for the regrowths of axons. This function of Schwann cells in the repair and regeneration of nervous system highlights their therapeutic potential in peripheral nerve injury treatments. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A myelinating Schwann cell wraps around a single axon. Myelination occurs in larger diameter axons, while a process called ensheathment occurs on smaller diameter axons in which a single cell wraps around multiple small, unmyelinated axons separating them with a thin layer of cytoplasm. The structure formed is called a Remak bundle.
A pericyte of the central nervous system.
An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina.
Retinal blood vessel endothelial cells constitute the innermost lining of the blood vessels found in the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The primary role of these cells revolves around their location within the retinal vascular system, forming the structure of the blood-retinal barrier, a subset of the larger blood-ocular barrier system. The endothelial cells are particularly involved in the growth of new retinal blood vessels from pre-existing ones (angiogenesis); this is critical in managing the amount of oxygen and essential nutrients delivered to the ocular tissues. They are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the retinal environment by controlling the exchange of molecules between the blood and the retina. Furthermore, they mediate immune cell trafficking, supporting the immune privilege of the eye by preventing the unrestricted infiltration of inflammatory cells into the retina, thus maintaining ocular health and normal vision. The malfunction or dysfunction of retinal blood vessel endothelial cells is implicated in numerous ocular pathologies, particularly diabetic retinopathy, which is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. In such conditions, the compromise in the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier and excess angiogenesis can lead to retinal edema and pathological neovascularization, resulting in vision loss. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal blood vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium.
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a single layer of cells at the back of the eye sandwiched between the neurosensory retina and the choroid, playing a significant role in maintaining vision health. These pigment-laden cells are highly specialized and perform an array of metabolic and transport functions essential for the maintenance of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina. The pigmentation of RPE cells actively aids in the absorption of excess light and the prevention of light scattering, thus enhancing the eye's optical properties. The retinal pigment epithelium forms a key part of the blood/retina barrier. The cells have long sheet-like microvilli on their apical membrane that project into the light-sensitive outer segments of the photoreceptors, forming a close structural interaction. The basolateral membrane of the RPE interacts with the underlying Bruch’s membrane, which separates the RPE cells from fenestrated endothelium of the choriocapillaris. RPE cells support the photoreceptor by providing them with oxygen and nutrients (such as glucose, retinol and fatty acids) and removing waste products. They also recycle the visual pigment, in a process called the "visual cycle", where the RPE cells play a vital role in the regeneration of visual pigment (11-cis retinol) following the absorption of light. This is essential for the maintenance of photoreceptor excitability. Beyond this, RPE cells take part in the phagocytosis process, where they digest the shed ends of photoreceptor outer segments, thus, preventing the build-up of waste residue that could otherwise harm retinal health. They also secrete various factors, including growth factors required to maintain the structural integrity of choriocapillaris endothelium and photoreceptors, as well as immunosuppressive factors that play an important role in establishing the immune privilege of the eye. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal pigment epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature
A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery.
Smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary artery form a principal component of the pulmonary artery's media layer, the middle section of the artery wall typically found between endothelial inner layer (intima) and the outermost connective tissue layer (adventitia). The unique structure of these cells, defined by fusiform shape and the absence of striations, sets them apart from other muscle cell types, including cardiac and skeletal. The primary function of smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary artery is to regulate the diameter of the pulmonary artery, which in turn controls the flow of blood into the lungs. They accomplish this task through the contraction and relaxation, indicative of vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively. When these cells contract, the diameter of the artery narrows, leading to reduced blood flow. Conversely, relaxation of these cells widens the artery, facilitating increased blood flow. Such blood flow modulation is crucial for the maintenance of blood pressure and ensuring that the lungs receive an adequate blood supply for efficient oxygen exchange. As a result, abnormal function or proliferation of these cells can contribute to conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries leading to the lungs. This can occur due to hypoxia (lack of enough oxygen), leading to excessive constriction or proliferation of the smooth muscle cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery.
smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some bronchus.
Bronchial smooth muscle cells are specialized types of cells found in the bronchi of the respiratory system in mammals. These bronchi are tubular structures that function to carry air from the trachea into the lungs. As part of the smooth muscle tissue, bronchial smooth muscle cells are involuntary cells, meaning they function with minimal direct voluntary control. They are characterized by their elongated spindle-shaped structure, with each cell containing a single central nucleus. The primary function of bronchial smooth muscle cells is to control airway diameter, which directly influences the flow of air into and out of the lungs. Muscular contractions and relaxations mediated by these cells enable the bronchi to constrict or expand, facilitating the regulation of respiratory airflow. Additionally, these cells play a pivotal role in immune responses as they produce and release various substances that can instigate or lessen inflammation of airway tissue. Furthermore, bronchial smooth muscle cells can proliferate and lay down collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, contributing to the structural integrity of the bronchial tubes. In pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the function and biology of bronchial smooth muscle cells change. Asthma, for example, is associated with an abnormal increase in the mass of the bronchial smooth muscles, leading to narrowing of the airways and resultant breathing difficulties. These cells also exhibit altered contractile behavior and an augmented immune response during inflammatory lung diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
bronchial smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Smooth muscle cells of the trachea have a characteristic 'smooth' (non-striated) appearance under the microscope, a distinguishing feature that differentiates them from skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. The smooth appearance is due to the organization of actin and myosin filaments in the cell, which allows for a controlled, contractile function. These cells play a key role in controlling the diameter of the trachea, thus regulating the airflow. They are responsible for the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the trachea influencing the air passage during various physiological behaviors like breathing, coughing, and sneezing. This autonomic control allows for adaptations to specific body requirements without conscious control, such as increasing air flow during exercise or restricting it during rest. In conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, there are changes in smooth muscle cells. For example, the mass of smooth muscle cells increases in chronic airway diseases, possibly in response to chronic inflammation. This increase may indicate a pathological condition or be a part of the body's response to injury and repair. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Uterine smooth muscle cells are specialized cells that make up the majority of the uterus and in particular, the myometrium. The myometrium is a thick, involuntary muscle layer, principally consisting of verticillate cell bundles that sculpt the helical architecture of the uterus. This dense muscular tissue, packed with uterine smooth muscle cells, is responsible for the significant contractile force witnessed during the physical processes of labor and childbirth. In the non-pregnant uterus, they exist in a quiescent phase. Upon implantation, these cells are primarily responsible for the expansion consequently allowing the uterus to accommodate the growing fetus. Towards the end of pregnancy, under the influence of hormonal and mechanical signals, uterine smooth muscle cells transition from a relaxed phase to an active contractile phase, culminating in the delivery of the fetus. At the cellular level, these transitions involve significant changes in the electrophysiological properties of uterine smooth muscle cells. Governed by a complex interplay of ion channels, transporters, and signaling proteins, these cells adjust their electrical activity, conduction properties, and contracting mechanisms. Any issues with these processes can result in problems such as preterm birth or labor dysfunction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
uterine smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Astrocytes of the cerebellum, also known as cerebellar astrocytes, constitute a major subtype of glial cells in the cerebellum, an integral region of the brain responsible for regulating motor movements and cognitive processes. These astrocytes are unique to the cerebellum, differing in morphological and functional characteristics from astrocytess located in other parts of the nervous system. They play a crucial role in managing the brain's complex microenvironment by maintaining neuronal health, supporting biochemical pathways, and contributing to targeted neural communication. Astrocytes of the cerebellum operate through an interactive network with neurons, blood vessels, and other glial cells. They provide physical and nutritional support for neurons, helping preserve neuronal survival and function. These cells effectively manage the extracellular ion and neurotransmitter balance, pivotal for synaptic transmission. They also contribute to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, a semi-permeable membrane that safeguards the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream, ensuring cerebral homeostasis. Furthermore, cerebellar astrocytes are involved in the processing and modulation of synapses, the junctions where neurons exchange information. They regulate the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, which helps in synaptic plasticity, a process that is integral in learning and memory. Moreover, these astrocytes produce and secrete various neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is crucial for neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, astrocytes of the cerebellum not only execute supportive roles but are also actively involved in modifying neuronal function and enabling neuroplasticity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
astrocyte of the cerebellum on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An astrocyte that is part of the hippocampus.
A transcriptomically distinct astrocyte that is found in the cerebral cortex.
A neural crest cell that gives rise to cells of the enteric nervous system.
A neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
Skin fibroblasts specialized cells found in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin, where they play critical roles in maintaining skin health and functionality. Characterized by an elongated, spindle-like shape, skin fibroblasts are the principal active cells in the connective tissue of the skin. The primary function of skin fibroblasts is the maintenance and regeneration of the extracellular matrix, which provides structural and nutritional support for other skin cells, particularly keratinocytes and epithelial cells. These cells contribute to the production of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans - key proteins that maintain the elasticity, strength, and resilience of the skin. Through this function, skin fibroblasts help prevent skin aging and maintain tissue integrity, contributing to the skin's overall health and appearance. In addition, skin fibroblasts are implicated in the skin's wound healing process. Following injury, fibroblasts migrate to the wound site where they start proliferating and laying down new connective tissue. They play a vital role in the repair, regeneration, and healing of the skin; in the final stages of wound healing, skin fibroblasts help contract the healing tissue to minimize scar formation. Furthermore, recent research highlights their role in the immune response, with some studies indicating that skin fibroblasts can react to, and have a role in dealing with, pathogen invasion. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An acinar cell that is part of the salivary gland epithelium, responsible for synthesizing and secreting the primary saliva essential for oral digestion, antimicrobial defense, and mucosal immunity. It features apical-basal polarity with apical secretory granules, and tight junctions that maintain polarity and regulate calcium-dependent saliva exocytosis triggered by parasympathetic and sympathetic signals (Ambudkar, 2015). This cell functions in coordination with contractile myoepithelial cells, which aid saliva flow through the ducts into the oral cavity (Khan et al., 2022). In mice and humans, acinar cell development relies on the transcription factor SOX2 (Emmerson et al., 2017), with self-renewal achieved primarily through acinar cell self-duplication and supported by progenitor populations during injury and regeneration (Aure et al., 2016).
Acinar cells of the salivary gland are a critical part of the oral physiology and the digestive mechanism. These specialized cells are concentrated towards the terminal ends of the salivary glands, where they form sac-like acini or clusters. The primary function of these cells is to produce and secrete saliva. This substance, comprised mainly of water, electrolytes, mucins, and enzymes, is vital for the initial stages of digestion and for the regular maintenance of oral health. Acinar cells produce the two main types of saliva: serous and mucinous. Serous saliva contains the enzyme amylase responsible for the initial breakdown of complex carbohydrates and is predominantly produced by the parotid gland, the largest of salivary glands. The mucinous type, more common in the submandibular and sublingual glands, contains mucin that aids in lubrication, facilitating the process of mastication and bolus formation. Moreover, acinar cells also express and respond to various endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine hormones that govern the quantity and composition of the saliva produced. This implies sensitivity and modulation according to the internal and external environment, dietary habits, and even circadian rhythms. Impairment of acinar cells, whether due to damage or related to a systemic condition such as Sjögren's Syndrome, can disrupt the optimal functioning of the oral and digestive systems. In conclusion, acinar cells of the salivary gland have a substantial role in oral health and overall homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
acinar cell of salivary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium.
A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation.
Mature microglial cells represented one of the macrophage populations within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial cells serve as the primary immune defense mechanism within the CNS, playing active roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and responding to pathological processes. In response to pathogens and injuries, microglial cells mature and change their morphology from a ramified shape with small processes (normal state) to an amoeboid shape (mature state). Mature microglial cells possess multiple functional abilities, thereby enabling them to execute diverse roles in order to maintain the health of surrounding neural cells. They act to clear away cellular debris, dead neurons, or plaque formations through the process of phagocytosis. They are also continuously scanning their environment and are able to detect subtle changes in the neural landscape caused by injury, disease, or infection. Upon detection of such changes, these cells become activated and present antigens and secrete cytokines and chemokines to initiate an inflammation response, which sustains the brain’s defense against injurious agents. Their role is not solely destructive or defensive: mature microglial cells also contribute to neurodevelopment by guiding the formation of neural circuits, synaptogenesis, and remodeling. Furthermore, they assist in managing synaptic plasticity, a key process in learning and memory functions. While the dysregulation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, they are also regarded as potential therapeutic targets for such conditions, given their crucial roles in maintaining CNS health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mature microglia are reportedly CCR2-positive, CD4-positive, CD9-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CDw17-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD26-negative, CD32-positive, CD35-positive, CD36-positive, CD40-positive, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD54-positive, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD63-positive, CD64-positive, CD66-positive, CD80-positive, CD86-positive, CD87-positive, CD92-positive, CD106-positive, CD107a-positive, CD147-positive, CD155-positive, CD162-positive, CD163-positive, CD171-negative, CD200R-positive, CXCR3-positive, CX3CR1-positive, fibronectin-positive, GD3-positive, GLUT1-positive, GLUT3-negative, GLUT5-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, P2X4-positive, RFD7-negative, RGS5-negative, alpha-SMA-negative, vimentin-positive, and vwf-negative. Mature microglia are capable of producing BDNF, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CSF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, glutamate, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LT, MMP-2, MMP-9, NGF, nitric oxide, ROS, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha.
mature microglial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A spore formed from bacteria in the order Actinomycetales.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some lower respiratory tract epithelium.
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract
Respiratory basal cells are highly specialized cells that serve a crucial role in the human airway epithelium, predominantly found lining the surfaces of the trachea and bronchi. These cells exhibit a distinctive columnar shape and are attached directly to the basal lamina. They are characterized by the presence of high amounts of cytoplasmic keratins, predominantly keratin 5 and 14, and transcription factor tumor protein (tp63), which set them apart from other types of lung epithelial cells such as ciliated cells and secretory cells. Basal cells are essential for maintaining airway integrity. They make up one third of all respiratory epithelial cells and serve as stem cells as they can transform into different cell types, like goblet cells, ciliated cells, and club cells, when needed for homeostatic maintenance of the epithelial barrier or to repair and restore a healthy cellular environment after injury. Their position at the interface between the internal environment and the external atmosphere makes these cells a first line of defense against air-borne irritants, allergens, and pathogens. Their robust, intrinsic reparative properties facilitate effective recovery from such adversities. However, damage to respiratory basal cells or abnormalities in their function are associated with several respiratory pathologies such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Therefore, understanding these cells' function, and their role in disease, is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies for respiratory disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
respiratory basal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymalstem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue type such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone
Not clear to me if amniotic stem cell is a different cell type from amnion mesenchymal stem cells. They are treated as distinct in the literature as isolations methods are different, so I will keep them as separate terms for now.
A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. Following ovulation, these cells secrete a glycogen-rich substance known as histotroph or uterine milk, which nourishes the embryo if implantation occurs.
glandular endometrial unciliated epithelial cell
A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine.
A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart.
Discrepancy in develops from origins prevents me from making the assertion that cardioblasts give rise to all instances of cardiocytes as we state cardiac muscle cells develop from cardiac myoblast, which in turn develop from muscle stem cell.
An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell that follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout.
Endothelial stalk cells are specialized vascular cells vital in angiogenesis, a process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones; specifically, endothelial stalk cells are involved in sprouting angiogenesis, where they help form the body of new blood vessels. Vascular sprouting relies on the coordinated activity of migrating endothelial tip cells at the forefront and proliferating stalk cells that elongate the sprout. The process is tightly controlled by different growths factors: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor acts on endothelial cells, inducing them to become endothelial tip cells that initiate sprouting. After sprouting initiation, activation of Notch signaling suppresses differentiation toward a tip cell phenotype and some of the endothelial cells differentiate into stalk cells, which follow tip cells, multiply, and elongate to provide a structural backbone to the growing vessel sprout. In contrast to endothelial tip cells, which migrate and lead the angiogenic sprout, endothelial stalk cells behind the sprouts continue forming the tube or lumen for blood flow and facilitate maturation and stability of the new vessel. The delicate balance between the activities of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis is crucial to build a functional vascular network. Dysfunctions in endothelial stalk cells can lead to pathological conditions such as impaired wound healing, unregulated tumor growth, and metastasis due to abnormal angiogenesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial stalk cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.
A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue.
Tongue muscle cells are responsible for essential functions like mastication, deglutition (swallowing), phonation (speech), and taste receptivity. They can be classified into two functional classes - extrinsic and intrinsic muscle cells. The extrinsic tongue muscle cells originate outside the tongue and are primarily involved in determining the position of the tongue within the mouth. Muscle groups such as the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus are composed of these extrinsic muscle cells and grant the tongue its wide range of motion. The intrinsic tongue muscle cells, on the other hand, originate and function within the tongue itself, influencing the shape of the tongue during speech, eating, and swallowing. These cells can contract to alter the tongue's shape, making it long, short, curled, or flat, as needed. Together, these two types of muscle cells allow the tongue to perform its vital functions effectively. Moreover, they play a critical role in maintaining oral health by facilitating physical cleaning of the oral cavity and assisting in the mechanical breakdown of food. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tongue muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell that has encountered antigen.
Cell has been described as being CD45RA-positive in human, but this doesn't fit with our current definition memory T cell.
A lymphocyte found in adipose tissue that lacks lineage markers of other lymphocytes but is capable of mediating TH2 cytokine responses. This cell type is found in fat associated lymphoid clusters, proliferates in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13
A cell that is part of a cortex of kidney.
A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord.
Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a leucophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an erythrophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a cyanophore.
Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In amniotes, they are present in the renal system. In freshwater fish, ionocytes in the skin and gills help maintain osmotic homeostasis by absorbing salt from the external environment.
Ionocytes are specialized cells predominantly found in the mammalian respiratory and renal systems as well as in the gills, skin, and intestinal tract of fish. These cells play crucial roles in maintaining ion and acid-base homeostasis. Ionocytes demonstrate remarkable plasticity and are able to adapt themselves in response to changes in environmental conditions such as pH, salinity, ion concentration, and temperature. These cells work by selectively absorbing specific ions from the environment, thus maintaining the body's internal ionic balance. The most commonly absorbed ions include sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and hydrogen (H+). Moreover, ionocytes contribute to acid-base regulation. In response to acidosis or alkalosis, ionocytes can either excrete or retain hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to readjust the blood pH. Further, experimental evidence suggests a functional complexity of ionocytes, implying diverse roles beyond ion regulation. Recent research highlights ionocytes' involvement in ammonia excretion and the regulation of extracellular fluid volume, highlighting their contribution to the overall homeostatic process. Malfunctioning ionocytes have been implicated in various diseases, including cystic fibrosis which is caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR, an ionocyte marker. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell with multiple motile cilia on its apical surface. These cells facilitate the movement of liquids such as mucus or cerebrospinal fluid across the epithelial surface.
The multi-ciliated epithelial cell are terminally differentiated epithelia that line brain ventricles, the respiratory tract and parts of the female and male reproductive organs in animals, playing critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis through ciliary motion. They are characterized by the presence of hundreds of motile cilia, hair-like microtubule-based organelles that beat in a coordinated fashion to direct fluid flow over the cell surface. Multi-ciliated epithelial cells have fundamental roles in the proper functioning of many organ systems. In the respiratory system, they line the airways and orchestrate the coordinated movement of mucus, effectively clearing the airways of inhaled particles and pathogens. These cells are also vital in the ventricular system of the brain where they facilitate cerebrospinal fluid circulation, thus contributing to the maintenance of the brain's microenvironment. In the fallopian tube, multi-ciliated epithelial cells aid in the transport of oocytes from the ovary to the uterus, a process crucial to reproduction. The formation and function of multi-ciliated epithelial cells is a highly regulated process that involves several stages of development including cell specification, centriole multiplication, and ciliogenesis. Any disruption in these processes can result in dysfunctional or decreased numbers of cilia, which can lead to a myriad of health issues, ranging from chronic respiratory infections to infertility. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
multi-ciliated cell
multiciliated cell
multiciliated epithelial cell
MCC
While the term 'multi-ciliated epithelial cell' refers to cells with multiple motile cilia, there are exceptions where epithelial cells may have multiple non-motile cilia. Examples include olfactory sensory neurons, which have non-motile cilia for sensory detection, and choroid plexus epithelial cells, which possess multiple non-motile cilia with transient motility during development. Multiciliated cells are essential for human health, and their dysfunction can lead to various diseases known as ciliopathies, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. This condition affects the respiratory system, brain ventricles, and reproductive system, leading to chronic respiratory infections, hydrocephalus, and infertility
multiciliated epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that secretes ghrelin, the peptide hormone that stimulates hunger.
Ghrelin secreting cells found in the endocrine pancreas.
Pancreatic epsilon cells are a specialized type of endocrine cell found in the islets of Langerhans, a region of the pancreas responsible for hormone production. These clusters of cells constitute only about 1% of the pancreatic islet cell population, making them a relatively small yet significant component of the pancreas. Pancreatic epsilon cells have a round or ovoid shape with occasional cytoplasmic extensions and are characterized by small and spherical granules. The principal function of pancreatic epsilon cells involves the synthesis and release of the hormone ghrelin, a peptide hormone predominantly produced in the stomach; pancreatic epsilon cells are one of the few sites outside the gastrointestinal tract known to produce this hormone. Ghrelin has multiple vital roles, playing a significant part in generating hunger sensations, promoting fat storage, and influencing various metabolic processes. It also stimulates the release of Growth Hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland. During fetal development, when they form a layer around the islet, epsilon cells are an important source of ghrelin, likely secreting the hormone into the circulation; their numbers decrease in adults. While research on pancreatic epsilon cells is still ongoing, these cells have been implicated in several disease states, most notably Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The dysfunction or reduction in the number of pancreatic epsilon cells can lead to anomalies in ghrelin production, impacting overall metabolic homeostasis and glucose regulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
In mammals the endocrine pancreas is called the Islets of Langerhans.
pancreatic epsilon cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Lymphatic progenitor cells, derived from the veins, that give rise to lymphatic endothelial cells.
A motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle. These motor neurons are all excitatory and cholinergic.
somatomotor neuron
Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants. The term often refers to fetal precursors of hepatocytes (differently from 'hepatic stem cell', usually applied to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver). Hepatoblasts may also be endogenous, as some stem cells found in the liver come from the bone marrow via blood circulation.
Hepatoblasts are immature precursor cells that predominate during the early stages of liver development, specifically in the embryonic phase of life. They first arise from the endoderm, one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo, and then differentiate into two distinct mature liver cell types - the hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. During liver organogenesis hepatoblasts proliferate and migrate into the septum transversum to form the liver bud. Proliferation and differentiation of these cells are regulated by several soluble factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor, which is a mitogen of both hepatoblasts and mature hepatocytes. As they start to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the cells begin to express hepatic markers like albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. Although hepatoblasts are specified embryonic liver cells that are bipotential for hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, a subset of liver cells (called oval cells) has been identified in adults that express stem cell markers, such as CD133 and cKIT, and has been suggested to have the same potential as hepatoblasts to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
hepatoblast
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into an ameloblast. Located in the inner enamel epithelium, these cells elongate, their nuclei shift distally (away from the dental papilla), and their cytoplasm becomes filled with organelles needed for synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins.
unsure of neural crest contribution. In VSAO we have develops_from CL:0000008
Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized).
Needs logical definition. Should be capable_of skeletal system morphogenesis? or skeletal tissue development? needs to be added to GO. NOTES:a cell type of the early embryo (see also: mesenchymal cells) that will give rise to mineralized connective tissue. Scleroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells), odontoblasts (dentin-forming cells), ameloblasts (enamel-forming cells). The mesenchymal cells developing into osteoblasts and chondroblasts are derived from the mesoderm. Those developing into odontoblasts are neural crest cells. Those developing into ameloblasts are derived from the ectoderm. (http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=scleroblasts)
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to form an odontoblast, deposits predentine, and arises from a cranial neural crest cell.
Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells.
NOTE: TO DO, notochord development still needs work.
Mesodermal cell that is axially located and gives rise to the cells of the notochord.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to transform into an osteoblast, and develops from neural crest or mesodermal cells.
Preosteoblast is a critical cell type involved in bone formation, crucial in a process known as ossification or osteogenesis. They are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and are an intermediate stage marking the transition from an osteoprogenitor cell to a fully differentiated osteoblast. The presence of preosteoblasts signifies the site of new bone deposition, highlighting their crucial role in skeletal development and in response to bone injury repairs. The primary function of preosteoblasts is to differentiate into osteoblasts, which are responsible for secreting osteoid (the unmineralized portion of bone matrix) and regulating the process of bone mineralization. Preosteoblasts are regulated by various growth factors and hormones, including bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D. However, the function of preosteoblasts is not limited to bone formation alone. In addition to osteogenesis, preosteoblasts significantly contribute to the maintenance of bone homeostasis through regulating the activity of osteoclasts - the cells responsible for bone resorption. This regulation is mediated through RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway signaling. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) released from the preosteoblasts acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL impairing osteoclast formation, hence preventing excessive bone resorption. This regulatory role indicates the dual functionality of preosteoblasts, which are indispensable for both the formation of new bone and the maintenance of existing bone tissue. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neuron that is part of the enteric nervous system.
Enteric neurons, also known as the neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS), form a vast and complex network within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. These unique cells constitute the principal component of the ENS, which is often referred to as the "second brain" or the gut's brain, due to its autonomy from the central nervous system (CNS). While the ENS does communicate with the CNS, it can function independently, thereby playing an essential role in maintaining the body's homeostasis. Enteric neurons are incredibly diverse in function and morphology. Integral to essential processes like peristalsis, secretion, and blood flow regulation, these neurons are further classified into different types based on their roles. The organization of the ENS is characterized by two main ganglionated layers: the inner submucosal (Meissner's) plexus, involved primarily in regulating gastrointestinal blood flow and epithelial cell function, and the outer myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, which predominantly manages gut motility. Enteric neurons play a significant role in sensing and responding to changes within the gut environment. First, they detect physical and chemical changes, for instance, the arrival of food, and respond accordingly by adjusting gut motility and secretions. Second, they communicate information about the state of the gut to the CNS; however, much of the routine detailed management of the digestive system is carried out within the ENS itself. In addition, they also interact with the gut's large microbial population and the immune system, playing a pivotal role in health and disease. Dysfunctions or alterations in the enteric neurons may contribute to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres.
Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type.
A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
skeletal muscle fiber
A myotube that is part of some somatic muscle. Examples include arthropod somatic muscle cells.
A muscle cell that is part of some somatic muscle.
somatic muscle cell
A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle.
visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods.
striated visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods.
transversely striated visceral muscle cell
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that divides by stem cell division. A proportion of this population undergoes symmetric stem cell division, producing two skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. The rest undergo asymmetric stem cell division - retaining their identity while budding off a daughter cell that differentiates into an adult skeletal muscle myoblast.
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that is mitotically quiescent. These cells are wedge shaped and have a large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio with few organelles, a small nucleus and condensed interphase chromatin. Satellite cells typically remain in this state until activated following muscle damage.
quiescent skeletal muscle satellite cell
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that has become mitotically active - typically following muscle damage.
activated skeletal muscle satellite cell
A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers.
The vast majority of these cells develop from skeletal muscle satellite cells, although there are some reports of other origins.
A myoblast that is committed to developing into a somatic muscle.
A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration.
Mesenchymal cells are a type of undifferentiated cell that possess the ability to develop into a wide variety of other cells. These cells originate from the mesoderm during embryonic development, which gives rise to tissues such as muscles, the skeletal system, and connective and vascular structures. Mesenchymal cells primarily function as progenitor cells with exceptional renewal capabilities and are characterized by their ability to migrate, aiding in tissue repair and regeneration. Mesenchymal cells play a critical role in the development and maintenance of various biological systems throughout the body due to their versatility and adaptability. They can differentiate into more specialized cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, which are essential for bone, fat, and cartilage tissues, respectively. Furthermore, they contribute to the vascular and lymphatic systems through the formation of pericytes and lymphatic endothelial cells, securing the integrity of the circulatory system. In the field of regenerative medicine, mesenchymal cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are of great interest due to their unique therapeutic potential. MSCs, for instance, have been implicated in wound healing and tissue repair because of their capacity to modulate the immune response. They can secrete a range of proteins and growth factors that aid in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and the stimulation of resident progenitor cells to aid in tissue restoration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any peripheral nervous system neuron that has its soma located in some anterior lateral line ganglion.
A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves.
An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas.
A neuron that release noradrenaline (noriphinephrine) as a neurotransmitter.
An epithelial cell that is part of the epithelium of a tracheal tube in an open tracheal system, such as that found in insects.
Any neuron that is capable of part of some visual perception.
An interneuron that has its soma located in the cerebral cortex.
Cortical interneurons are a specialized type of neuron predominantly found in the cerebral cortex, the brain's outer layer responsible for higher cognitive functions. They constitute approximately 20-30% of all cortical neurons and are characterized by their crucial role in inhibiting the activity of other neurons in the brain, adding a critical dimension of control to neural activity and information processing. These cortical interneurons are significantly implicated in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex, which is essential for normal brain function. This balance allows the brain to respond appropriately to stimuli, modifying behavior and facilitating motor, sensory, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, cortical interneurons are instrumental in the generation of brain oscillations, rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity believed to contribute to various aspects of cognitive processes, such as attention, memory, and consciousness. Their unique function and morphology, along with the numerous subtypes distinguished by differences in physiological properties, molecular expression profiles, and connectivity patterns, highlight the complexity and diversity of cortical interneurons. Dysfunction or abnormal development of these cells has been linked to various neurological disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cortical interneuron
cortical interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
decidual pericyte
Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation.
mural cell
A large, multipolar lower motor neuron of the brainstem and spinal cord that innervates the extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. While their cell bodies are in the CNS (in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord), they are part of the somatic nervous system - a branch of the PNS.
alpha motor neuron
The motor neurons of vertebrates that directly innervate skeletal muscles. They receive input from upper motor neurons.
lower motor neuron
A skeletal muscle fiber that is innervated by alpha motor neuron and generates tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. These fibers make up the large mass of skeletal muscle tissue and are attached to bones by tendons.
extrafusal muscle fiber
A secretory epithelial cell of the respiratory tract epithelium. These cells have an endodermal origin.
respiratory tract secretory epithelial cell
A neuron that releases both gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine as vesicular neurotransmitters. Examples include types of amacrine cell and types of cerebellar inhibitory neurons.
A neuron that releases both gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate as vesicular neurotransmitters.
A neuron that releases both gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine as vesicular neurotransmitters. Examples include some types of striatal interneuron.
Any cell in the compound eye, a light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the small intestine.
The enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine is a specialized type of cell that forms part of the lining of the intestinal wall. These cells are interspersed among absorptive cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells, and other gut cell types, forming the crypt-villus axis, which is the functional unit of the small intestinal epithelium. Functionally, enteroendocrine cells play a pivotal role in the gut-endocrine system, which is responsible for the digestive process. These cells translate the luminal nutrient status into hormonal signals thereby acting as chemosensors. They contain secretory granules at their base which release hormones into the bloodstream following chemo-sensation. The hormones they secrete perform diverse functions including regulating gastric secretion, gut motility, insulin release, appetite control and other local and systemic effects. In addition to their endocrine functions, enteroendocrine cells also play a part in the modulation of the immune response in the gut. They can secrete cytokines and chemokines that have a role in directing the immune response to invading pathogens. Moreover, emerging research suggests that these cells play a role in maintaining the balance between gut resident bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, and the host. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine underpins knowledge in nutrition, endocrinology, and various gastroenterological conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enteroendocrine cell of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine, including the crypts of Lieberkuhn (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
Transit-amplifying cells (TACs) are an undifferentiated population in transition between stem cells and differentiated cells.
A lymphocyte that is part of a Peyer's patch. These cells have a major role in driving the immune response to antigens sampled from the intestinal lumen, and in regulating the formation of follicle-associated epithelium and M cells in Peyer's patches by converting intestitial enterocytes into M cells.
small intestine Peyer's patch lymphocyte
A follicular dendritic cell located in the Peyer's patch. These cells from a meshwork in which Peyer's patch B cells reside.
A macrophage that is located in the colon.
Colon macrophages are a heterogeneous population of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal macrophages represent the largest group of macrophages in the body and play a key role as sentinels for pathogen recognition and elimination. Because the gastrointestinal tract is continually exposed to a high antigenic load derived from microbes and food intake, macrophages in the intestines are crucial not only for the gut’s immune defense but also for maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis, avoiding chronic inflammation despite constantly facing foreign antigens. The phenotypic profiles and cytokine production of intestinal macrophages therefore differ from conventional macrophages elsewhere in the body. Colon macrophages orchestrate a wide variety of immune responses. They interact with the colon’s microflora thanks to their location in the mucosal layer, thus playing an important role in shaping gut immunity. By presenting antigens, they help to activate and steer an appropriate immune response either by triggering inflammation against harmful pathogens or by supporting tolerance for beneficial microbes. Therefore, disturbances in the colon macrophage population is thought to contribute to colon-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. These immune cells are versatile and multifunctional, not just limited to defensive actions. Colon macrophages interact with the enteric nervous system to regulate gut secretion and motility. They also play a crucial role in maintaining colon tissue health and integrity by contributing to tissue repair processes. This occurs either through phagocytosis of dead cells and remnants, or indirectly through the release of growth factor molecules, which stimulate cellular proliferation and differentiation necessary for tissue regeneration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This is a general grouping term created for use in the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas anatomograms. Please use a more specific cell type term for annotation if possible, given the information available to you.
A goblet cell that is located in the colon.
Colon goblet cells are a subset of intestinal goblet cells that are localized in the epithelial lining of the colon. They are specialized secretory epithelial cells that are recognized by their characteristic ‘goblet’ or flask-like shape and typically have a distinctive appearance due to the accumulation of secretory vesicles in their cytoplasm. The primary function of goblet cells is the secretion of mucus, which is an essential substance for the protection and successful functioning of the intestinal tract. In the colon, goblet cells continuously renew the inner mucus layer, which is attached and impervious to bacteria (the outer layer of the colon is unattached and is the habitat of commensal bacteria) The mucus secreted by goblet cells is rich in glycoproteins known as mucins, especially MUC2, forming a complex web of molecules that comprises the foundational structure of the mucus layer. It traps and eliminates harmful bacteria, while selectively allowing beneficial microbiota to access the epithelial surface and aid in digestion and nutrient absorption. The mucus layer not only provides a provides a protective barrier against pathogen invasion, as well as mechanical damage, and the erosive effects of digestive enzymes, it also acts as a lubricant to facilitate the passage of food material. Colon goblet cells are also involved in regulating the local immune response within the gut, maintaining the delicate balance between necessary immune reactions to harmful pathogens and tolerance to beneficial microbiota and dietary substances. Goblet cells can modulate immune responses by presenting antigens to dendritic cells, as well as through the production of immunomodulatory molecules that can alter the behavior of immune cells. When the inner mucus layer of the colon is defective, it might be a pathophysiological mechanism for colitis and infectious diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colon goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A tuft cell that is part of the colonic epithelium, primarily adapted for microbial sensing in the dense colonic microbiota. Unlike its small intestinal counterpart, it does not participate in parasite-driven tuft cell–ILC2 circuits. Instead, it detects bacterial metabolites via taste-signaling pathways (Strine and Craig, 2022). The colonic tuft cell plays a key role in epithelial repair, modulates inflammatory responses through IL-25 secretion, and contributes to intestinal homeostasis by balancing microbiome interactions (Sebastian et al., 2021).
Tuft cells, also often referred to as brush cells or caveolated cells, are highly specialized sensory cells found in the colon, among other organs. They were named for their unique appearance under an electron microscope, which presents a distinctive ‘tuft-like’ morphology. They are characterized by apical microvilli, arranged in an irregular tuft that confers a dome-like shape. These cells comprise only a small fraction of the cells in the epithelial layer of the colon, making them among the least populous cell types in this region. Tuft cells in the colon primarily function as chemosensory cells that can sense and respond to environmental changes. These cells can detect and respond to microbial metabolites, helping initiate immune responses against potential threats. Recent studies have revealed that tuft cells play a role in responding to intestinal parasitic infections. When a gastrointestinal parasite infects the colon, tuft cells are activated and release the cytokine IL-25. This action increases the production of tuft cells and triggers essential Th2 immune responses to expel the parasites. Also, the removal of tuft cells has been linked to increased susceptibility to these infections. However, overactivity of tuft cells has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the need for a delicate balance of tuft cell function to maintain colon homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tuft cell of colon on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon.
A tuft cell located in the small intestine.
brush cell of epithelium of small intestine
brush cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
tuft cell of epithelium of small intestine
An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrium glandular epithelium.
glandular epithelial cell of endometrium
The marker set HIGD1B, KCNK3 can identify the Human cell type lung pericyte in the lung with a confidence of 0.84 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A stem cell found in the interstitial compartment of the neonatal testis; it is capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation into steroidogenic cells (adult Leydig cells). Intermediate stages of development include progenitor Leydig cells and immature Leydig cells.
An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta.
An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus.
The endothelial cell of the uterus is a specialized type of endothelial cell found in the inner lining of blood vessels, specifically those in the uterus. These cells play critical roles in maintaining uterine health, fertilization, and pregnancy processes. They form the interior surface of blood vessels, creating a barrier between the vessel lumen and surrounding tissue. This fluid environment, maintained by these endothelial cells, provides a platform for the material exchange between blood and tissues, thereby modulating blood coagulation, immune responses, and controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Functionally, the endothelial cells of the uterus are paramount in regulating the uterine blood flow, an important determinant of successful conception and pregnancy outcomes. They support the vascular changes during the reproductive cycle, particularly the spiral arteriolar development and function, essential in endometrial thickening, maturation, and eventual shedding during menstruation periods. The cells also contribute to angiogenesis, a process crucial during implantation and placenta development, whereby new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels to supply the growing fetus with oxygen and nutrients. Uterine endothelial cells are also implicated in mediating immune responses within the uterus. Changes in these cells can influence various conditions such as reproductive disorders and complications including heavy menstrual bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, fertility problems, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of uterus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell located in a lymph node lymphatic vessel.
lymph node lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
A progenitor cell with the potential to differentiate into luminal epithelial cells of mammary glands. In mouse, CD61 and c-kit were found to be coexpressed by the majority of, but not all, committed luminal progenitor cells.
progenitor cell of luminal mammary epithelium
progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium
A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
A mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
A specialized cardiomyocyte that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of some heart.
Cardiac blood vessel endothelial cells are a specialized type of endothelial cells that constitute the innermost layer, or endothelium, of blood vessels within the heart, namely the arteries, veins and capillaries. They function as a semi-permeable barrier, regulating the exchange of nutrients, ions, and small molecules between the blood and surrounding cardiac tissues. Additionally, they control the trafficking of white blood cells into the myocardium, playing a vital role in immune surveillance and response to pathogens. An important feature of cardiac blood vessel endothelial cells is their contribution to vessel tone and blood pressure regulation. Endothelial cells release nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, which helps to modulate blood vessel diameter as per the cardiac demands and maintain homeostasis. Moreover, these cells are active participants in the blood clotting process by expressing a variety of proteins and receptors that interact with platelets and plasma clotting factors. In pathological conditions, the function of cardiac blood vessel endothelial cells can change dramatically, leading to various cardiovascular diseases. In response to injury or disease, these cells can proliferate and migrate contributing to vessel repair or aberrant remodelling, promote inflammation, and contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Their ability to switch from a quiescent, anticoagulant phenotype to a more active, procoagulant state is a principal factor in thrombosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any cell that is part of some His-Purkinje system.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some heart.
Cardiac endothelial cells are a specialized subset of endothelial cells, the cell type responsible for forming the inner lining of cardiovascular structures such as the heart, and blood vessels. They are a pivotal component of the heart's microenvironment and play a key role in regulating blood pressure, maintaining cardiac homeostasis, in addition to cooperating with other cardiac cells like cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in the orchestration of a coordinated heart function. Cardiac endothelial cells contribute to the each stage of the heart's operation, whether during relaxation or contraction. Cardiac endothelial cells release nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that regulates blood vessel dilation consequently controlling blood pressure and flow. They also produce a myriad of growth factors that aid in new blood vessel formation, known as angiogenesis, crucially needed for tissue repair and regeneration when the heart undergoes damage, as in cases of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cardiac endothelial cells control the passage of nutrients, hormones, and gases between the bloodstream and the heart tissue, ensuring its complex metabolic demands are met adequately. They serve as a selective barrier, regulating the transit of cells and signaling molecules, thereby playing a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and immune cell trafficking. They also contribute to the maintenance of blood fluidity and clotting balance through a complex interplay of anti-thrombic and pro-thrombic factors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cardiac endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some camera-type eye.
A GABAergic interneuron that is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cell receives excitatory inputs primarily from parallel fibers and plays a crucial role in feed-forward inhibition by suppressing the activity of Purkinje cells and modulating the output of the cerebellar cortex. The stellate cell is part of the local circuitry that contributes to the fine-tuning of motor coordination and a regulator of cerebellar blood flow via neurovascular coupling.
A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebral cortex.
The cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron is a type of neuron found primarily in the brain's cerebral cortex. These neurons are distinguished by their primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which plays a crucial role in managing the excitability of neurons. Interneurons, in general, function as primary regulators of data flow in the nervous system. They manage the communication between sensory and motor neurons, influencing our responses to environmental stimuli. The cerebral cortex GABAergic interneurons are particularly essential for the proper functioning of cerebral cortical networks. These neurons generate diverse inhibition patterns, creating a balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal networks. This balance is fundamental in ensuring normal cortical processes such as sensory perception, memory, and cognitive functions. The diverse range of GABAergic interneurons contributes to generating distinct cortical rhythms which are linked with specific behavioral states, mental health, and neurological diseases. Alterations or disruptions in the function of cerebral cortex GABAergic interneurons can have serious implications, and have been associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. The heterogeneity of cerebral cortex GABAergic interneurons, in terms of their morphology, connectivity, and physiology, contribute greatly to the functional diversity of the cerebral cortex. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cerebral cortex neuron, also known as a cortical neuron, is a unique type of cell found in the cerebral cortex, which is the outer covering of the brain. This region is critical to cognitive functions, sensory input processes, memory formation, attention, and consciousness. These neurons are one of the most abundant cell type in the cortex and allow for the intricate capabilities of the human brain due to their diverse characteristics and complex connectivity. The primary function of cortical neurons is to manage and interpret the sensory input being received by the brain, generating suitable motor output responses. They play a critical role in processing information and communication within the brain. These neurons are involved in the exchange of direct synaptic communication with thousands of other neurons. Due to the wide extent of their dendritic and axonal arbors, these neurons present a broad receptive field for incoming information and an expansive projecting field to convey integrated information. Cortical neurons further define the functional structure of the cerebral cortex by their type and connection. They can be broken down into two categories: excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons. The excitatory projection neurons are the principal neurons of the cerebral cortex and utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter. They form the connections between the cerebral cortex and other brain regions, hence their tag as "projection" neurons. Conversely, inhibitory interneurons are local to the cerebral cortex and use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter, serving to regulate the activity of the projection neurons. Through these intricate interconnections, cerebral cortex neurons play a significant role in the higher cognitive functions of the human brain. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebral cortex neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
zygote
Any glial cell that is part of some heart.
Any myoblast that develops into some cardiac muscle cell.
A neuron that has its soma in the heart.
Cardiac neurons are a specialized type of neuron found within the heart tissue. They are the primary constituents of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, also known as the cardiac plexus or intrinsic cardiac ganglia, which is responsible for the regulation of the heart's rhythmic contractions and overall functioning. This group of neurons is integral to the autonomic control of the heart and plays a crucial role in modulating cardiac activity, thereby playing an essential role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. These neurons are responsible for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of the heart’s function. In terms of sympathetic control, cardiac neurons respond to the release of norepinephrine, which increases heart rate, strength of contractions, and blood pressure. Conversely, with regards to parasympathetic control, these neurons respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and the strength of contractions. Thus, the balance between these sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs regulated by cardiac neurons is essential for normal heart function. Cardiac neurons also partake in the transmission of pain signals during conditions such as myocardial ischemia, contributing to the symptomatology of ischemic heart disease. Additionally, abnormal function or pathological alterations in these neurons could lead to various cardiac dysfunctions, including arrhythmias and heart failure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This term is used in 3 GO terms that were created as part of the heart development focus project.
A CNS interneuron located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
A motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme.
Need to MIREOT in 'spinal cord lateral column' from Uberon
A vetebrate lens cell that is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
Lens fiber cells are specialized, elongated cells located in the ocular lens, an important part of the eye responsible for focusing light onto the retina to create clear defined images. These cells are unique among body cells, as they are transparent and filled with a clear protein called crystallin to facilitate the passage of light. The entire life cycle of a lens fiber cell includes differentiation from lens epithelial cells, which are the progenitor cells lying at the anterior surface of the lens. In response to various signals, these cells elongate and migrate towards the posterior pole, while simultaneously undergoing a process of denucleation and degradation of cellular organelles. This unique process ensures that the cells do not scatter light, which is critical for the transparency of the lens. After reaching full maturity, lens fiber cells form tightly packed layers, known as laminae, to make up the distinctive architecture of the ocular lens. Lens fiber cells play pivotal roles in vision. Their primary function is to transmit and focus the light that enters the eye onto the retina, providing the sharpness and clarity necessary for vision. The precise alignment and organization of these cells allow for optimal light transmittance and minimizes scattering, thereby maintaining the transparency of the lens. As such, disruptions or abnormalities in lens fiber cells can lead to serious vision impairment, including conditions like cataracts, a common condition characterized by the opacification of the lens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter. These interneurons are inhibitory
GABAergic interneurons, a major subtype of neurons, are characterized by the secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) – the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. These cells play a crucial role in balancing the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission within neural networks. GABAergic neurons are particularly important for maintaining homeostasis within the brain, and any imbalance in GABAergic neurotransmission is often associated with neurological disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and mood disorders, highlighting their significance in the nervous system. The primary function of GABAergic interneurons is to inhibit neural transmission or modulate the degree of activation of other neurons. They achieve this task by releasing GABA neurotransmitter, which binds to GABA receptors on other cells, resulting in a decrease of neuronal excitability. They form extensive circuits and are intricately involved in various neural processes including learning and memory, sensory perception, and motor control among others. Additionally, subsets of GABAergic interneurons serve as pacemakers in various brain rhythms thus contributing to cognitive processes such as attention and sensory perception. GABAergic interneurons are not a homogenous group, they vary in terms of morphology, distribution, and function in the brain. For example, interneurons in the hippocampus regulate the transmission of information by inhibiting the flow of excitatory signals as part of a feedback loop. Other types, found predominantly in the cerebral cortex (like basket cells), exert control over a larger network of cells. Thus, despite being inhibitory in nature, their impact on neuronal circuitry broadens the diversity of information flow within the brain, hence potentiating information processing and ensuring proper nervous system function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The formal and textual definitions of this term will need to be altered if evidence for non-inhibitory GABA-ergic neurons emerges.
GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cerebellar interneuron characterized by a spindle-shaped or triangular soma, parasagittally oriented and located at the border between the granular layer and the Purkinje cell layer. The Lugaro cell extends dendrites predominantly in the parasagittal plane, forming synaptic interactions with basket, stellate, and Golgi cells. Its axonal projections extend upward into the molecular layer, where they form a parasagittal plexus and emit long transverse collaterals that run parallel to the long axis of the cerebellar folia. The Lugaro cell is capable of co-releasing GABA and glycine, as evidenced by the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65/67) and the glycine transporter GlyT2.
A hemocyte derived from the embryonic head mesoderm, which enters the hemolymph as a circulating cell.
A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells.
Neural crest cells are a group of transient and highly migratory cells that originate from the neuroectoderm during the early stages of embryonic development. They are multipotent cells with an exceptional degree of plasticity, capable of differentiating into various somatic cell types and therefore play a fundamental role in the formation of various organs and tissues, making them critical contributors to the developing embryo. After the initiation of neurulation (the formation of the neural tube) neural crest cells start to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and delaminate and migrate from the dorsal neural tube to several regions throughout the embryo. They differentiate into a range of diverse cell types, such as neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, including sensory and autonomic neurons. They also contribute to the formation of adrenal glands, pigment cells in the skin (melanocytes), cardiac structures, including parts of the heart septum and major arteries, as well as bones and cartilage of the face and skull. Disorders or aberrations in the development or migration of the neural crest cells can lead to serious congenital malformations, such as neurocristopathies, including Hirschsprung disease, neuroblastoma, and neurofibromatosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
neural crest cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A sperm cell that is cabaple of motion (motility).
A sperm cell that is not cabaple of motion (motility).
A motile sperm cell that contain no F-actin, and their motility is powered by a dynamic filament system.
A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the epicardium.
An undifferentiated cell derived from a neural stem cell, with a limited capacity to self-renew (Dibajnia and Morshead, 2013) and the ability to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors, contributing to the formation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
A double negative thymocyte that is CD3-positive, CD4-negative, CD8-negative, that that are present in the periphery in very low numbers and predominantly produce INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, and a low amount of TGF-beta, but not IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 or IL-13 upon activation.
Double-negative T regulatory cells (DN Tregs) are a distinct subset of immune cells identified by their lack of CD4 and CD8 surface markers, typical of conventional T cells. The primary role of DN Tregs is to modulate immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis by controlling the threshold of responsiveness. This prevents the risk of overreactions leading to conditions like autoimmunity. Their mechanism involves secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), inhibiting effector T cell function and potentially enhancing other regulatory T cells. Dysregulation or dysfunction of DN Tregs has been linked to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, making them significant targets for therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies also explore their role in cancer progression and control due to their immunosuppressive properties. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cells
double-negative alpha-beta regulatory T cell
double negative T regulatory cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An effector T cell that displays impaired effector functions (e.g., rapid production of effector cytokines, cytotoxicity) and has limited proliferative potential.
Exhausted T cells, or T cell exhaustion, represent a state of T lymphocytes characterized by diminished responses to antigenic stimulation and reduced proliferative immunity. Following prolonged exposure to antigens, such as in chronic viral infections or cancer, T cell exhaustion is a progressive loss of function that can lead to severe impairment of the immune response, potentially resulting in the deletion of the T cell population. A key feature of exhausted T cells involves the persistent coexpression of several inhibitory surface receptors commonly known as immune checkpoints. These checkpoints play a crucial role in regulating T-cell activity, allowing for the controlled suppression of immune responses following activation. Unlike effector or memory T cells that take part vigorously in the elimination of pathogenic agents and provide long-term immunity respectively, exhausted T cells express a range of inhibitory receptors, which dampen the immune response. Though intended to prevent immunopathology that might arise from uncontrolled T cell activation, this immune-suppressive function often plays into the hands of chronic viral infections and tumors, preventing the effective clearance of pathogens and malignant cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.
Progenitor cells are a specialized type of biological cell that can differentiate into specific cell types. While akin to stem cells in their differentiation capacity, progenitor cells are more limited in divisions and are already somewhat specialized. They can divide a restricted number of times and differentiate into a few closely related cell types, unlike stem cells with broader differentiation potential. Primarily, progenitor cells play key roles in repairing and maintaining body tissues. During embryonic development, they significantly contribute to organogenesis, forming major organs. In adults, progenitor cells function as a repair system, replenishing lost cells in tissues like skin, blood, or the gut lining. Various types of progenitor cells have distinct roles; for instance, neuronal progenitor cells specialize into different brain cells, while myeloid progenitor cells develop into red and white blood cells and platelets. Disruptions to progenitor cells can lead to diseases, emphasizing their vital role in tissue homeostasis. Their unique properties also make them valuable in therapeutic approaches like tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Researchers are exploring methods to direct these cells towards specific types to replace cells lost or damaged in conditions like spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and heart disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle fibroblasts (SMFs), with their spindle-shaped morphology, play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of skeletal muscles. They produce connective tissues enveloping muscle fibers, offering vital structural support for optimal muscle contraction. SMFs are integral components of the dynamic and complex microenvironment of muscle tissue, contributing significantly to healthy muscle development and homeostasis. SMFs primarily synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans. The resulting ECM exhibits mechanical properties that resist tensile forces from muscle contractions, ensuring muscle efficiency. It also crucially transmits force during muscle movement, aids muscle attachment to the skeletal structure, and serves as a scaffold for muscle regeneration and repair. Following injury, they proliferate and transform into myofibroblasts, aiding wound contraction and depositing new ECM for tissue repair. Additionally, these fibroblasts modulate inflammatory responses by secreting cytokines and interact with other cell types, like immune cells and satellite cells, to coordinate muscle healing. In diseases, an imbalance in SMF activity may lead to conditions such as fibrosis, marked by excessive ECM deposition and impaired muscle function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
skeletal muscle fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
The chorionic trophoblast cell, vital for placental development in mammals, originates from the blastocyst's outer layer, the trophectoderm. As a significant component of the placenta, the chorion forms the external fetal-maternal interface and consists primarily of chorionic trophoblast cells. These cells are pivotal in embryogenesis, fetal nutrition, waste removal, and immune response generation, contributing crucially to the success of pregnancy. Chorionic trophoblast cells undergo trophoblast differentiation, giving rise to specialized sub-types: cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts, found in the inner layer, serve as stem cells and contribute to proliferative activities. In contrast, syncytiotrophoblasts, originating from cytotrophoblasts, form the outer layer with a distinctive multinucleated, continuous, and non-proliferative structure. These cells play a key role in maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange, producing essential hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen, vital for sustaining pregnancy. Apart from their physiological roles, chorionic trophoblast cells play a crucial role in shielding the fetus from the maternal immune system. They accomplish this by modifying the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are self-identifying proteins utilized by the immune system to identify foreign cells. Through selective expression of specific types of these molecules, trophoblast cells can evade cytotoxic T cells that might otherwise attack them, while still retaining the ability to attract natural killer cells. These natural killer cells assist in trophoblast invasion and the remodeling of blood vessels in the uterus. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
chorionic trophoblast cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.
Sympathetic neurons are a distinct class of neurons that are an integral part of the autonomic nervous system, specifically within the sympathetic division. They play a critical role in the body's 'fight or flight' responses and are primarily involved in regulating involuntary physiological processes, such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolic processes. These neurons are essential for homeostatic mechanisms, working to ensure a balanced state is maintained within the body amidst changing environments. Structurally, sympathetic neurons are characterized by their relatively long axons, which allow them to relay signals from the central nervous system to various peripheral organs and tissues. They typically originate within the spinal cord's thoracic and lumbar regions, extending their axons to connect with various targets, including cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. These neurons often utilize noradrenaline (norepinephrine) as a neurotransmitter, which binds to adrenergic receptors on the target cells to exert their effects. Functionally, the sympathetic neurons help the body respond to stressful or threatening situations. When activated, they provoke a cascade of processes that ready the body for quick action. This includes accelerating the heart rate, dilating the pupils, slowing digestion, and increasing blood flow to muscles. Conversely, when the threat has passed, they encourage a return to normalcy by inhibiting these same processes. Beyond this 'fight or flight' response, sympathetic neurons also function to help regulate body temperature by inducing sweating or shivering, influence the dilation of blood vessels to control blood pressure, and can stimulate the release of glucose from the liver to provide energy. Overall, sympathetic neurons are key mediators of the body's response to various internal and external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis and preparing the body for diverse challenges. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
sympathetic neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.
A neuron that releases hypocretin as a neurotransmitter.
A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types.
Precursor cells represent an intermediate stage between an undifferentiated stem cell and a fully specialized cell. Possessing the ability to differentiate into one or multiple specialized cell types, precursor cells exhibit partial stem cell characteristics. This differentiation is vital for various aspects of biological development and maintenance. Neural precursor cells, for example, can give rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, while hematopoietic precursor cells can transform into different blood cell types. This orchestrated process aligns with the body's metabolic activities, ensuring the production of the right cell types in response to physiological needs. Moreover, the study of precursor cells has become a promising field in regenerative medicine and cellular therapies. However, it's essential to note that precursor cells have a more limited self-renewal capacity compared to stem cells, and once they start differentiating along a specific cell lineage, the process is often irreversible. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell.
Any radial glial cell that is part of some forebrain.
Forebrain radial glial cells are specialized cells in the central nervous system known for their essential role in the formation of the brain during neurodevelopment. These cells are primarily located in the ventricular zone of the developing forebrain, which is composed of the cerebrum and the diencephalon. Radial glial cells are named for their unique morphology, specifically their elongated cell bodies, which extend radially from the ventricular surface to the pial surface, acting as a scaffold for newborn neurons to migrate along during the development of the brain. Functionally, forebrain radial glial cells serve as both progenitor cells and guide cells for neurons. They proliferate to increase their population and produce neurons or glial cells through asymmetric division, contributing to the complexity and diversity of cell types in the brain. During neurogenesis, an important process in brain development, radial glial cells provide physical and biochemical guidance to newborn neurons, helping them migrate from their birthplace in the ventricular zone to their final destination in the cortical plate. Furthermore, forebrain radial glial cells play a critical role in the formation of the cerebral cortex layers through their interaction with newborn neurons. They are involved in the establishment of the six-layered architecture of the cerebral cortex, crucial to higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, and control of motor behavior. After completing their roles in neurogenesis and the formation of cortical layers, most radial glial cells transform into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, the main glial cell types in the mature brain. Thus, from their contribution to the proliferation and differentiation of neurons to the establishment of cortical layering, forebrain radial glial cells perform several fundamental roles in brain development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
forebrain radial glial cell
forebrain radial glial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An ionocyte that is part of the lung epithelium. The cells from this type are major sources of the CFTR protein in human and mice.
The pulmonary ionocyte is a relatively newly identified, specific epithelial cell type found primarily in the pulmonary or respiratory system. Discovered through novel mapping techniques in 2018, these cells are surprisingly rare, making up less than 2% of the cells in the lung's airway, yet they play an essential role in the airway surface liquid and mucus regulation, a crucial factor in lung health. The main responsibility of the pulmonary ionocyte pertains to the regulation and mobilization of chloride ions. They express a high level of CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene, which encodes a protein channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. The activity of CFTR regulates the movement of chloride ions and fluids in and out of cells, which helps maintain a balance of fluid in the organs they are expressed in. If CFTR is dysfunctional, it can cause conditions such as cystic fibrosis, characterized by thick, sticky mucus that can clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas, leading to respiratory and digestive issues. The discovery of this cell type offers new doors to the treatment and further understanding of diseases like cystic fibrosis. Increased understanding of pulmonary ionocytes could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the function of CFTR in the lungs and other organs affected by dysfunctional CFTR. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set ASCL3, BSND can identify the Human cell type pulmonary ionocyte in the lung with a confidence of 0.82 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary ionocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of the prostate epithelium.
neuroendocrine cell of prostate epithelium
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain.
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain.
Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.
Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions.
A concave nuclear shape where the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin, but in no area is the chromatin condensed to a single filament.
A concave nucleus shape where the indentation is smaller than half of the distance to the farthest nuclear margin.
Heterochromatin that is arranged in a carthwheel pattern.
Any nucleus that has characteristic some alobate.
alobate nucleus
Any chondrocyte that is part of the tracheobronchial tree.
tracheobronchial chondrocyte
Any goblet cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium.
Tracheobronchial goblet cells, named for their goblet-like shape, are specialized cells mainly found in the respiratory tract, including the trachea and bronchial tubes. Positioned among ciliated epithelial cells, they play a crucial role in the respiratory system's defense against particles and pathogens. These cells, akin to mucus-producing factories, secrete a viscous fluid primarily composed of mucin proteins. Their principal function is to create a protective layer over the respiratory tract's epithelial surfaces. This layer acts as the first line of defense by trapping dust, microbes, allergens, and foreign particles, preventing them from reaching the lungs' deeper, more sensitive areas. The mucus layer also supports proper cilia function and surface lubrication. In addition to their protective role, tracheobronchial goblet cells contribute to immune regulation in the lungs. When pathogens are detected, they signal specific immune cells to enhance the lung's immune response. However, conditions like chronic bronchitis, asthma, or cystic fibrosis may lead to goblet cell overproduction of mucus, potentially obstructing airways. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tracheobronchial goblet cell
tracheobronchial goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any lymphatic vessel.
lymphatic vessel smooth muscle cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel.
blood vessel smooth muscle cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree.
Tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells are universally located in the tracheobronchial tree and play a critical role in controlling and modulating the size of the airway lumen, thereby contributing significantly to the airflow resistance. These cells display both phasic and tonic characteristics, which are vital for airway contractility. Phasic activity manifests as cyclic contraction and relaxation, similar to the behavior seen in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells, whilst tonic activity resembles vascular smooth muscle cells, maintaining a constant degree of tension. These features enable tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells to constrict the airways in response to various mechanical and chemical stimuli, including allergens, parasympathetic nervous stimulation, changes in gas composition, and cold air, thus protecting the delicate alveoli from potential damage. Tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells, beyond their contractile function, actively contribute to airway remodeling in conditions like asthma. Their proliferative and synthetic capabilities lead to smooth muscle hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and the production of extracellular matrix components, collectively causing abnormal airway narrowing. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of tracheobronchial tree
The marker set ACTA2, TAGLN can identify the Human cell type tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.69 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell
tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins. Human intestinal goblet cells secrete the MUC2 mucin, as well as a number of typical mucus components: CLCA1, FCGBP, AGR2, ZG16, and TFF3.
intestine goblet cell
A tuft cell that is part of the intestinal epithelium, characterized by a distinctive apical tuft and lateral cytospinules connecting to neighbouring cells. This cell senses luminal stimuli via taste receptors and succinate signalling, initiating type 2 immune responses through the secretion of interleukin-25 while modulating epithelial regeneration through prostaglandin synthesis. It expresses key molecular markers such as doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) in mice (Hendel et al., 2022), and KIT proto-oncogene in humans (Huang et al., 2024). Developed from intestinal crypt stem cells, this cell requires transcription factor POU2F3 for its development.
Intestinal tuft cells, also known as brush cells, are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the intestines. Their name stems from their distinctive morphology, characterized by a thick ‘tuft’, or brush-like, peak of long, tapering microvilli which project into the intestinal lumen. These cells impart a structural characteristic to the epithelium of the intestine, aiding in its function and interaction with the surrounding environment. Their abundance among the gastrointestinal tract varies but they are most commonly found in the small intestine. The primary function of intestinal tuft cells is to act as chemosensory sentinels, assisting in monitoring and responding to luminal factors. They possess a highly potent sensing mechanism, facilitated by a diverse set of receptors, such as the bitter taste receptor family and succinate receptor, and a complex signaling apparatus. These sensory capabilities enable them to initiate crucial immune responses to a variety of physiological stimuli, including parasites and bacteria. Evidence suggests that tuft cells perform a critical role in maintaining gut homeostasis and in initiating type 2 immunity against parasite infection. Moreover, intestinal tuft cells are also involved in regulating intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and contributing to the regeneration and repair of epithelial tissue following damage. They produce several growth factors and cytokines which play essential roles in these processes. Despite being one of the least common cell types in the gut, the role of tuft cells in sensing, immunity and tissue regulation underlines their importance in maintaining gastrointestinal health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intestinal tuft cell
intestinal tuft cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A specialized dermal fibroblast within the hair follicle mesenchymal compartment that participates in epithelial-mesenchymal signaling to regulate hair morphogenesis, cycling, and homeostasis through production of inductive signals and extracellular matrix maintenance.
A macrophage that has not yet undergone polarization into a specific macrophage subtype. These cells are non-activated and have the potential to differentiate into inflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophage subtypes in response to appropriate stimuli.
An epithelial cell that has a cuboidal morphology.
A CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell that displays impaired function and altered differentiation as a result of chronic antigenic stimulation (e.g., chronic infection, tumors, or persistent inflammation). This state is characterised by sustained expression of PD-1 as a shared feature. Additional exhaustion-associated molecules, including the transcription factor TOX, and context- or stage-dependent changes in markers such as LAG-3, TIM-3, CD39, and T-bet, may also be observed; however, the expression levels of these molecules vary depending on exhaustion stage and tissue environment.
CD4-positive exhausted alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive alpha-beta T cell that displays impaired function and altered differentiation as a result of chronic antigenic stimulation (e.g., chronic infection, tumours, or persistent inflammation). This state is characterised by sustained expression of PD-1 as a shared feature. Additional exhaustion-associated molecules, including expression of the transcription factor TOX and reduced T-bet, and context- or stage-dependent changes in markers such as LAG-3, TIM-3, CD39, and EOMES, may also be observed; however, the expression levels of these molecules vary depending on exhaustion stage and disease context.
CD8-positive exhausted alpha-beta T cell
A T cell that is located in the intestinal epithelium and is capable of a mucosal immune response.
An ionocyte that is part of a salivary gland, localized to the ductal compartment on the luminal side. This specialized epithelial cell is characterized by expression of FOXI1 and is involved in regulating and maintaining osmotic pressure within the glandular environment (Dong et al., 2024). In normal human salivary glands, FOXI1-positive cells constitute less than 5% of ductal epithelial cells and are found exclusively in ducts, never in acini, across all major gland types including parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands (Hoki et al., 2024). Like ionocytes in other tissues, this cell is expected to express high levels of CFTR and possess abundant mitochondria and ion transporters.
Any neuron that has its soma located in some retrotrapezoid nucleus.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some mesonephric nephron tubule.
mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) that is part of some forebrain.
Any glial cell that is part of some lateral line nerve.
Any radial glial cell that is part of some spinal cord.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some pronephric nephron tubule.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of some metanephric nephron tubule.
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any goblet cell that is part of some lung epithelium.
Lung goblet cells are critical components of the respiratory tract, specifically found in the bronchial segments. They are secretory epithelial cells known for their signature "goblet" or cup-like shape. Their primary function is to produce and secrete mucus that aids in trapping airborne particles and pathogens, preventing them from reaching the delicate environment of the lung. As part of the lung's epithelial lining, they act as frontline defenders, maintaining lung health and function. The lung goblet cells are densely packed with granules containing mucin glycoproteins, the primary component of mucus. As mucus is produced and secreted, it moves towards the lumen of the lungs where the cilia, hair-like structures of the neighboring ciliated epithelial cells, help to navigate it upwards and out of the respiratory tract. This coordinated action ensures the expulsion of unwanted particles and pathogens, effectively cleaning the respiratory tract. Dysfunction or abnormal proliferation of lung goblet cells can result in pathological conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma, where excessive mucus production leads to airway obstruction. Furthermore, lung goblet cells respond to a variety of stimuli, including toxins, allergens, irritants, and infections, adjusting their mucus production accordingly. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A specialized epithelial secretory cell that moves chloride ions and water across the tubule epithelium.
Any tip cell that is part of some Malpighian tubule.
Any chondrocyte that is part of some growth plate cartilage.
A specialised neuroendocrine cell located in the gastric mucosa that regulates digestive processes including acid secretion and gut motility. This cell stores hormones in large dense core vesicles and synaptic-like microvesicles.
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of respiratory epithelium of the lung and is involved in the sensory detection of environmental stimuli, including hypoxia, nicotine and air pressure. Ultrastructurally, this cell type is characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic dense core granules, which are considered the storage sites of amine and peptide hormones. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are innervated and appear as solitary cells or as clustered masses, localized at airway bifurcation sites, called neuroepithelial bodies that can release serotonin in response to hypoxia and interact with sensory nerve terminals. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells also function as reserve stem cells that repair the surrounding epithelium after injury.
Lung neuroendocrine cells, also commonly known as pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), are predominantly located in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchial and bronchiolar airways in the lungs. These cells, characterised by their small size and granular appearance, have a distinctive morphology that sets them apart from other lung cells. They are considered part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system due to their scattered distribution through the epithelium and have been classified into solitary cells and clustered forms known as neuroepithelial bodies. The primary function of PNECs is linked to regulation and maintenance of the lung environment. They are sensory in nature and can secrete various bioactive substances such as serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptides, and bombesin-like peptides which modulate airway smooth muscle tone and influence gut motility. For example, they act as oxygen sensors in response to hypoxia and are responsible for releasing neuropeptides that can induce responses. Moreover, PNECs provide an afferent function as they are equipped with long microvilli that project into the lumen of the bronchus and react to changes in the chemical composition of the luminal content. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set CHGA, GRP can identify the Human cell type pulmonary neuroendocrine cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.94 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary neuroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any glial cell that is part of some posterior lateral line nerve.
Any glial cell that is part of some anterior lateral line nerve.
Any peripheral nervous system neuron that has its soma located in some posterior lateral line ganglion.
An epithelial cell that is part of the lung epithelium. This cell is characterised by the presence of cilia on its apical surface.
Any secretory cell that is part of some lung.
An extraembryonic cell that is part of the trophectoderm, representing the first lineage to differentiate in the embryo. This cell is crucial for implantation into the uterine wall and differentiates into trophoblast cells, which contribute to placenta formation and facilitate maternal-fetal nutrient and signal exchange.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine.
Smooth muscle cells of the small intestine form a key component of the enteric system which is imperative for gastrointestinal motility. These cells are a specialized subgroup of smooth muscle cells, specifically found in the layers of the small intestine. The small intestine represents a significant part of the digestive system and plays a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Smooth muscle cells of the small intestine are predominantly responsible for creating the contractions and relaxations that constitute intestinal motility. They trigger these movements in a coordinated and rhythmic manner known as peristalsis and segmentation. Peristalsis is a form of longitudinal and sequential contraction that pushes food from the upper gastrointestinal tract to the lower parts. Segmentation works by squeezing the intestine randomly, thereby facilitating the mixing of food particles and increasing contact with absorptive surfaces. These two processes are critical for intestinal motility and an effective digestive process. Apart from facilitating transit of food through contractions, these smooth muscle cells play a role in controlling the diameter of the vessels and the blood flow in the small intestine by their constrictive ability. These smooth muscle cells also contribute to the structural integrity of the small intestine by forming a part of its muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae. Additionally, they interact with other cell types such as enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), forming an integrated cellular network that ensures optimal functioning of the intestinal tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine
smooth muscle cell of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the cecum.
An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra.
Epithelial cells of the urethra constitute the inner lining of the urethra, forming a mucosal barrier that helps protect the body from external contaminants. The type of epithelial cells found in the urethra can vary along its length. In general, the urethra is lined with stratified squamous epithelium in its distal or external portion, which is closer to the external environment. This type of epithelium provides protection against mechanical stress and pathogens. Closer to the bladder, the urethra transitions to a different type of epithelium. In males, the proximal part of the urethra is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the region where it passes through the prostate gland. In females, the transitional epithelium may be present in the proximal part of the urethra near the bladder. Epithelial cells of the urethra are primarily dedicated to the protection of underlying tissues from mechanical stress and pathogens during micturition (urination). They do this by creating a tight, impermeable barrier that prevents the entry and colonization of invading microbes. They produce a variety of antimicrobials and are tightly packed to prevent infiltration between cells, forming an integral part of the body's innate immune system. In addition to their protective role, these cells are involved in the secretion of mucus. This mucus acts as a lubricant that ensures the smooth and easy passage of urine from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body, reducing any potential damage from the erosive action of urine. Epithelial cells of the urethra are dynamic, constantly renewing their numbers to replace any cells lost through wear and tear. Any disruptions to the function or integrity of these cells may contribute to urinary tract infections and other urological disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of urethra on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue.
fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus.
Bronchial goblet cells are a subset of goblet cells that are predominantly found in the respiratory tract, specifically within the bronchi and bronchioles. Named for their flask-like shape and their apparent similarity to a goblet, these cells contribute significantly to the maintenance of lung health and homeostasis. In humans, goblet cells comprise up to 25% of the bronchial epithelial columnar cells and are an integral part of the mucus-secreting system of the respiratory tract and are primarily responsible for the production and secretion of mucus. The mucus secreted by bronchial goblet cells serves as a protective layer over the delicate and sensitive structures of the bronchi. The mucus, an amalgamation of glycoproteins, lipids, and other substances, traps any inhaled dust, microorganisms, and pollutants, preventing them from reaching deeper lung tissues and causing potential damage. Additionally, the mucus secretion aids in moistening the airway surface, thereby facilitating effective gas exchange and maintaining the overall health of the respiratory tract. Bronchial goblet cells have an innate defense mechanism wherein they increase secretion of mucus in response to irritants, infection or inflammation in the airway. This strategy, however, if incessantly stimulated, can lead to airway obstruction and health complications like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set PLCG2, ANKRD36C can identify the Human cell type bronchial goblet cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.55 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
bronchial goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of stomach.
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine.
The large intestine goblet cell is a highly specialized type of mucosal epithelial cell that is located within the epithelial lining of the large intestine. The key function of goblet cells is the production and secretion of a protective layer of mucus which is essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. Goblet cells have a characteristic 'goblet-like' shape, which adapts them for this specific function: organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and Golgi apparatus are located in the basal portion of the cell; while the vesicles with mucins (required for mucus production) are located apically, close to the apical membrane where their exocytosis takes place. The goblet cells of the large intestine produce a thick layer of mucus that coats the intestinal lumen. This mucus provides a barrier that prevents the direct contact of intestinal cells with bacteria and other potentially toxic substances present in the digestive tract. It also lubricates the intestine to facilitate the smooth passage of digested food material. It is worth noting that the mucus system differs between the small and large intestine: although in both the mucus is built around MUC2 mucin polymers produced by goblet cells, it is becoming clear that there are several types of goblet cells that function in different ways. From an immunological perspective, large intestine goblet cells participate in promoting a balanced gut immune response. They contribute to the process known as immune tolerance, where they prevent the body's immune system from overreacting to the trillions of bacteria present in the gut. These cells achieve this by secreting molecules that help maintain a calm environment, limiting inflammatory reactions unless absolutely necessary. Any dysfunction or decrease in the number of goblet cells can result in a compromised intestinal barrier leading to various health issues, including inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium of large intestine
large intestine goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct.
goblet cell of epithelium of pancreatic duct
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Tracheal goblet cells are specialized cells found in the lining of the trachea. They are a key component of the tracheobronchial epithelium, a critical region responsible for maintaining open airways and preventing the ingress of harmful particles or irritants. Goblet cells are filled with membrane-bound secretory granules, which are responsible for their distinctive, goblet-like shape. Goblet cells specialize in the production and secretion of mucus, a slimy substance composed primarily of glycoproteins (mucins) and water. This sticky mucus serves to trap foreign particles and pollutants, such as dust, bacteria, and viruses that an organism breathes in. After trapping these particles, the cilia on neighboring ciliated epithelial cells beat synchronously, forming a coordinated escalator to push mucus upwards toward the pharynx, where it's either swallowed or expectorated. This system, known as the mucociliary clearance or escalator, forms a crucial barrier in the lungs against respiratory pathogens and external insults. Changes in the number or function of tracheal goblet cells can engender health complications. For example, goblet cell hyperplasia, or excessive growth of goblet cells, is a common feature of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This condition results in mucus hypersecretion, airway blockage, and increased risk of respiratory tract infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tracheal goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Enterocytes of the epithelium of the small intestine are specialized cells that reside in the lining of the small intestine, and are primarily responsible for the essential process of nutrient absorption. These cells are columnar epithelial cells with an apical surface lined with microvilli, a feature referred to as the 'brush border', to maximize the surface area available for absorption. Enterocytes play a critical role in both the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Their extensive brush border contains enzymes that further assist in nutrient breakdown and transport proteins that transfer nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins, across the cell membrane. The enterocytes of the small intestine also participate in the barrier function of the gut lining. Enterocytes are connected by tight junctions, which act as a primary defense line against pathogenic invasion by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Additionally, their cell surface is coated in glycocalyx and mucus which forms a defensive barrier preventing the penetration of harmful bacteria into the systemic circulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine
enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enterocyte (absorptive epithelial cell) of the colonic epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape. This cell is responsible for the absorption, transport, and metabolization of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut bacteria, as well as the transport and absorption of water and electrolytes.
Enterocytes of the colon are specialized epithelial cells located in the lining of the colon, the largest part of the large intestine. These cells play a critical role in absorbing water, electrolytes, and certain vitamins from the food material passed on from the small intestine. With a unique structure of finger-like protrusions referred to as microvilli, the enterocytes increase their surface area for effective absorption. The colon is the last part of the digestive system, and as such, it is responsible for compacting undigested food materials and forming fecal matter. Enterocytes of the colon facilitate this process effectively through absorption of water. Enterocytes are known for their high regeneration potential, replenishing every 4-5 days, enabling the healthy functioning of the colon. They originate from stem cells located in the crypt of the colon and differentiate into mature enterocytes as they migrate upwards towards the luminal surface. This constant turnover aids in maintaining the intestinal barrier, preventing the entry of detrimental substances into the systemic circulation. Their tight junctions with other epithelial cells provide a robust barrier against invasive pathogens. Enterocytes of the colon are involved in the communication with the gut microbiota. These cells harbor enzymes necessary for the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, which are the byproducts of the fermentation process by gut bacteria. Short-chain fatty acids serve as a major energy source for colonocytes and are important for maintaining colonic health. The dysfunction of enterocytes, therefore, could lead to disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium of colon
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Basal cells of epithelium of trachea are a vital cell population within the respiratory tract's lining, specifically in the trachea's epithelium. These cells are located at the base of the columnar epithelial cell layer and can be identified by their characteristic cuboidal shape, a large nucleus and few organelles, as well as scattered microvilli. The basal cells are not in direct contact with the lumen, which is covered by a layer of ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells. Instead, the basal cells are connected to, and line, a thin basement membrane. The primary function of basal cells involves stem cell activity and epithelial tissue maintenance. Basal cells in the trachea play a crucial role in the regeneration and repair of the tracheal epithelium during damage or injury, acting as progenitor cells for ciliated and secretory cells. They serve as a reserve pool of cells, ready to proliferate and differentiate as needed for homeostatic tissue maintenance or in repair processes when the epithelium has been compromised, whether by injury or disease. These cells are also implicated in numerous disease pathways. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer exhibit unusual behavior and quantities of tracheal basal cells, making these cells a focal point in respiratory disease research. In summary, basal cells in the tracheal epithelium have a multifaceted role in maintaining, repairing, and influencing tracheal health, playing a crucial role in the stability of the respiratory system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of epithelium of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A basal cell found in the bronchus epithelium.
The basal cells of the epithelium of the bronchus are a vital component of the cellular linings found within the bronchial tubes of the respiratory system. They are typically nonciliated, cuboidal cells that are tightly attached to the basement membrane, thereby providing structural support for the epithelial tissues. The function of the basal cell of the bronchial epithelium is multifaceted, underscoring the importance of these cells for respiratory health. One of their primary roles involves regeneration and cellular turnover. They serve as local stem cells, being able to proliferate and differentiate into other cell types such as ciliated and secretory epithelial cells. This regenerative function of basal cells is required for maintaining the integrity of the bronchial epithelium and is especially critical after injury or during disease states when there is an increased need for new cells to repair damaged tissue or replace lost cells. In addition to these regenerative duties, basal cells of the bronchial epithelium play a crucial role in providing a defensive barrier against inhaled substances. They participate in the coordinated immune response directed against airborne pathogens, foreign particles, and toxins that enter the respiratory tract. Basal cells can respond to inflammation or irritation by altering their activities, which include proliferating, differentiating, or producing bioactive substances. Throughout all these responses, the basal cells help to maintain the homeostasis of the bronchial tubes, allowing for the efficient transport of air to and from the lungs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of epithelium of bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum
A melanocyte that is part of the eyelid.
A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium.
Endothelial cells of the artery, also referred to as arterial endothelial cells, form an integral part of the arterial system. They form a single layer, known as the endothelium, lining the interior surface of arteries, and are able to respond to the high-pressure and flow conditions present in arteries. The primary role of these cells is to provide a barrier between the vessel wall and the blood, exhibiting selective permeability to regulate the movement of liquids, gases, and blood-borne substances across the vascular wall. Arterial endothelial cells significantly contribute to maintaining vascular homeostasis. They are at the forefront of sensations and responses to mechanical stimuli, like shear stress and blood pressure changes. An additional key function pertains to the production of nitric oxide, which helps to regulate vascular tone and blood pressure, prevents platelet aggregation, limits leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation. These varied but connected functions help to preclude the development of atherosclerosis, ensuring normal circulation and arterial health. Moreover, these cells play a pivotal role in inflammation and coagulation processes. During inflammatory events, they express various adhesion molecules, aiding in leukocyte recruitment and rolling onto the vessel walls for immune response. They also produce anticoagulant and procoagulant substances, involved in blood clotting and clot dissolution, respectively. Dysregulation of the usual functions of arterial endothelial cells can result in serious pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of artery on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal gland.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal cortex.
Not clear this cell type exists. Can't call it a cortical adrenal cell because of different germ layer origin.
A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis.
The epidermal stem cell, a critical component of the skin's structure, is essential for maintaining, repairing, and renewing the epidermal layer. Undifferentiated and capable of becoming various cell types within the epidermis, these cells typically remain quiescent, preserving the skin's longevity and regenerative ability. The primary role of these stem cells is to replenish the population of keratinocytes, the key protective cells in the epidermis. When stimulated by signals like injury or normal wear, these stem cells activate, divide, and give rise to both new stem cells and differentiated cells. The latter form layers of stratified keratinocytes that make up the skin's protective barrier. Beyond skin-related applications, the regenerative potential of epidermal stem cells has garnered interest in medical and cosmetic fields, particularly for treating burns, chronic wounds, and aging skin. Notably, these cells, specialized for skin tissue, might, under controlled conditions, have the potential to form diverse tissues, expanding possibilities in regenerative medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of epidermis on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body.
Ciliary muscle cells are specialized contractile cells that constitute the ciliary muscle, a component of the eye in vertebrates. These cells form a ring around the iris, the eye's colored part. Ciliary muscle cells fall into the category of smooth muscle cells, characterized by their lack of the striations typical of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Their shape is elongated and pointed at both ends, and they occur in multi-nucleated syncytia where many cells share the same cytoplasm. Ciliary muscle cells primarily control the eye's accommodation, adjusting the thickness and curvature of the lens to fine-tune the focus of light on the retina. When ciliary muscle cells contract, tension on the zonular fibers holding the lens in place is reduced, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its refractive power. Conversely, when the ciliary muscle cells relax, the tension on the zonular fibers increases, causing the lens to become flatter and decrease its refractive power. This adjustment facilitates clear vision at different distances, ranging from near to far objects. Additionally, ciliary muscle cells play a role in draining the eye's aqueous humor, which is the clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye between the cornea and the lens. By controlling the shape of the surrounding trabecular meshwork through muscle contractions and relaxations, ciliary muscle cells indirectly regulate intraocular pressure, a factor critical for preventing ocular conditions like glaucoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliary muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
Epithelial cells of sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous glandular cells, play a crucial role in the body's thermoregulation, waste excretion, and hydration balance. They form the main structure of the sweat glands, which are effectively long, coiled tubes located in the dermis. There are two types of sweat glands – eccrine glands, which typically open directly onto the skin surface (e.g. on palms and soles), and apocrine glands, which open onto associated hair follicles (e.g. in arm pits). Eccrine glands consist of a tube-shaped duct that ends in a coiled, secretory unit made up of three types of epithelial cells – dark, clear and myoepithelial. The dark cells contain basophilic granules to secrete sialomucin, while clear cells secrete glycogen-containing aqueous material; the myoepithelial cells contract in response to stimuli to assist with secretion. Apocrine glands have a similar structure, but their secretory component is larger. The primary function of the epithelial cells of these glands is to produce sweat, a bodily fluid made mostly of water, but also containing trace amounts of salts, glucose, urea, and other substances. This process begins with the secretion of a primary sweat fluid - an isotonic solution derived from the blood plasma - into the glandular lumen. Subsequently, as this primary sweat passes through the gland's duct, reabsorption of sodium ions occurs, leading to a hypotonic final sweat that is excreted onto the skin's surface. This sweat evaporates, removing heat from the body and thus, cooling it down. In addition, epithelial cells of sweat glands contribute to the body's immune defense system. As part of the innate skin barrier function, they secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, such as dermcidin, which can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms on the skin surface. They also aid in maintaining skin pH and contribute to fluid balance by regulating water resorption. Consequently, any dysfunction in these cells can lead to conditions like hyperhidrosis, anhidrosis, and certain skin infections. Thus, these epithelial cells of sweat glands play a multifaceted role in health and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of sweat gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron.
Epithelial cells of the nephron form the epithelial lining of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood to produce urine. Each kidney holds approximately one million nephrons, each of which is composed of several distinct parts, including the renal corpuscle, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal tubule. All sections are lined with highly specialized epithelial cells adapted to perform different functions within the sections of the nephron. The different epithelial cells of the nephron play crucial roles in the process of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion, essential tasks for the regulation of body fluid composition and volume. During filtration, the blood is forced through the walls of glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule, where waste products, electrolytes, and water are separated from the blood cells and proteins. As the filtrate then passes through the nephron, epithelial cells of the tubular portion reabsorb useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, along with most of the water back into the bloodstream. Waste products like urea and creatinine, as well as excess ions and water, remain in the tubule for elimination. In addition, epithelial cells of the nephron also play a vital part in maintaining the body's acid-base balance by actively secreting hydrogen ions into the urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine back into the blood. They are also involved in the regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and contribute to erythrocyte production by releasing the hormone erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Abnormalities or damage in renal epithelial cells often result in impaired kidney function, leading to various renal diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of nephron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular capsule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the intermediate tubule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule.
Kidney collecting duct epithelial cells are a specialized type of cells that form an integral part of the renal system. Located in the collecting duct system of the kidneys, these cells are responsible for one of the final steps in the process of urine formation, and they are instrumental in the fine tuning of the volume and composition of urine by reabsorbing water and certain solutes back into the bloodstream. These cells express specific channels and carriers that actively and passively transport ions and water. They also have channels on their membranes, such as sodium channels and potassium channels, involved in reabsorbing or secreting these electrolytes depending upon the body's needs. The function of renal collecting duct epithelial cells can be regulated by a variety of hormones, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which can modulate the ion channels and carriers and hence indirectly influence body fluid homeostasis. Aside from their function in ion and water balance, kidney collecting duct epithelial cells also aid in maintaining the body's acid-base balance. They have specialized functionality to secret hydrogen ions into the tubular lumen, which contributes to acid excretion. Any dysfunction may have serious implications and lead to various renal or systemic diseases, exemplifying the importance of these cells in maintaining overall body homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule
kidney collecting duct epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum.
A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body.
Melanocytes of the skin are specialized pigment cells crucial for producing and distributing melanin, the pigment determining skin, in addition to hair and eye color. Located in the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes serve as a natural sunscreen, protecting skin cells from harmful UV radiation. Structurally dendritic, they synthesize melanin through melanogenesis, transferring melanosomes to keratinocytes for UV shielding Beyond pigmentation and UV protection, melanocytes play roles in immune and inflammatory responses. They respond to environmental changes, communicate with skin cell types, and secrete cytokines and growth factors influencing skin homeostasis. Dysregulation may lead to pigment disorders like vitiligo and melasma or contribute to skin cancer, particularly malignant melanoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
melanocyte of skin on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A chromaffin cell that is part of the ovary.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular bundle
A basal cell that is part of the urothelium. Compared to other urothelial cell types, a basal cell of the urothelium is positioned along the basement membrane, is the most undifferentiated and serves a progenitor role.
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial basal cell type is distinguished by expression of high levels of cytokeratin-5 (CK5), p63 and the signalling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Similar to intermediate cells, the urothelial basal cell type expresses CK17 but is negative for uroplakins (UPK) and CK20. Urothelial basal cells have also been noted to be smaller in diameter than urothelial intermediate cells.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the prostate gland.
Smooth muscle cells of the prostate constitute a critical component of the prostatic stroma, enveloping glandular structures to support functions like secretion and fluid expulsion. Like other smooth muscles, smooth muscle cells of the prostate lack the striations characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle cell. Functionally, they play a crucial role in reproductive and urinary functions. Smooth muscle cells of the prostate contribute to the transport and expulsion of prostatic secretions into the urethra and respond dynamically to signaling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters. For instance, under sympathetic nervous stimulation, they contract and apply pressure on the gland's ducts, facilitating the secretion process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts.
Cholangiocytes, also known as biliary epithelial cells, are specialized epithelial cells that line the biliary tract, which constitutes the gall bladder and bile ducts inside the liver. Crucial to the maintenance of the liver's health and function, cholangiocytes have a key role in the modification and secretion of bile, a fluid produced by hepatocytes that is essential to digestion and the absorption of fats and vitamins. Cholangiocytes accomplish their primary function through the expression of a variety of transport proteins located on their apical and basolateral membranes, which propel bile acids and other contents of the bile into the biliary lumen. The hepatic bile, once secreted by the hepatocytes, is further modified by cholangiocytes via secretion and absorption processes. These processes help in the regulation of bile volume and composition, which is fundamental in ensuring the efficient digestion of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins and the excretion of cholesterol. In addition to their role in bile modification, cholangiocytes also perform several other integral functions. For instance, these cells express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which allow cholangiocytes to initiate an immune response against pathogens in the biliary lumen. When functioning normally, these cells contribute to biliary integrity, hepatic architecture, and overall hepatic physiology. However, when they become pathological, they are involved in the progression of liver diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma – the malignancy of the biliary tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum.
An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
This needs to be further defined as a juxtamedullary nephron. Will request the juxtamedullary nephron tubule class from UBERON.
A goblet cell that is part of the small intestine.
Small intestine goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the small intestine. They are scattered among other columnar cells in the small intestine lining and form a vital part of the intestinal villi—tiny, finger-like projections that boost the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine. The name ‘goblet cell’ is derived from the cell's distinctive goblet shape, which features a broad apex and a narrow base. The primary function of the small intestine goblet cells is to secrete mucus, a thick and lubricating substance that plays a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms. This mucus layer, formed through the aggregation of individual mucin glycoproteins produced by goblet cells and secreted from vesicles located near the apical membrane, provides a protective lining that safeguards the epithelial cells of the intestine from corrosive substances and pathogenic organisms. Moreover, the mucin layer helps in the smooth passage of food material along the digestive tract. Additionally, goblet cells in the small intestine contribute significantly to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. They actively engage in signal transduction pathways initiated by the native microflora and food antigens, modulating immune responses and preventing inflammation and autoimmunity. The mucus layer also functions as the habitat for beneficial bacteria, thereby facilitating a symbiotic relationship and promoting overall gut health. Any dysfunction or abnormality affecting these cells, such as depletion or hyperplasia, may potentially lead to severe gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium of small intestine
small intestine goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is part of kidney interstitium.
Kidney interstitial cells, also referred to as renal interstitial cells, play a critical role in the structure and function of the kidneys. They are found in the interstitial space within the kidney and compose a diverse group of cells, including fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Unlike other cell types in the kidney, interstitial cells are not involved in the direct process of filtration, reabsorption, or secretion of substances into and out of the blood. Instead, they are functionally and structurally supportive, aiding the nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, to effectively carry out their roles. Kidney interstitial cells maintain the structural integrity of the kidney. They produce extracellular matrix proteins that provide a supportive scaffold to other cell types in the kidney. These proteins not only hold the kidney together but also play a crucial role in tissue repair following injury. Additionally, they contribute to the regulation of renal blood flow by interacting with the renal microvasculature, potentially influencing the process of urine formation indirectly. Another key role of kidney interstitial cells revolves around immune responses and inflammation. Through their interaction with immune cells, they can initiate and modulate inflammatory responses, thus playing a crucial role in defending the kidneys against infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney interstitial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
Any kidney epithelial cell that is part of some glomerular epithelium.
An epithelial cell that is part of a renal medulla collecting duct.
kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of an outer medullary collecting duct.
kidney outer medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of a cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell
Any cell that is part of some lower urinary tract.
Any neuron that has its soma located in some kidney.
Any renal cortical epithelial cell that is part of some renal corpuscle.
The kidney corpuscle cell, also known as a renal corpuscle cell, is a crucial component of the renal corpuscle, a structure within the kidney responsible for initiating the blood filtration process to produce urine. Comprising the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, the renal corpuscle relies on these cells to play a central role in the kidney's filtration system. During blood filtration, kidney corpuscle cells create an interface between blood and filtrate, allowing the removal of waste while retaining essential components in the bloodstream. The cells perform this through a combination of physical and specialized properties that are critical to an accurate filtering process. Some of these cells, such as endothelial cells in the glomerulus, are characterized by their fenestrations that help facilitate the filtration of plasma from the blood. These cells are specialized to permit the passage of fluid, while blocking the passage of blood cells and large proteins. Another type of corpuscle cell, the podocyte in Bowman's capsule, contributes with tentacle-like protrusions and slit diaphragms for further plasma filtration. Moreover, kidney corpuscle cells are implicated in disease states. Damage or pathology affecting these cells can reduce the kidney's filtering capacity, leading to kidney disease. For example, podocyte damage may cause protein leakage into urine (proteinuria), an early sign of kidney issues. Beyond routine filtration, renal corpuscle cells are vital for overall kidney health, serving as a crucial indicator for potential kidney-related problems. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney corpuscule cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any kidney tubule cell that is part of some renal cortex tubule.
Any kidney medulla cell that is part of some outer medulla of kidney.
Any kidney medulla cell that is part of some inner medulla of kidney.
Any kidney cortical cell that is part of some juxtaglomerular apparatus.
The juxtaglomerular complex, also known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus, is pivotal in regulating kidney function, specifically blood filtration and pressure control. Within the nephron, the kidney's functional unit, this complex comprises three key cell types: juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), macula densa cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells. Each cell type has a vital role in governing kidney function. JG cells, or granular cells, are specialized smooth muscle cells in the afferent arterioles. They release renin, a hormone catalyzing the renin-angiotensin system, in response to low blood pressure. Macula densa cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule, sense changes in sodium chloride concentration and regulate renin release by JG cells accordingly. Extraglomerular mesangial cells, positioned between afferent and efferent arterioles, play a less understood role. They are believed to transmit signals between macula densa and JG cells, contributing to information exchange within the juxtaglomerular complex and helping regulate nephron filtration rates. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
juxtaglomerular complex cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of an interstitial compartment of a kidney.
The kidney interstitial fibroblasts are crucial cells found predominantly in the interstitium of the kidneys. These cells play a significant role in maintaining kidney structure and orchestrating key physiological procedures related to kidney function. The interstitium forms a complex network with other cells, capillaries, and the renal tubules, which are crucial for maintaining kidney functions. Functionally, these cells participate in renal homeostasis by synthesizing and secreting vital extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen, proteoglycan, and fibronectin, which contribute to the structural integrity of the kidneys. Additionally, these fibroblasts provide supportive tissues to nephrons (structural and functional units of kidneys), help in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, along with providing an arena for immune response in case of any infection or damage. They are also integral to the regulation of kidney blood flow and maintenance of tubular structures by stabilizing capillaries through synthesis of angiogenic factors. Under pathological conditions, such as renal fibrosis, kidney interstitial fibroblasts can transform into myofibroblasts, which speed up the production and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. This overproduction can lead to scar formation and affect the kidney's functionality, often leading to a chronic and progressive loss of renal function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney interstitial fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of ureter.
A mesangial cell located among the glomerular capillaries in a renal corpuscle.
Like smooth muscle, a glomerular mesangial cell is contractile and possesses the filaments actin and myosin. The contractile mechanism is also similar to that of smooth muscle, with Ca2+/calmodulin-activated myosin light-chain kinase instigating myosin-actin cross-bridge cycling. Mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils involves a novel CD36-independent, alpha(v)beta3/TSP-mediated mechanism that is uncoupled from chemokine secretion, emphasizing the injury-limiting potential of mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
Any kidney corpuscule cell that is part of some renal glomerulus.
Glomerular cells are key components of the renal system and are primarily located within the kidneys. These cells play a crucial role in the body’s ability to filter blood, remove waste products, and control electrolyte balance. The glomerular cells aggregate to form a structure known as the glomerulus, a small filtering unit part of the nephron, playing a critical role in the renal filtration system. Glomerular cells can be differentiated into three main types: podocytes, mesangial cells, and endothelial cells, each with distinct functions. Podocytes are a type of epithelial cells that form a layer around the glomerular capillaries. With their distinctive foot-like processes, they regulate the filtration process, allowing only certain substances to pass through while blocking the movement of larger entities like proteins, preventing them from entering the urine. Mesangial cells have both contractile and phagocytic features similar to smooth muscle cells and macrophages, respectively. These cells regulate blood flow within the glomerular capillaries and clear any debris that may accumulate in the basement membrane. Lastly, endothelial cells line the inner surface of the capillaries, working with podocytes to allow the passage of water, ions, and small molecules. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any nephron tubule epithelial cell that is part of some renal connecting tubule.
Kidney connecting tubule epithelial cells are found in collecting duct system of the kidney, specifically in at the interconnection segment between the nephron and the collecting ducts. The epithelial cells lining the connecting tubule are crucial for the journey of filtrate before it empties into urine-collecting ducts and therefore play a critical role in maintaining the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. One of the principal functions of connecting tubule epithelial cells involves the selective reabsorption and secretion of various solutes. This reabsorption process includes critical regulatory electrolytes such as sodium ions (Na+), chloride ions (Cl-), and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), thus playing a role in the regulation of the acid-base homeostasis. Their function also involves the secretion of potassium ions (K+) into the renal tubular fluid. The connecting tubule epithelial cells are primarily intercalated cells, which can be categorized into two types according to their specific functions: type A intercalated cells, which secrete acid, and the type B intercalated cells, which secrete base (bicarbonate) and reabsorb chloride. By regulating the concentrations of these ions, as well as reabsorption of water, connecting tubule epithelial cells contribute substantively to maintaining the body's electrolyte levels, pH balance, and overall homeostasis. In addition to intercalating cells, the collecting duct system also has principal cells, which are characterized by the expression of the water channel AQP2. AQP2-expressing cells have also been identified in connecting tubules, but there is some controversy whether these represent a unique cell type as there are some morphologic differences compared with principal cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell
kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any epithelial cell of proximal tubule that is part of some proximal convoluted tubule and has part some brush border.
Kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells line the most voluminous part of the kidney's nephron, the proximal convoluted tubule, located in the cortex of the kidney. These cells are primarily involved in reabsorption and secretion processes, key functions that facilitate homeostasis within the body. Proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells extensively function in the reabsorption process to a greater degree than their counterparts in the proximal straight tubule. Approximately two-thirds of filtrated sodium and water, nearly all nutrient sugars and amino acids, and a significant portion of bicarbonates pass through the proximal convoluted tubule, are effectively absorbed by the epithelial cells, and reenter the bodily circulation. By absorbing bicarbonates and secreting protons into the tubular fluid, proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells also contribute to the pH regulation in the body . In addition to reabsorption, proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells also play a critical role in the excretion of waste metabolites and xenobiotics. These cells possess a range of transporters that secrete metabolic end products and certain drugs, hence aiding in their elimination. This function underlines their importance for body detoxification. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell
kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any epithelial cell of proximal tubule that is part of some proximal straight tubule.
Kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells line the straight portion of the proximal tubule of the nephron, extending from the cortical medullary ray into the outer stripe of the outer medulla. They are characterized by a brush border of dense microvilli on their apical surface, enhancing the cell's surface area and aiding reabsorption, though reabsorption occurs more heavily in the proximal convoluted tubule preceding the straight portion of the tubule. The primary function of the kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells is to reabsorb the filtrate that the kidney produces, which includes glucose, sodium, and water. The reabsorption occurs through both passive and active transport methods. These cells exhibit enzyme-rich microvilli that also absorb small proteins and peptides. Consequently, they are involved in the regulation of plasma levels of various substances, including glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, and maintain the body's pH homeostasis by secreting H+ ions into the urine and absorbing bicarbonate ions. These cells are also reported to be involved in drug metabolism. Many drugs are filtered from the blood by the kidneys and subsequently reabsorbed by the kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells back into the bloodstream. Furthermore, these cells play a significant role in the progression of kidney diseases. For example, in diabetic nephropathy and acute kidney injury, kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells can undergo cellular changes and result in malfunctions such as reduced reabsorption and increased excretion. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell
kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any epithelial cell of distal tubule that is part of some distal convoluted tubule.
Kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells, often referred to simply as distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells, constitute a significant portion of the nephron -- the functional building unit of the kidney involved in filtration and reabsorption of substances from blood. The DCT epithelial cells form lining of the distal convoluted tubule, a segment of the nephron located after the loop of Henle and before the collecting tubule. These cells are characterized by unique morphological features such as small size, low height and fewer microvilli compared to proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. These cells perform a host of vital functions contributing to the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte balance, blood pressure and pH. While the DCT is less prominent in water and sodium reabsorption compared to the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle, it plays a crucial role in fine-tuning the process. DCT epithelial cells are responsible for the final adjustments of sodium, potassium and calcium reabsorption, thereby affecting overall fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation and bone health. The reabsorption process is regulated by hormones including aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) also plays a significant role in acid-base homeostasis by secreting protons (H+) into the tubular fluid and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), thus regulating the pH of the blood. The ability of DCT cells to adjust urine concentration plays a part in maintaining the body’s pH balance and preventing conditions like acidosis or alkalosis. In summary, kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells perform functions that are crucial to maintaining body's homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell
kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the macula densa, characterized by a tightly packed arrangement, apically positioned nuclei, and prominent primary cilia, creating a distinctive 'dense spot' appearance under microscopy. It is involved in regulating renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renin release.
Macula densa epithelial cells, as part of the complex nephron structure, play a crucial role in kidney function. These cells, which make up the macula densa, help regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus by sensing sodium chloride amounts in the kidney tubules. Found where the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle touches the afferent arteriole, macula densa epithelial cells are positioned in an optimal location to monitor and respond to changes in the filtrate composition. These cells maintain intraglomerular homeostasis. When the sodium chloride concentration is high, macula densa cells respond by secreting adenosine and vasoconstricting the afferent arteriole to decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Conversely, if the sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate is low, the production and release of nitric oxide cause vasodilation to enhance the glomerular filtration rate. Macula densa epithelial cells also have a role in tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms, an essential autoregulatory renal response. They send feedback to the glomerular mesangial cells, allowing constriction or relaxation of the afferent arteriole as needed depending on the content of the filtrate. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
macula densa epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any nephron tubule epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some muscular coat of ureter.
Any kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell that is part of some descending limb of loop of Henle.
The kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cells are highly specialized cells that play a crucial role in maintaining the body's salt and water balance. These cells line the descending limb of the loop of Henle, which is a portion of the renal tubule located in the kidneys, an organ responsible for filtering waste products, ions and extra water from the blood and converting them into urine. However, the descending limb epithelial cells are specifically involved in the countercurrent multiplication system, a mechanism to concentrate urine that involves both active and passive transport processes. These cells are notably permeable to water but relatively impermeable to solutes, a characteristic that dramatically influences the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. As filtrate initially descends down the loop of Henle, water gets drawn out due to the increasing osmotic gradient, thereby concentrating the filtrate. Additionally, these epithelial cells are exceptionally thin walled, allowing water to freely diffuse across the membrane. Furthermore, the kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cells are inextricably linked to the functioning of numerous diuretic drugs, which work by blocking the reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production to rid the body of excess fluids. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell
kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thin descending limb.
The "Kidney Loop of Henle Thin Descending Limb Epithelial Cell” also known as the thin descending limb (tDL) cell, is a component of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion to form urine. These cells are located within the Loop of Henle, a U-shaped structure that extends from the proximal tubule and contributes to the mechanism of urine formation. The tDL is distinguished by its simple squamous epithelium and its primary function is to regulate water reabsorption, contributing significantly to the body's fluid balance management. Functionally, the thin descending limb epithelial cells are characterized by their high permeability to water, and comparatively low permeability to salts and urea. This unique feature allows for water reabsorption from the luminal fluid into the interstitium, driven by the osmotic gradient established by the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle and the collecting ducts. This effectively concentrates the urine, preserving water within the body. Furthermore, these cells play an integral role in the countercurrent multiplier mechanism, a system that achieves concentration of urine in the kidney's medullary interstitium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell
kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is part of a collecting duct of renal tubule.
A pericyte cell located in the kidney interstitium.
Any cell that is part of some urinary bladder.
An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas.
Epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas are specialized cells that comprise a vast majority of the pancreas, specifically about 80%. They play a vital role in the digestive system of the body because of their function to produce and secrete digestive enzymes. A subset of these cells, pancreatic acinar and pancreatic ductal cells are organized into functional units termed acini, which in turn form the exocrine pancreas. Here, the produced enzymes are sent down the pancreatic ducts, directly to the duodenum – the first part of the small intestine – aiding in digestion. The exocrine pancreatic epithelial cells are integral in maintaining the body’s metabolism; they function to produce and secrete a variety of pancreatic juices to aid in digestion. The three major enzymes that these cells produce include proteases for protein digestion, amylase for carbohydrate digestion, and lipases for fat digestion. Additionally, these cells secrete bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidity of the stomach content entering the small intestine, shielding it from acidic damage and ensuring the proper functioning of the digestive enzymes. Dysfunction in the epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas is linked to common diseases such as pancreatitis, and cancer. Importantly, the regenerative abilities of the pancreas is vital for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Thus, the epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas are not only critical for routine digestive processes but also have a significant bearing on broader health implications. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of exocrine pancreas on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuron residing in the olfactory bulb that serve to process and refine signals arising from olfactory sensory neurons
A sensory neuron of the dorsal root ganglia that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
An inhibitory, GABAergic projection neuron in the striatum that integrates glutamatergic signals arising from the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
Medium spiny neurons, constituting the main type of neurons found in the striatum of the brain, are key players in various pathways that facilitate a multitude of cognitive functions. Projecting dendrites laden with spines, these cells are equipped to receive a wide range of synaptic input, mainly from the cerebral cortex and the thalamus. The "medium" and "spiny" descriptive parts of the name stem from the neurons' size, which is intermediate when compared to other neurons, and the presence of numerous spines on the dendrites, which serve as critical points for synaptic connections. The primary function of medium spiny neurons lies within motor control and reward pathways, which are fundamental aspects of the basal ganglia circuitry. They act by receiving and integrating various excitatory and inhibitory inputs to generate a resultant inhibitory output, generally towards other basal ganglia structures. This inhibitory output is crucial to the balance within the basal ganglia system, which regulates voluntary movements, habitual behaviors, and cognitive and emotional functionalities. The medium spiny neurons act through the use of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and express high levels of dopamine D1 or D2 receptors, which facilitate communication within the brain's dopamine system. Disruptions or malfunctions in medium spiny neurons have been associated with several neurological and psychiatric disorders. For instance, in Huntington's disease, these neurons display a specific vulnerability, leading to motor control issues, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. Similarly, these neurons play critical roles in substance addiction, as the neurons' reward pathways can become sensitized or desensitized due to drug abuse. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic spiny projection neuron
gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic spiny projection neuron
Direct genetic lineage tracing in mice, including Dlx-based and Sp9-Cre fate mapping, demonstrates that medium spiny neurons (MSNs) originate from progenitors in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE), with labeled cells migrating from LGE to the striatum and expressing MSN markers such as FOXP1 and CTIP2.
medium spiny neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
The principal glutaminergic neuron located in the outer third of the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb; a single short primary dendrite traverses the outer external plexiform layer and terminates within an olfactory glomerulus in a tuft of branches, where it receives the input from olfactory receptor neuron axon terminals; axons of the tufted cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala.
The neurons that utilize glycine as a neurotransmitter.
Glycinergic neurons are a specialized type of neuron that primarily utilizes the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to transmit signals within the nervous system. Originating from the term 'glycine' and 'ergic' (pertaining to activity), glycinergic neurons contain and release glycine which acts on specific receptors, known as glycine receptors, found on the surface of neuron cells. Glycinergic neurons are predominantly found in the spinal cord and brainstem, but also exist in the retina and other parts of the brain. These neurons are critical to the inhibitory control of neuronal networks, helping to regulate excitation and maintaining neuronal stability. They play a primary role in modulating and controlling motor and sensory information within the nervous system. In general, when a glycinergic neuron fires, it releases glycine, which binds to glycine receptors on a nearby neuron. This binding causes the neuron membrane to hyperpolarize, subsequently reducing the probability of the neuron firing an action potential, which in essence dampens or inhibits the neuron from transmitting further signals. This function plays a vital role in preventing overexcitation, which may lead to neuronal damage or neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, glycinergic neurons are integral to certain sensory processes and motor coordination. In the auditory system, these neurons aid in the localization of sound, and in the spinal cord, they are involved in the regulation of motor reflexes and rhythms. Any dysfunction in the glycinergic system can cause serious neurological conditions, such as hyperekplexia, characterized by increased startle responses and periodic bouts of rigidity, and some forms of chronic pain. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
glycinergic neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract.
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are a highly specialized cell type found within the gastrointestinal epithelium. They account for approximately 1% of the intestinal epithelial cells in what is known as the largest endocrine organ in the human body. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells exhibit an exceptional diversity, both in terms of their secretory products and their distribution along the intestines, varying from the small intestine to the colon. The primary function of intestinal enteroendocrine cells is to maintain gut physiology and homeostasis. They are known for their hormone production and are the source of numerous bioactive molecules including somatostatin, serotonin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, neurotensin, and others. These hormones and neuropeptides act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling, impacting various functions including intestinal motility, secretion, nutrient absorption, and gut barrier functions. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells also serve as the body's frontline of defense, playing an integral role in surveillance against lumen-occurring hazards including pathogen attack. Enteroendocrine cells are divided into ‘closed type’ and ‘open type’. Closed type cells are located close to the basal membrane and do not reach the lumen of the gut. In contrast, the apical side of the open-type intestinal enteroendocrine cells is directly exposed to luminal contents and thus can recognize bacterial metabolites and dietary nutrients. In response, these cells can modulate the immune system responses and thereby function as a key communicator between the gut microbiota and the host. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intestinal enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the stomach.
Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some lung.
Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some pulmonary artery.
An interneuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A pyramidal neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels.
Squamous cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
cervix, uterine squamous epithelial cells
uterine cervix squamous epithelial cells
A glial cell that is part of the hippocampus.
Glandular cell of mammary epithelium. Example: glandular cells of large and intermediate ducts, glandular cells in terminal ducts.
Glandular cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Colon glandular cells are a specific type of epithelial cells that make up part of the lining of the colon. These cells are a specific subset of colon epithelial cells and are organized into structures called glands or crypts that are vertically oriented and are arrayed along the interior surface of the colon. The primary function of these cells is to facilitate absorption, secrete mucus and maintain the barrier within the colon. The function of absorption mainly involves the absorption of water from wastes moving through the digestive system, leading to the formation of solid stool. This role is vital in preventing dehydration and maintaining the balance of fluids in the body. Another significant function of the colon glandular cells lies in their ability to secrete mucus. The mucus forms a protective lining that prevents the direct contact of waste material with the cellular lining of the colon, protecting them from damage and reducing friction during waste movement. Additionally, colon glandular cells serve a crucial role in maintaining the colon's barrier. They protect the body from harmful substances and microorganisms present in the gut. Any disruption to these cells can lead to disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colon glandular cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium.
Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells.
Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium.
Glandular (secretory) cell of parathyroid epithelium.
Glandular cell of salivary gland. Example: Serous cells, mucous cells, cuboidal epithelial cells of the intercalated ducts, simple cuboidal epithelium of the striated ducts, epithelial cells of excretory ducts.
Salivary gland glandular cells are specialized cells that make up the majority of the salivary glands. These glands can be found in and around the oral cavity, with the major ones being the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The glandular cells are responsible for the production and secretion of saliva, an essential fluid for oral health and digestion. Salivary gland glandular cells exhibit remarkable functionality with multiple roles in oral and digestive health maintenance. They generate and secrete saliva that contributes over 98% water to maintain mouth moisture, lubricate food to facilitate swallowing, and aid in tasting food. The saliva produced by these cells also contains electrolytes, mucus, antimicrobial agents, and enzymes such as amylase and lipase, which initiate the digestion of dietary starches and fats, respectively. These cells also play an integral part in maintaining oral health by aiding in the elimination of oral microbes and the neutralization of oral acids, thereby reducing the risk of tooth decay or cavities. In response to stimulation, these glandular cells release saliva through a network of ducts that open into the mouth. This secretion process can be increased during eating or chewing and decreased during sleep or dehydration. Its dysregulation can lead to conditions such as dry mouth or xerostomia. Thus, the normal function of salivary gland glandular cells is essential for the maintenance of oral health and the digestive process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
salivary gland glandular cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium.
Seminal vesicle glandular cells belong to a specialized group of epithelial cells that form the internal lining of the seminal vesicles, a pair of male reproductive organs. These cells are located within the complex tubuloalveolar glands that make up the seminal vesicles and are known for their unique pseudostratified columnar epithelium structure. The primary function of these cells is the secretion of a variety of substances that ultimately constitute around 70% of the fluid volume of semen. Seminal cells produce a high-fructose fluid that serves as an energy source for the spermatozoa and promotes their motility. They also secrete other essential substances like proteins, enzymes, vitamin C, prostaglandins, and various other compounds. Collectively, these substances help in the nourishment, protection, and transportation of the spermatozoa throughout the male reproductive system and during the ejaculation process. Secondary to the production of seminal fluid, the seminal vesicle glandular cells also play a role in the contraction of the seminal vesicles during ejaculation. The contraction of these glands, induced by sympathetic nerves, ensures the efficient propulsion of the seminal fluid mixed with spermatozoa into the ejaculatory ducts and subsequently to the urethra. Notably, any malfunction or pathological condition affecting these cells can impact male fertility, emphasizing the importance of understanding the intricate functions of seminal vesicle glandular cells in maintaining the healthy physiological function of male reproduction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
seminal vesicle glandular cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) .
Small intestine glandular cells play a critical role in the human digestive system. They include various specialized cell types, each with their unique function and are primarily found in the lining of the small intestine, specifically in the crypts of Lieberkühn and the villi. Small intestine glandular cells possess distinct morphological features, such as a brush or microvillus border, which increases their absorptive surface area. Within these microvilli are enzymes that function in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, breaking them down for easier absorption. The cells are interconnected by tight junctions which ensure that nutrients are selectively and efficiently absorbed while preventing the access of pathogens or harmful substances. In addition to their role in nutrient absorption, small intestine glandular cells also produce and secrete several important substances to facilitate digestion and maintain a healthy gut environment. These include digestive enzymes, mucins for mucous production, and antimicrobial peptides to defend against bacterial invasion. Through these various roles, small intestine glandular cells are essential for sustaining overall health and wellbeing. Their dysfunction has been implicated in a number of gastrointestinal diseases, further highlighting their foundational importance in digestive system biology. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
small intestine secretory cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts.
Pancreas exocrine glandular cells are a specialized type of cell which comprises roughly 80-90% of the pancreas tissue. These include pancreatic acinar cells, which have a distinct shape similar to a small flask or pouch. They are organized into small, grape-like clusters or acini, which are connected to a series of progressively larger ducts leading to the main pancreatic duct. In addition, pancreatic goblet cells are another type of pancreas exocrine glandular cell found in lower frequency in the pancreatic duct. The primary function of pancreas exocrine glandular cells is the synthesis, storage and secretion of pancreatic enzymes. These enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and proteases, are vital for the digestion of food in the small intestine, particularly the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes is typically in an inactive precursor form to prevent auto-digestion, and are then activated within the lumen of the small intestine. The pancreas exocrine glandular cells possess an abundance of organelles, including ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatuses, reflecting their high level of protein synthesis. Additionally, these cells demonstrate the typical polarity of glandular epithelial cells, with the nucleus and most of the cytoplasmic organelles situated towards the base of the cell, away from the lumen. This anatomical arrangement enables efficient secretion of enzymes and protects cellular structures from the potential damage caused by prematurely activated enzymes. These cells work in a sophisticated manner to ensure optimal digestion of food, playing a pivotal role in the body's nutrition absorption process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreas exocrine glandular cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Hormone secreting cell located in the cortex of adrenal gland. Glandular cells in the adrenal cortex secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens.
Adrenal gland glandular cells form the primary functioning cells of the adrenal gland, an endocrine structure that is located superior to the kidneys. These cells are responsible for producing a variety of hormones essential to maintaining daily physiological activities and managing stress reactions. The adrenal gland consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, and the adrenal gland glandular cells constitute the predominant cell type of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal gland glandular cells are found in the three layers of the adrenal cortex, each responsible for manufacturing different types of steroid hormones, also known as corticosteroids. The outermost layer, called the zona glomerulosa, mainly produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone, which plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of salt and water in the body and maintaining blood pressure. The middle layer, known as the zona fasciculata, primarily produces glucocorticoids, including cortisol. This hormone assists in nutrient metabolism, helps maintain cardiovascular function, and is pivotal in the body's response to stress. Lastly, the inner layer referred to as the zona reticularis, generates a small amount of sex hormones. The adrenal gland glandular cells have a rich blood supply which facilitates the prompt transportation of the synthesized hormones into the bloodstream, from where they are delivered to their target organs. In addition, the production of these hormones is regulated by complex negative feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain. In response to signals from these brain regions, adrenal gland glandular cells can rapidly adjust the production of hormones to meet the body's requirements during both physiological processes and abnormal or stressful conditions. Any dysfunction of the adrenal gland glandular cells can lead to various disorders such as Cushing's syndrome (overproduction of cortisol) or Addison's disease (insufficient hormone production). (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
adrenal gland glandular cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A distinct endothelial cell forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral cortex endothelial cells are unique endothelial cells responsible for the formation and regulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized structure that separates the circulating blood from the cerebral neural tissue. These cells line the inner surface of nearly all blood vessels that irrigate the cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the brain involved with complex cognitive functions such as thought, perception, and memory formation. Cerebral cortex endothelial cells are integral to maintaining brain health and function due to their role in regulating brain microenvironment and controlling the passage of essential molecules and cells. The endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex are distinctive due to their highly selective permeability, largely attributable to the existence of unique tight junctions which maintain the barrier function of the BBB. The tightly interconnected structures of these cells prevent most substances from freely diffusing into the brain tissue, ensuring that harmful agents such as toxins, pathogens, or peripheral immune cells don't reach the brain and compromise its function. These cells also express multiple transporters and enzymes, allowing the selective entry of necessary nutrients and metabolites while excluding toxic substances. Cerebral cortex endothelial cells also participate in neurovascular coupling, a process where localized neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow to satisfy the local metabolic demands. The endothelial cells work in coordination with neurons and other cell types such as astrocytes and pericytes to mediate this process. They have been thought to regulate local blood flow by releasing substances in response to neuronal activity. Additionally, these cells are involved in many pathological conditions. Breakdown or dysfunction of the BBB often marked by altered endothelial cell function is linked to numerous neurological disorders including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and brain tumors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebral cortex endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Circulating macrophages and tissue macrophages (alveolar macrophages) of lung.
Lung macrophages refer to macrophage populations in the lungs, including the tissue-resident alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages, located in the air spaces and the connective tissue of the lung, respectively, and recruited macrophages. They are important in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immunity. The primary function of lung macrophages is to patrol and maintain the pulmonary system, where they serve as the first line of defense against airborne pathogens and inhaled particles. They perform phagocytosis of pathogens, particulate matter, dead cells, and other cellular debris from the lungs to maintain clear air passages and optimize gas exchange. They may also participate in tissue repair and the resolution of inflammation following injury. Lung macrophages also play a critical role in immune regulation. They help to initiate an immune response by secreting cytokines and other inflammatory mediators and by presenting antigens from the pathogens they have engulfed to induce T cell responses. However, if activated improperly, lung macrophages can contribute to inflammatory diseases of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Muscle fibroblasts contribute indispensably to the maintenance, repair, and regeneration processes in the muscles tissue of the body. They are a subtype of fibroblasts, which are generally known as the 'builders' of the animal body's extracellular matrix (ECM) and are crucial players in wound healing. Occupying the connective tissues of muscles, muscle fibroblasts partake in the synthesis of the ECM components, including collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, that give the muscle its structure and flexibility. Interestingly, muscle fibroblasts metamorphose functionally during the process of muscle repair following injury. In this circumstance, they react to signals from injured muscle fibers and inflammatory cells, transforming into myofibroblasts. These newly-transformed myofibroblasts showcase contractile properties similar to smooth muscle cells and play a significant role in wound contraction during the healing process while continuing to produce ECM components to ensure reparative scaffolding. Furthermore, muscle fibroblasts secrete various growth factors, primarily those belonging to the 'Transforming Growth Factor-β' (TGF-β) family, to stimulate muscle repair and regulate immune responses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
muscle fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
Bone marrow hematopoietic cells are a category of blood-forming stem cells located within the bone marrow, the soft, spongy tissue that fills the cavities of bones. The bone marrow contains specialized environments, referred to as the stem cell niche, to nurture and regulate the development of these cells. These cells are vital for the production and development of new blood cells, functioning as the primary source of cellular regeneration throughout a person's life. They are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into every type of mature blood cell. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into two main lineages: myeloid and lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells can further differentiate into red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, platelets that contribute to clot formation, and certain types of white blood cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. These white blood cells play a crucial role in the innate immune response, helping to fight infection and disease. Lymphoid cells develop into other types of white blood cells: T-cells, B-cells, and innate lymphoid cells, which contribute to the cellular and humoral immune response. Furthermore, the bone marrow hematopoietic cells have a unique ability to replace any blood cell in the body that has been destroyed or lost due to illness or injury. Through this regenerative functionality, they are vitally important to the body's defense mechanisms, disease response, and homeostasis. These cells are used in bone marrow transplants and are of interest in regenerative medicine applications. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
bone marrow hematopoietic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules.
secretory epithelial cell
Any melanocyte that is part of a epidermis.
These cells are found primarily, but not exclusively, in primates including humans
Any cell that is part of a pituitary gland.
Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a coronary artery.
Endothelial cells of the coronary artery are specialized cells that line the inner surface of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscle). These cells play key roles in vascular biology including the regulation of vascular tone, blood coagulation, leukocyte adhesion, and platelet adhesion. They are also responsible for maintaining the integrity of the vascular wall. To maintain cardiovascular homeostasis, the endothelial cells of the coronary artery produce substances such as endothelin, a powerful vasoconstrictor, and prostacyclin, which has vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombotic properties. They also produce nitric oxide, which has a protective role in the vasculature, preventing inflammation, thrombosis, and platelet aggregation, which are major risk factors for atherosclerosis, leading to coronary heart disease. Dysfunction or impairment of endothelial cell function in coronary arteries is often considered an early prognostic marker in the development of atherosclerosis. With decreased nitric oxide production or availability, the arterial wall becomes more prone to inflammation, thrombosis, and constriction, all of which lead to plaque formation and eventual blockage of the artery. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of coronary artery on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye.
Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass.
Any native cell that is part of a sebaceous gland.
Sebaceous gland cells, also known as sebocytes, are small, oil-producing glands present in the skin of mammals. These specialized cells are predominantly located in the dermis, particularly on the face, scalp, and upper body. The primary function of sebaceous gland cells is the production and secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids including triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamin E), as well as free fatty acids. The production process involves a unique form of programmed cell death called holocrine secretion. In this process, as sebaceous gland cells mature, they progressively accumulate lipid droplets, before ultimately disintegrating and releasing their lipid-rich contents into the gland's ductal system. The sebum generated by these cells serves multiple purposes. It acts as a waterproofing agent, preventing excessive wetting or drying of the skin and averaging skin's water-holding capacity. Sebum also has antimicrobial properties, providing a natural defense barrier against certain bacterial and fungal species. Additionally, it contributes to the skin’s suppleness and prevents it from becoming brittle. An overproduction or imbalance of sebaceous gland cells can lead to common skin disorders, such as acne, seborrhea, or rosacea, illustrating their importance in skin health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
sebaceous gland cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum.
Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord.
Any glutamatergic neuron that is part of a cerebellum.
Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
Any native cell that is part of a hypothalamus.
Any neuron that is part of a lateral line ganglion.
A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell
Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of an anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell
Any neuromast support cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast support cell
anterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell
Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell
Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell
Any neuromast support cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast support cell
posterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.
Any pericyte cell that is part of a brain.
Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Ventricular cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are specialized cells found in the ventricular walls of the heart. They exhibit unique features, including centrally located nuclei, robust cytoskeletal structures, high mitochondria content, and intercalated discs, which contribute to their efficient pumping of blood throughout the body. The main role of ventricular cardiac muscle cells is to coordinate contractions, enabling the heart to pump blood throughout the body. This is achieved through controlled ion movement across cell membranes, generating rhythmic electrical signals called action potentials. Intercalated discs between these cells aid synchronized contractions by allowing efficient signal spread through gap junctions. The high mitochondrial content ensures a constant energy supply for this ongoing contraction cycle. Ventricular cardiac muscle cells contribute not only mechanically but also biochemically by secreting essential hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide for blood pressure regulation and cardiac remodeling. These cells exhibit low turnover under normal conditions, emphasizing their long-term stability, yet have limited regenerative capacity following cardiac injuries. Dysfunction in these cells can result in significant cardiac issues, including heart failure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem.
Any pyramidal cell that is part of a primary motor cortex.
Primary motor cortex pyramidal cells (PMCPs) are a specific type of neuron found predominantly in the primary motor cortex of the brain, which holds a vital role in controlling voluntary movements. These cells are characterized by their distinct pyramidal - triangularly - shaped cell bodies, large size, and long branching dendrites that facilitate extensive interneuronal connectivity. PMCPs, along with other cortical pyramidal cells, are excitatory neurons, meaning they carry electrical impulses away from the cell body, facilitating communication between different areas of the brain and the spinal cord. The principal function of PMCPs revolves around motor control. PMCPs in the primary motor cortex are responsible for mapping and planning complex movements, from the intention to move to the actual execution. For example, Betz cells are a type of PMCPs that extend their long axons, collectively known as the Corticospinal Tract (CST), which descends from the cortex to the spinal cord, synapsing with neurons in the spinal cord that control muscles throughout the body. This information transmission allows PMCPs to control precise, skillful, and independent movements of both proximal and distal muscles. Aside from controlling voluntary movement, PMCPs contribute to motor learning and adaptation by establishing new neuronal connections and strengthening existing ones. Studies using techniques like optogenetics and two-photon imaging have revealed that PMCPs undergo significant synaptic plasticity during motor learning, indicating their role in modifying motor outputs in response to training and experience. Overall, PMCPs provide a biochemical and anatomic basis for translating thoughts into actions, an essential process for the organism's interaction with the environment. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
primary motor cortex pyramidal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen.
Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver.
Liver dendritic cells (DCs) refer to all dendritic cells found in the liver. Liver DCs, much like other DCs, play a critical role in initiating and directing immune responses. However, they show unique characteristics and functions due to their location in the liver, an organ with an important role in metabolism and immunity. The liver contains both conventional or classical and plasmacytoid DCs. Liver DCs generally have an immature phenotype and are thought to aid in the maintenance of hepatic tolerance. The liver is constantly exposed to dietary and gut-derived antigens, which requires the liver to strike a balance to avoid excessive immune response against these substances. Liver dendritic cells play an essential role in this balance through various mechanisms, such as promoting the development of regulatory T cells. In some cases, liver DCs have also been demonstrated to exhibit stimulatory activity. Liver DCs play an important role in liver transplantation outcomes and hepatic diseases including viral infections, carcinomas, and primary biliary cirrhosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
liver dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any pyramidal cell that is part of a regional part of cerebral cortex.
Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta.
placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder.
Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.
Splenocytes is a vague term that refers to any one of the different white blood cell types in the spleen. This name is seen many references as such and is not explained further, necessitating a need for this terminology.
Any endodermal cell that is part of a anterior visceral endoderm.
Any pericyte cell that is part of a placenta.
Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord.
A granule cell that has soma location in the dentate gyrus cell layer of the hippocampal formation and has an elliptical cell body and characteristic cone-shaped tree of spiny apical dendrites. The branches extend throughout the molecular layer and the distal tips of the dendritic tree end just at the hippocampal fissure or at the ventricular surface. The dentate gyrus granule cell is the principal cell type of the dentate gyrus.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
As far as can be determined, all dentate granule cells appear to project to CA3 and the axon trajectory is partially correlated with the position of the parent cell body.
Any stellate cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation stellate cell
Any keratinocyte that is part of a hair follicle.
Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus.
Bronchus fibroblasts of the lung are specialized stromal cells that are located in bronchus tissue and constitute the critical fibrous network that provides structural integrity to the lungs. These cells are pivotal for maintaining the bronchial extracellular matrix (ECM) via synthesis and regulation of diverse components of the ECM, including proteoglycans, collagen, and elastin. In response to lung injuries or during disease states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis, bronchus fibroblasts play an essential role in the wound healing process. They proliferate and differentiate into myofibroblasts, distinguishing themselves with the synthesis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The migration, proliferation, and subsequent activity of myofibroblasts are key to wound contraction, scar formation and remodeling of the bronchial tree structure, vital for maintaining the functioning capacity of the lungs. Though beneficial for acute injury repair, excessive or dysregulated activity of bronchus fibroblasts can lead to pathological organ remodeling, contributing to fibrosing lung diseases. In these conditions, myofibroblasts persist in injured lung tissue, continuously producing ECM components that can eventually lead to scar formation, decreasing lung compliance, and impairing gas exchange. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
bronchus fibroblast of lung on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any dopaminergic neuron that is part of a midbrain.
A type of autonomic neuron that releases acetylcholine.
A neuron type that is located in a peripheral nervous system and it transmits sensory information from the peripheral (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS). A sensory neuron converts physical (light, sound, touch) or chemical (such as taste and smell) stimuli into an electrical signal through a process known as sensory transduction. The function of a sensory neuron is to carry informations from the external environment and internal body conditions to the central nervous system for further processing.
Typically, a sensory neuron has a pseudounipolar morphology.
A neuron that is derived from a precursor cell in the lateral ganglion eminence.
lateral ganglionic eminence derived neuron
Any neuron that has its soma located in some amygdala and is capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.
An excitatory neuron that is located in the amygdala.
A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron
An oligodendrocyte precursor cell that is committed to differentiate.
differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor
COPs are distinct from OPCs in that the lack expression of Pdgfra and Cspg4 and come out as distinct clusters in transcriptomic profiling. This is the reason that this term is not modelled as a subclassOf OPC but instead linked using develops_from.
A neuron with its soma located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
A neuron that has its soma located in the mammillary body.
A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain.
A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the amygdala.
A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the cerebral cortex.
An auditory hair cell found in the cochlea.
A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes.
Myelinating glial cells are specialized neuroglia that form an insulating layer (myelin sheath) around neuronal axons. One of the main functions of myelinating glial cells is to enhance the speed of signal transmission across neuronal axons while simultaneously saving the neuron's energy. There are two main subclasses: oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). While both types produce myelin, they differ in their myelination patterns and support functions. Oligodendrocytes, found in the CNS, myelinate multiple axons simultaneously and provide nutritional support to neurons, contributing to nerve cell health. In contrast, Schwann cells in the PNS focus on individual axons and play a crucial role in nerve cell repair and regeneration following injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
myelinating glial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli.
A cell that supports the development of a gamete by providing it cytoplasmic material (including entire organelles) by direct cross-membrane channels (del Pino, 2021).
A gamete-nursing cell that derives from a germline cell (del Pino, 2021).
Nurse cells were first described in insects, but recent works suggest they also exist in some mammals (Lei and Spradling, 2016).
A stromal cell that is part of the thymus.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the pronephros.
pronephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A brush border cell that is part of segment 1 (S1) of the proximal tubule epithelium, located in the renal cortex.
epithelial cell of segment 1 of proximal tubule
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 1
A brush border cell that is part of segment 2 (S2) of the proximal tubule epithelium, located in the renal cortex. In addition to its reabsorptive functions, it is also specialized in the secretion of organic anions and cations, including para-aminohippurate.
epithelial cell of segment 2 of proximal tubule
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 2
A brush border cell that is part of segment 3 (S3) of the proximal tubule epithelium, which extends from the medullary rays of the renal cortex into the outer medulla.
epithelial cell of segment 3 of proximal tubule
The epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3 operates under relatively hypoxic conditions and is particularly susceptible to ischemic injury.
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop (cortical) nephron limited to the outer medulla (mainly inner strip). It is known in some mammalian species that the short descending limb of the loop of Henle selectively expresses the serine protease Corin, the homeobox TF Uncx, and the urea channel Slc14a2.
epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle short descending thin limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell located in the early distal convoluted tubule.
epithelial cell of early distal convoluted tubule
An epithelial cell located in the late distal convoluted tubule.
Although mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed throughout the entire [distal convoluted tubule], the DCT2 is sensitive to the actions of aldosterone, because it expresses an enzyme called 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11-βHSD2)
epithelial cell of late distal convoluted tubule
An amacrine cell that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter.
An amacrine cell that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.
Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes.
An interstitial cell that is part of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve endothelial cells, a valve interstitial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.
Activated valve interstitial cells undergo continual turn over into deactivated fibroblasts and other cell fates (such as apoptosis).
An endothelial cell that lines a surface of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve interstitial cells, a valve endothelial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.
At least in some mammalian species, a valve endothelial cell expresses CD31. Valve endothelial cells can undergo an endothelial to mesenchymal transition to acquire a fibroblast or myofibroblast phenotype that leads to changes in the microenvironmental signals and facilitates tissue regeneration.
A multiciliated epithelial cell located in the respiratory tract epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface. This cell develops through a highly orchestrated process, transitioning from a basal progenitor via an intermediate deuterosomal cell stage that generates centrioles essential for ciliogenesis.
Respiratory ciliated cells, also known as ciliated columnar epithelial cells, are a distinct cell type primarily lining the respiratory tract. They have a columnar shape and hair-like cilia on their surface, and can be found in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles The main function of respiratory ciliated cells is to facilitate the movement of mucus along the respiratory tract. Goblet cells produce mucus containing trapped particles, and the coordinated motion of the cilia propels this mucus upward and away from the lungs. This process, known as mucociliary clearance, maintains respiratory hygiene and safeguards the lungs from infections. Beyond mucociliary clearance, respiratory ciliated cells also contribute to sensing and responding to the external environment. The cells possess receptors that detect chemical and mechanical stimuli, allowing the body to respond appropriately to inhaled substances or changes in breathing conditions. Recent research suggests their potential involvement in regulating the immune response during respiratory diseases, highlighting their role in immune modulation within the respiratory tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
respiratory tract multiciliated cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A dental pulp cell that possesses stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation.
A macrophage that expresses the T cell receptor complex at the cell surface.
An epithelial cell that is part of a ureteric bud. A ureteric bud cell has the potential to induce metanephric mesenchymal cells to proliferate and convert to epithelia that form renal tubules via: (1) the secretion of multiple diffusible growth factors that rescue renal progenitors from apoptosis and stimulate them to proliferate and (2) contact-dependent mechanisms that induce mesenchymal-epithelial conversion.
A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn.
neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn
A(n) brush cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
brush cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system.
vein endothelial cell of respiratory system
A(n) goblet cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
goblet cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A star-shaped glial cell that is part of some retina. This cell links neurons to blood vessels and may provide structural and physiological support to optic nerve head axons.
In response to elevated intraocular pressure, a retinal astrocyte may modulate extracellular matrix remodeling. In the human retina, a retinal astrocyte is GFAP-positive, SOD3-positive and GYPC-positive.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a bronchiole.
A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue.
A mucus secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.
A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the tracheobronchial tree.
mucus secreting cell of tracheobronchial tree submucosal gland
An epithelial cell part of respiratory tract epithelium that is a precursor of a multi-ciliated cell. This cell actively amplifies centrioles, a required step for multiciliogenesis.
In humans, deuterosomal cells have been noted to have enriched expression of the following: PLK4, FOXJ1, DEUP1, FOXN4, YPEL1, HES6 and CDC20B. Deuterosomal cells were termed after deuterosomes, the platforms of active centriole amplification.
A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter.
Frequently used when describing the developing nervous system in zebrafish. A catecholaminergic neuron expresses tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PEMT), which are enzymes necessary for catecholamine synthesis.
A cell that is adjacent to a vessel. A perivascular cell plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular function and tissue homeostasis. This cell type regulates vessel integrity and flow dynamics.
A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that can proliferate and has the potential to differentiate into a lactocyte during pregnancy. In humans, a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell can be identified by high levels of the markers EpCAM and CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of CD14, Kit, CD61, and Tspan8.
luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the uterus.
Uterine macrophages are reported to be evenly distributed throughout the endometrial stroma but with aggregations observed close to the lumen of superficial secretory glands.
A supporting cell that is part of the ovary and differentiates into a granulosa cell. A pre-granulosa cell develops from an early supporting gonadal cell by repressing testis determination, which can then proliferate to form primordial follicles.
A granulosa cell that has a squamous morphology and form a single layer around the oocyte in primordial follicles. This cell develops directly into a cuboidal granulosa cell during the primordial-to-primary follicle transition.
Often in literature squamous granulosa cell and pre-granulosa cell are used as synonyms. However, this term only makes reference to the quiescent granulosa cells that surround the primordial ovarian follicle, while a pre-granulosa cell proliferates to form the primordial follicle (and thus cells become the squamous granulosa cells).
A granulosa cell that has a cuboidal morphology and develops from squamous granulosa cell during the transition between primordial follicle to primary follicle. Cuboidal granulosa cells proliferate to form a second layer within secondary follicles.
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the placenta. This cell helps preventing immunological rejection of the fetus by modulating the immune environment. A placental resident macrophage has high plasticity to adapt to the changing needs of each phase of pregnancy.
A follicular cell of ovary that has begun to degenerate and undergo atresia, a specialized apoptosis. This cell is found in an atretic follicle, which is an ovarian follicle that started to mature but failed to reach full development and instead regresses.
An amacrine cell that uses both GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters.
Glial cell that provides support to the enteric nervous system. It is involved in enteric neurotransmission, in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier of the gut and serves as a link between the nervous and immune systems of the gut. In enteric nerve strands, glial processes ensheath multiaxonal bundles which distinguishes enteric glia from all other peripheral glia. Ultrastructurally, the most conspicuous trait of an enteroglial cell is the presence of 10 nm filaments, which criss-cross the cell body, form axial bundles in the processes and appear to firmly anchor the cells to the ganglionic surfaces. Similar to astrocytes, their main constituent is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Precursor of type II pneumocyte. These cells do not have lamellar bodies, which are a marker of type II pneumocyte maturity.
fetal alveolar pre-type II epithelial cell
fetal pre-type II alveolar epithelial cell
According to PMID:1316350 this cell type does not yet produce surfactant. According to PMID:9109447 and PMID:12114192 this cell type produces low levels of surfactant that can be increased by administration of very low-density lipoproteins. This cell type is of medical relevance, as a central feature of the fetal respiratory distress syndrome seems to be the presence in the lung of abundant pre-type II alveolar epithelial cells (PMID:1316350).
fetal pre-type II pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell
A type of cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron that is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cell type inhibits Purkinje cells and other molecular layer interneurons. This interneuron plays a crucial role in regulating cerebellar output through feedforward inhibition and is characterized by its fast-spiking properties.
molecular layer interneuron
A transit amplifying cell of the gut epithelium, located in the wall of the intestinal crypt, just above intestinal stem cells from which they derive. These are rapidly dividing cells, capable of multiple rounds of division before differentiating into the various cell types of the gut epithelium (enterocyte, goblet, eneterodendocrine, paneth cells).
transit amplifying cell of gut
An enterocyte that is part of the colon, in the early stages of differentiation, located in the intestinal crypt-villus axis.
early colonocyte
An enterocyte in the early stages of development, located above the transit-amplifying cell zone in the intestinal crypt-villus axis.
early enterocyte
Any type G enteroendocrine cell that is part of some epithelium of stomach.
type G cell of stomach
An ependymal cell that lines the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain. The cell is characterized by multiple motile cilia on its apical surface, which beats in a coordinated manner to facilitate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contributing to brain homeostasis.
multiciliated ependymal cell, with an average of 16 motile cilia per cell, exhibits two types of planar cell polarity (PCP): rotational polarity, with unidirectional cilia orientation, and translational polarity, with asymmetric cilia positioning in the apical area. This location-specific PCP varies across the ventricular wall, aligning with the direction of CSF flow. These cells are interconnected by adherens and gap junctions, which support intercellular communication and maintain the structural integrity of the ependymal layer. Unlike some other cell types, these cells lack tight junctions.
A multinucleate cell formed by the fusion of multiple uninuclear cells through plasma membrane fusion. This process leads to a single large cell containing multiple nuclei within a shared cytoplasm.
An epithelial cell that is part of the crypt of Lieberkuhn, originating from intestinal stem cells and giving rise to enteroendocrine cells (EECs). In mouse and human, this cell can be characterized by the expression of Neurog3, and has the ability to proliferate and differentiate into multiple EEC subtypes. Its proliferative potential contributes to crypt growth, distinguishing it from fully differentiated EECs.
The EEC progenitor is also present in other organisms; for example, flies have EEC progenitors but lack intestinal crypts and do not express the same markers. Instead, they are Dl+ and Pros+.
Any epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the fallopian tube. This cell is responsible for peristaltic contractions that facilitate gamete and embryo transport, fluid mixing, and embryo admission to the uterus.
The fallopian tube smooth muscle cell in the human contracts dynamically in response to hormones and signaling molecules. Prostaglandins, particularly PGF2α and PGE2, have been shown to increase muscular contractions, while progesterone, levonorgestrel, mifepristone, oxytocin, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) decrease them. These contractile responses are crucial for regulating gamete and embryo transport through the fallopian tube.
A specialized muscle nucleus that is part of an extrafusal muscle fiber and overlaps the muscle-tendon junction, where muscle fibers connect to tendons. Characterized by a distinct transcriptional profile with the expression of genes like COL22A1, this myonucleus supports the structural integrity and function of the junction, playing a key role in transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to the tendon.
A specialized muscle nucleus that is part of an extrafusal muscle fiber, clustered at the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction. This nucleus exhibits a distinct transcriptional profile, including acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit genes. It regulates the production of proteins essential for maintaining the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, supporting efficient nerve-muscle signaling for muscle contraction.
A natural killer cell that is part of the uterus, specifically within the endometrium during the non-pregnant state and in the decidua during pregnancy. This cell exhibits dynamic changes in frequency throughout the menstrual cycle, with lower levels during menstruation and a significant increase during the mid-secretory phase and early pregnancy.
A tuft cell that is part of the medullary epithelium of the thymus, characterized by lateral microvilli and specific markers, including L1CAM in both mice (Zhang et al., 2022) and humans (Sun et al., 2023), as well as MHC II in mice (Miller et al., 2018). This cell is pivotal in immune functions such as antigen presentation, central tolerance, and type 2 immunity. A tuft cell in the thymus exhibits characteristics of both a medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) and a peripheral tuft cell. Its development is governed by transcription factors such as POU2F3.
A thymic tuft cell is a subset of terminally differentiated medullary thymic epithelial cell comprising 5-10% of total mTECs. Lineage-tracing studies indicate that this cell arises from mature MHCII mTECs, with development occurring through both Aire-dependent and Aire-independent pathways. However, its exact origins remain unclear.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct. Present in humans and rats, this cell is absent in the murine pancreas under normal conditions but emerges during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia triggered by injury, inflammation, or oncogenic mutations. It modulates the immune response and protects against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression by producing suppressive eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin D2. A tuft cell in the pancreatic duct highly expresses the transcription factor POU2F3, which is essential for its development and presence.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the stomach. This cell is characterized by gastric chemosensation and immune regulation through IL-25 secretion, which activates ILC2s to produce IL-13, driving epithelial remodelling and tuft cell expansion. Unlike intestinal tuft cells, which are primarily involved in helminth defense and type 2 immunity, the tuft cell of the stomach is primarily involved in inflammation, metaplasia, and hyperplasia.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the urethra. This cell monitors urethral contents by detecting chemical stimuli, such as bitter compounds and sugars. Upon activation, it stimulates sensory nerve fibres and triggers detrusor muscle contraction, likely aiding in pathogen clearance by promoting bladder emptying.
Urethral tuft cells are heterogeneous, with both cholinergic and non-cholinergic populations present.
A keratinocyte of the skin epidermis that synthesizes keratin and undergoes successive stages of differentiation as it migrates from the basal layer to the cornified (stratum corneum) layer. These differentiation stages include the basal, spinous (prickle), and granular cell layers. This cell is central to epidermal homeostasis, mediating wound healing, immune modulation, including the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that recruit neutrophils (Simmons and Gallo, 2024), and intercellular communication with adjacent melanocytes (Marrapodi and Bellei, 2024).
Keratinocytes are reportedly CDw210a(IL-10RA)-negative , CDw210b(IL-10RB)-positive, IL22Ra1-positive, Human keratinocytes are reportedly capable of secreting BD-2, BD-3, hCAP-18, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, elafin, MMP-3, NGAL, PDGF-A, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9. Transcription factors: STAT3-positive.
A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgD on the cell surface.
IgD-negative class switched memory B cell
A type of GABAergic interneuron residing in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex.
A bipotent mesenchymal stem cell that resides in the dermal sheath, specifically within the dermal sheath cup at the base of the hair follicle, characterized by its capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into both dermal sheath and dermal papilla cells throughout hair cycling. In humans, this cell is marked by enriched expression of gremlin-2 (GREM2) and dipeptidase-1 (DPEP1), and acts as a progenitor reservoir sustaining and regenerating the follicle's mesenchymal compartments.